Kwava nemakore zana negumi nerimwe kubva China yatanga kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi cheShilongba, chinova chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura muna 1910. Mumakore anopfuura zana aya, indasitiri yemvura nemagetsi yeChina yakaita budiriro huru kubva pamagetsi emagetsi eShilongba ane simba re480kw chete kusvika ku370 miriyoni KW, iyo iri pamberi pasi rose. Tiri muindasitiri yemarasha, uye tichanzwa nhau nezvemagetsi emvura, asi hatizivi zvakawanda nezveindasitiri yemagetsi emvura.
Nhasi, ngatinzwisisei muchidimbu simba remvura kubva pamisimboti nehunhu hwesimba remvura uye mamiriro aripo iye zvino uye mafambiro ekukura kwesimba remvura muChina.
01 musimboti wekugadzira simba remvura
Kutaura zvazviri, simba remvura inzira yekushandura simba ringangowanikwa remvura kuita simba remagetsi, uye kubva pasimba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi. Kazhinji, kushandisa mvura inoyerera murwizi kushandura mota kuti igadzire simba, uye simba riri murwizi kana chikamu chebheseni rayo rinoenderana nehuwandu hwemvura uye kudonha kwayo.
Huwandu hwemvura murwizi hahutongwi nemunhu wepamutemo, uye kudonha kwayo kwakanaka. Saka, pakuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi, kuvaka madhamu nekutsausa mvura zvinogona kusarudzwa kuti zviwedzere kudonha, kuitira kuti huwandu hwemvura ishandiswe zvakanaka.
Kudzima mvura zvinoreva kuvaka dhamu riri pedyo neparinodonhera mvura yakawanda, kugadzira dziva rekuchengetera mvura uye kukwidza mwero wemvura, senge Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheThree Gorges; Kutsaudzira mvura zvinoreva kutsaudzira mvura kubva mudziva rekumusoro kuenda pasi pemvura kuburikidza nechiteshi chekutsaudzira mvura, senge chiteshi cheMagetsi cheJinping II.
02 hunhu hwesimba remvura
Zvakanakira zvemagetsi emvura zvinosanganisira kuchengetedza nekuvandudza nharaunda, kushanda nesimba uye kuchinjika, mari shoma yekugadzirisa nezvimwewo.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi rinogona kudzokororwa ndiro rinofanira kuva mukana mukuru wesimba remagetsi. Simba remagetsi rinongoshandisa simba riri mumvura chete, harishandisi mvura, uye harizokonzere kusvibiswa kwemhepo.
Seti yejenareta yemvura, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira simba remvura, haingoshande zvakanaka chete, asiwo inochinjika kutanga nekushanda. Inogona kutanga nekukurumidza kushanda kubva mumamiriro asina kusimba mumaminitsi mashoma uye kupedzisa basa rekuwedzera nekudzikamisa mutoro mumasekonzi mashoma. Hydropower inogona kushandiswa kuita mabasa ekugera peak, frequency modulation, load standby uye accident standby yemagetsi system.
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura hakushandisi mafuta, hakudi vanhu vakawanda uye nzvimbo dzakaiswa mukuchera nekutakura mafuta, kune michina iri nyore, kune vashoma vanoshanda, kune simba shoma rekubatsira, kune nguva refu yekushandisa michina uye mutengo wakaderera wekushanda nekugadzirisa, saka mutengo wekugadzira magetsi echiteshi chemagetsi emvura wakaderera, 1 / 5-1 / 8 chete yechiteshi chemagetsi chekupisa, uye mwero wekushandiswa kwesimba rechiteshi chemagetsi emvura wakakwira, kusvika pa85%, Kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi emagetsi anopfuta marasha kunongova 40%.
Zvakaipa zvemagetsi emvura zvinosanganisira kukanganiswa kukuru nemamiriro ekunze, kuganhurirwa nemamiriro enzvimbo, mari yakawanda inotanga kushandiswa uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza.
Simba remagetsi rinokanganiswa zvikuru nemvura inonaya. Kana riri munguva yakaoma uye yemvura chinhu chakakosha pakutsvaga marasha emagetsi emagetsi ekupisa. Kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura kwakagadzikana zvichienderana negore nedunhu, asi zvinoenderana ne "zuva" raro parinotsanangurwa kumwedzi, kota nedunhu. Harigone kupa simba rakasimba uye rakavimbika sesimba rekupisa.
Kune mutsauko mukuru pakati peChamhembe nekuchamhembe munguva yemvura nemwaka wemvura. Zvisinei, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura mumwedzi wega wega kubva muna 2013 kusvika 2021, mwaka wemvura muChina unosvika muna Chikumi kusvika Gumiguru uye mwaka wemvura unosvika muna Zvita kusvika Kukadzi. Musiyano wekugadzirwa kwemagetsi pakati pezviviri izvi unogona kupetwa kaviri. Panguva imwe chete, tinogonawo kuona kuti pasi pekuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi rakaiswa, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kubva muna Ndira kusvika Kurume gore rino kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kwakaitika mumakore apfuura, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi muna Kurume kwakaenzana nekwa2015. Izvi zvakakwana kuti tione "kusagadzikana" kwemagetsi emvura.
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura mwedzi wega wega kubva 2013 kusvika 2021 (100 miriyoni kwh)
Zvine mwero nemamiriro ezvinhu asina kujeka. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemvura hazvigone kuvakwa uko kune mvura. Geology, kudonha, kumhanya kwekuyerera, kutamiswa kwevagari uye kunyange kupatsanurwa kwehutungamiriri zvese zvinodzikamisa kuvaka kwechiteshi chemagetsi. Semuenzaniso, chirongwa chekuchengetedza mvura cheHeishan Gorge chakataurwa paNational People's Congress muna 1956 hachina kupasiswa nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwezvido pakati peGansu neNingxia. Kusvika gore rino, zvakaonekwa zvakare muchikumbiro chezvikamu zviviri, Kana kuvaka kuchigona kutanga hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Mari inodiwa pakugadzira magetsi emvura yakakura. Mabasa ekugadzira matombo nekongiri ekuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura akawanda, uye mari yakawanda inofanira kubhadharwa pakugadzirisa; Uyezve, mari yekutanga haingoratidzwi chete nemari, asiwo nenguva. Nekuda kwekudiwa kwekugadzirisa nzvimbo itsva uye kubatanidzwa kwemadhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana, kuvaka kwezviteshi zvakawanda zvemagetsi emvura kuchanonoka kupfuura zvakarongwa.
Tichitora Baihetan Hydropower Station semuenzaniso, chirongwa ichi chakatangwa muna 1958 uye chakaiswa mu "chirongwa chechitatu chemakore mashanu" muna 1965. Zvisinei, mushure mekuchinja-chinja kwakawanda, hachina kutanga zviri pamutemo kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 2011. Kusvika pari zvino, Baihetan Hydropower Station haisati yapera. Kunze kwekuronga kwekutanga kwekugadzira, kutenderera chaiko kwekuvaka kunotora makore angangoita gumi.
Madhamu makuru anokonzera mafashamo makuru munzvimbo dzekumusoro kwedhamu, dzimwe nguva zvichikuvadza nzvimbo dzakaderera, mipata yenzizi, masango nenzvimbo dzine uswa. Panguva imwe chete, zvinokanganisawo nharaunda yemvura yakakomberedza chirimwa. Zvinokanganisa zvikuru hove, shiri dzemumvura nedzimwe mhuka.
03 mamiriro aripo pari zvino ekuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura muChina
Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kwakaramba kuchikura, asi mwero wekukura mumakore mashanu achangopfuura wakaderera
Muna 2020, simba rekugadzira magetsi emvura richasvika 1355.21 bhiriyoni kwh, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe3.9%. Zvisinei, munguva yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu chegumi nematatu, simba remhepo neOptoelectronics zvakakura nekukurumidza munguva yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu chegumi nematatu, zvichipfuura zvinangwa zvekuronga, nepo simba remvura rakangopedza hafu yezvinangwa zvekuronga. Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, huwandu hwesimba remvura mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi ese hwave hwakagadzikana, hwakachengetwa pa14% - 19%.
Kubva pakukura kwemagetsi eChina, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kukura kwemagetsi emvura kwaderera mumakore mashanu achangopfuura, zvichiramba zviri pa5%.
Ini ndinofunga kuti zvikonzero zvekuderera kwesimba remagetsi, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvharwa kwemagetsi madiki emvura, izvo zvinotaurwa zvakajeka muchirongwa chemakore mashanu che13 chekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa nharaunda. Kune nzvimbo diki dzemagetsi emvura dzinosvika 4705 dzinoda kugadziriswa uye kubviswa muSichuan Province chete;
Kune rumwe rutivi, China haina zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvekugadzira magetsi emvura. China yakavaka zviteshi zvakawanda zvemagetsi emvura zvakaita seThree Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba neBaihetan. Zviwanikwa zvekuvakazve zviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi emvura zvinogona kunge zviri "kukombama kukuru" kweRwizi rwaYarlung Zangbo. Zvisinei, nekuti dunhu iri rine chimiro che geological, kudzora zvakatipoteredza zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvisikwa uye hukama nenyika dzakapoteredza, zvave zvakaoma kugadzirisa kare.
Panguva imwe chete, zvinogonawo kuonekwa kubva mukukura kwesimba remagetsi mumakore makumi maviri achangopfuura kuti kukura kwesimba remagetsi rinopisa kwakabatana nekukura kwesimba remagetsi, nepo kukura kwesimba remagetsi risingakoshi pakukura kwesimba remagetsi, zvichiratidza mamiriro ekuti "rinowedzera gore rega rega". Kunyangwe paine zvikonzero zvekuwanda kwesimba remagetsi rinopisa, zvinoratidzawo kusagadzikana kwesimba remagetsi kusvika pamwero wakati.
Kukura kwekugadzira magetsi
Panyaya yehuwandu hwemagetsi anowanikwa, tinogonawo kuona kuti kunyangwe indasitiri yemagetsi emvura yakawedzera nekukurumidza mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, uye huwandu hwemagetsi anowanikwa mumvura muna 2020 hwakapetwa kashanu pane muna 2001, huwandu hwemagetsi ese anowanikwa hauna kuchinja zvakanyanya.
Mukuderedza chikamu chesimba rekupisa, simba remvura harina kuita basa guru. Kunyangwe richikura nekukurumidza, rinogona kuchengetedza chikamu charo mukugadzirwa kwesimba rese pasi pekuwedzera kukuru kwekugadzirwa kwesimba renyika. Kuderera kwechikamu chesimba rekupisa kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemamwe masosi esimba akachena, akadai sesimba remhepo, photovoltaic, gasi rechisikigo, simba renyukireya, nezvimwewo.
Kuwanda kwesimba remagetsi emvura
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura mudunhu reSichuan neYunnan kunotora inenge hafu yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika, uye dambudziko rinokonzereswa nderekuti nzvimbo dzakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura dzingasakwanisa kupinza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munharaunda, zvichikonzera kutambisa simba. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemvura nemagetsi ari mumipata mikuru yenzizi muChina zvinobva kuSichuan Province, inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri kwh, uye anopfuura hafu yemagetsi emarara ari mudunhu reSichuan anobva kurwizi rukuru rweDadu River.
Pasi rose, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura reChina rakura nekukurumidza mumakore gumi apfuura. China inenge yatoita kuti simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura rikure pasi rose. Inenge 80% yekukura kwekushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi pasi rose kunobva kuChina, uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura reChina kunodarika 30% yekushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi pasi rose.
Zvisinei, chikamu chekushandiswa kwesimba guru remvura muChina chakakwira zvishoma pane avhareji yepasi rose, pasi pe8% muna 2019. Kunyangwe zvikasaenzaniswa nenyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seCanada neNorway, chikamu chekushandiswa kwesimba remvura chakaderera zvikuru pane cheBrazil, nyika iri kusimukira. China ine makirowati emamiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi masere ezviwanikwa zvesimba remvura, iri pachinzvimbo chekutanga pasi rose. Panosvika gore ra2020, simba resimba remvura richave makirowati emamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe. Kubva pamaonero aya, indasitiri yesimba remvura muChina ichiri nenzvimbo yakakura yekuvandudza.
04 Mafambiro ekuvandudza simba remagetsi emvura mune ramangwana muChina
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura richakurumidzisa kukura kwaro mumakore mashoma anotevera uye richaramba richikura muhuwandu hwemagetsi anowanikwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, munguva yechirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nemana, makirowati anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mashanu emagetsi emvura anogona kuiswa muChina, kusanganisira Wudongde neBaihetan Hydropower Stations dzeboka reThree Gorges uye nzvimbo dziri pakati pechiteshi chemagetsi emvura cheYalong River. Uyezve, chirongwa chekuvandudza magetsi emvura munzvimbo dziri pasi peRwizi rweYarlung Zangbo chakaverengerwa muchirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nemana, chine makirowati mamiriyoni makumi manomwe ezviwanikwa zvinogona kushandiswa nehunyanzvi, zvakaenzana nezviteshi zvemagetsi zveThree Gorges zvinopfuura zvitatu, Izvi zvinoreva kuti magetsi emvura achaunza budiriro huru zvakare;
Kune rumwe rutivi, kudzikira kwesimba rekupisa kuri pachena kuti kunogona kufanotaurwa. Kungave kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedzeka kwesimba uye kukura kwetekinoroji, simba rekupisa richaramba richideredza kukosha kwaro mumunda wesimba.
Mumakore mashoma anotevera, kumhanya kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura hakugone kuenzaniswa nekwesimba idzva. Kunyangwe muchikamu chekugadzirwa kwesimba rese, rinogona kuverengerwa nevaya vanononoka kugadzira simba idzva. Kana nguva yacho ikawedzerwa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ichakundwa nesimba idzva.
Liu Shiyu, mutungamiriri wedhipatimendi rekuronga reGeneral Electric Power Planning Institute, anofungidzira kuti munguva yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu chegumi nemana, simba remagetsi matsva rakaiswa muChina richapfuura 800 miriyoni KW, zvichireva 29%; Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi pagore kunosvika 1.5 trillion kwh, kupfuura simba remvura.
Nguva yekutumira: Ndira-14-2022
