Sele iyiminyaka eyi-111 ukususela oko iTshayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane we-shilongba, isikhululo sombane sokuqala ngo-1910. Kule minyaka ingaphezulu kwe-100, ushishino lwamanzi nombane lwase-China lwenze iimpumelelo ezimangalisayo ukusuka kwisikhululo sombane we-shilongba hydropower esifakiweyo kuphela kwi-480kw ukuya kwi-370 yezigidi ze-KW, ezibeka kuqala kwihlabathi. Sikwishishini lamalahle, kwaye siza kuva ezinye iindaba malunga nombane owenziwe ngamanzi, kodwa akukho nto siyaziyo malunga neshishini lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi.
Namhlanje, makhe siqonde ngokufutshane amandla ombane avela kwimithetho-siseko kunye neempawu zombane wamanzi kunye nemeko yangoku kunye nendlela yophuhliso lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi e-China.
01 umthetho-siseko wokuvelisa amandla ombane wamanzi
Ngapha koko, amandla ombane yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla oomatshini, kwaye emva koko ukusuka kumandla omatshini ukuya kumandla ombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukusebenzisa amanzi omlambo aqukuqelayo ukuguqula i-motor ukwenza umbane, kwaye amandla aqulethwe emlanjeni okanye icandelo lesitya sawo sixhomekeke kumthamo wamanzi kunye nokuhla.
Umthamo wamanzi omlambo ulawulwa ngumntu osemthethweni, kwaye ukuhla kulungile. Ke ngoko, xa kusakhiwa izikhululo zombane, ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye nokuphambukiswa kunokukhethwa ukuze kugxininise ukwehla, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi.
Ukwenza idama kukwakha idama kwindawo ekufikelelwa kuyo ngethontsi elikhulu, kumiselwe indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wamanzi, njengeSikhululo soMbane waManzi weeGodi ezintathu; Uphambuko lubhekiselele ekuphambukeni kwamanzi ukusuka kwidama elinyukayo ukuya kumazantsi omlambo ngomjelo woluleko, njengesikhululo sombane i-Jinping II.
Iimpawu ze-02 zombane wamanzi
Iingenelo zombane we-hydropower ikakhulu zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuvuselelwa, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka, ixabiso eliphantsi lokugcinwa njalo njalo.
Ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuhlaziywa kufuneka kube yeyona nto iluncedo yombane wamanzi. I-Hydropower isebenzisa kuphela amandla asemanzini, ayisebenzisi manzi, kwaye ayisayi kubangela ungcoliseko.
Isethi yejenereyitha ye-injini yamanzi, izixhobo eziphambili zamandla okuvelisa umbane wamanzi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa iyakwazi ukuguquguquka ukuqala nokusebenza. Inokuqala ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza ukusuka kwimeko emileyo kwimizuzu embalwa kwaye igqibezele ukunyuka komthwalo kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi kwimizuzwana embalwa. Amandla ombane angasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokutsheva okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, ukulinda umthwalo kunye nokulinda ngengozi kwenkqubo yamandla.
Imveliso ye-Hydropower ayisebenzisi amafutha, ayifuni inani elikhulu labasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo ezityalwe kwimigodi kunye nokuthutha amafutha, zinezixhobo ezilula, abaqhubi abambalwa, amandla angaphantsi ancedisayo, ubomi obude benkonzo yezixhobo kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko, ngoko ke iindleko zokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo samandla ombane ziphantsi, kuphela i-1 / 5-1 / 8 yesikhululo samandla ashushu, kunye ne-5 ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-hydro, i-5 ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-hydro, i-5-1 / 8 yesikhululo samandla ashushu, kunye ne-5 ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-hydro. ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal yezixhobo zombane ezibaswa ngamalahle kumalunga nama-40%.
Izinto ezingeloncedo zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ikakhulu zibandakanya impembelelo enkulu yemozulu, elinganiselwe ziimeko zejografi, utyalo-mali olukhulu kwisigaba sakwangoko kunye nomonakalo kwimo engqongileyo yendalo.
I-Hydropower ichatshazelwa kakhulu yimvula. Nokuba kukwixesha lonyaka elomileyo nakwixesha leemvula yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubhekiselelwe kuyo ekufumaneni amalahle ombane kwimizi-mveliso yamandla ashushu. Ukuveliswa kombane nge-Hydropower kuzinzile ngokonyaka nangephondo, kodwa kuxhomekeke “kwimini” xa ichazwa ngokweenkcukacha kwinyanga, ikota kunye nommandla. Ayinakubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo kwaye anokwethenjelwa njengamandla obushushu.
Kukho iiyantlukwano ezinkulu phakathi koMzantsi nasemantla kwixesha lemvula kunye nexesha elomileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokweenkcukacha-manani zokuveliswa kombane kwinyanga nganye ukusuka ku-2013 ukuya ku-2021, xa lilonke, ixesha leemvula laseTshayina limalunga noJuni ukuya ku-Oktobha kwaye ixesha elomileyo limalunga noDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari. Umahluko kwimveliso yamandla phakathi kwezi zimbini unokuphinda kabini. Kwangaxeshanye, sinokubona kwakhona ukuba phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwandisa umthamo ofakiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamandla ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi kulo nyaka kuphantsi kakhulu kuneminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngoMatshi kufana nokulingana no-2015. Oku kwanele ukuba sivumele ukuba sibone "ukungazinzi" kombane wamanzi.
Ukuveliswa kombane nge-Hydropower kwinyanga nganye ukusuka ku-2013 ukuya ku-2021 (i-100 yezigidi ze-kwh)
Unyinwe yimeko yenjongo. Izikhululo zombane wamanzi azinakwakhiwa apho kukho amanzi. IJoloji, ukwehla, isantya sokuhamba, ukufuduswa kwabahlali kunye necandelo lolawulo zonke zithintele ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane. Umzekelo, iprojekthi yogcino lwamanzi ye-Heishan Gorge ekhankanywe kwiNkongolo yeSizwe yaBantu ngo-1956 ayizange ipasiswe ngenxa yolungelelaniso olubi lwemidla phakathi kweGansu neNingxia. Kuze kube kulo nyaka, kwavela kwakhona kwisiphakamiso seeseshoni ezimbini, Xa ukwakhiwa kunokuqalisa akwaziwa.
Utyalo-mali olufunekayo kumandla ombane mkhulu. Imisebenzi yolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi mikhulu, kwaye iindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kufuneka zihlawulwe; Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwangaphambili alubonakali nje kwinkunzi, kodwa nangexesha. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamasebe ahlukeneyo, umjikelo wolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane ezininzi eziphehlwa ngamanzi uya kulibaziseka kakhulu kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe.
Ukuthatha i-Baihetan Hydropower Station ephantsi kokwakhiwa njengomzekelo, iprojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 kwaye ifakwe "kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu" ngo-1965. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokujija okuphindaphindiweyo, akuzange kuqaliswe ngokusemthethweni kude kube ngu-Agasti 2011. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iSikhululo soMbane wamanzi eBaihetan asikagqitywa. Ngaphandle kokucwangciswa koyilo lokuqala, umjikelo wokwakha wangempela uya kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadama amakhulu abangela ukhukuliseko olukhulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zedama, maxa wambi zonakalisa iindawo ezisezantsi, iintlambo zemilambo, amahlathi kunye nengca. Kwangaxeshanye, iyakuchaphazela i-ecosystem yasemanzini ejikeleze isityalo. Inempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi, iintaka zamanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana.
03 imeko yangoku yophuhliso lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kuye kwagcina ukukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje liphantsi
Ngo-2020, amandla okuvelisa amandla ombane aya kuba yi-1355.21 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, ngokunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-3.9%. Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba se-13 seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, amandla omoya kunye ne-Optoelectronics ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwisithuba seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-13, ukudlula iinjongo zokucwangcisa, ngelixa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ugqibe malunga nesiqingatha seenjongo zokucwangcisa. Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, umlinganiselo wombane kumandla ombane uwonke ubuzinzile ngokwentelekiso, ugcinwe kwi-14% ukuya kwi-19%.
Ukusuka kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kombane eTshayina, kunokubonwa ukuba isantya sokukhula kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi sehlile kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, igcinwe imalunga ne-5%.
Ndicinga ukuba izizathu zokucotha, ngakwesinye icala, ukuvalwa kombane omncinci we-hydropower, ochazwe ngokucacileyo kwisicwangciso se-13 seminyaka emihlanu ukukhusela nokulungisa imeko yendalo. Kukho izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingama-4705 ezifuna ukulungiswa kwaye zirhoxiswe kwiPhondo laseSichuan kuphela;
Kwelinye icala, i-China imfutshane kwimithombo emikhulu yophuhliso lombane wamanzi. I-China yakhe izikhululo zombane ezininzi ngamanzi ezifana neMiwonyo emithathu, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kunye neBaihetan. Izibonelelo zokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezikhululo zombane ezikhulu zamanzi zisenokuba kuphela “igophe elikhulu” loMlambo iYarlung Zangbo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ummandla ubandakanya ubume bejoloji, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo lweendawo zolondolozo lwendalo kunye nobudlelwane namazwe ajikelezileyo, bekunzima ukusombulula ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, kunokubonwa kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla kule minyaka ingama-20 yakutsha nje ukuba isantya sokukhula samandla ashushu singqamaniswe nesantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ngelixa izinga lokukhula kombane wamanzi alinamsebenzi kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ebonisa imeko “yokunyuka rhoqo komnye unyaka”. Nangona kukho izizathu zomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ashushu, ikwabonakalisa ukungazinzi kombane ovela emanzini ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.
Ukukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla
Ngokumalunga nomlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla, singabona kwakhona ukuba nangona ishishini lombane wamanzi liye lakhula ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kombane ngo-2020 kuphindwe kahlanu kunoko ngowama-2001, umlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla ombane uphelele awutshintshanga kakhulu.
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa umlinganiselo wamandla ashushu, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi awudlalanga indima enkulu. Nangona ikhula ngokukhawuleza, inokugcina kuphela umlinganiselo wayo kumandla ombane ewonke phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla esizwe. Ukunciphisa umlinganiselo wamandla ashushu kubangelwa ikakhulu kweminye imithombo yamandla acocekileyo, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya, njl.
Ugxininiso olugqithisileyo lwemithombo yombane wamanzi
Uveliso lombane olupheleleyo lwamaphondo iSichuan kunye neYunnan luthatha phantse isiqingatha soveliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi esizwe, kwaye ingxaki ebangelwa kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo ngemithombo yombane oveliswa ngamanzi zisenokungakwazi ukufunxa ukuveliswa kombane wasekhaya, okukhokelela kwinkcitho yamandla. Isibini esithathwini samanzi amdaka kunye nombane kwimithombo emikhulu yemilambo e-China ivela kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20.2 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, kwaye ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sombane ongcolileyo kwiphondo laseSichuan uvela kumlambo omkhulu weDadu River.
Ehlabathini lonke, amandla ombane aseTshayina aphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo. I-China iphantse yaqhuba ukukhula kombane wamanzi wehlabathi. Phantse i-80% yokukhula kokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kwihlabathi liphela iphuma e-China, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane wase-China kubalela ngaphezulu kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kombane omkhulu kangaka wamanzi kusetyenziso lwamandla ombane oluphambili lwaseTshayina luphezulu nje kancinane kunomndilili wehlabathi, ngaphantsi kwe-8% ngo-2019. Nokuba awuthelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo anjengeKhanada neNorway, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi usezantsi kakhulu kunowaseBrazil, ilizwe elisaphuhlayo. I-China ine-680 yezigidi zeekilowatts zemithombo yombane wamanzi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi uya kuba yi-370 yezigidi zeekilowatts. Ngokwale mbono, ishishini lombane laseTshayina lisenendawo enkulu yophuhliso.
04 indlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Amandla ombane azakukhawulezisa ukukhula kwawo kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kwaye aza kuqhubeka enyuka kwinxalenye yokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke.
Kwelinye icala, ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-14, ngaphezu kwe-50 yezigidi ze-kilowatts zamandla ombane angasetyenziswa e-China, kubandakanywa i-Wudongde kunye ne-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqela le-Three Gorges kunye nokufikelela okuphakathi kwesikhululo sombane wase-Yalong River. Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yophuhliso lombane we-hydropower kwiindawo ezisezantsi zoMlambo i-Yarlung Zangbo zibandakanyiwe kwisicwangciso se-14 seminyaka emihlanu, kunye ne-70 yezigidi ze-kilowatts zezixhobo ezixhatshazwayo ngokobugcisa, ezilingana nezikhululo zombane ezingaphezu kwezintathu ze-Gorges ezintathu, Oku kuthetha ukuba umbane wamanzi uya kuzisa uphuhliso olukhulu kwakhona;
Kwelinye icala, ukuncitshiswa komlinganiselo wamandla obushushu kuqikelelwa ngokucacileyo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kumbono wokukhuselwa kwendalo, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa aya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo kwintsimi yamandla.
Kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla ombane asinako ukuthelekiswa neso samandla amatsha. Nakumlinganiselo wamandla ombane ewonke, unokubekwa kwindawo ngabafike emva kwexesha kumandla amatsha. Ukuba ixesha lide, kunokuthiwa kuya kuthatyathwa ngamandla amatsha.
U-Liu Shiyu, umlawuli wesebe lokucwangcisa i-General Electric Power Planning Institute, uqikelela ukuba ngexesha le-14 leminyaka yeSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, umthamo wokufakelwa kwamandla amatsha e-China uya kudlula i-800 yezigidi ze-KW, i-29%; Uveliso lwamandla ngonyaka lufikelela kwi-1.5 yetriliyoni kwh, ukodlula umbane owenziwe ngamanzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-14-2022
