Kwihlabathi liphela, izityalo zamandla ombane aphuma emanzini zivelisa malunga nama-24 ekhulwini ombane wehlabathi kwaye zibonelela abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni eli-1 ngombane. Izityalo zamandla ombane aphuma emanzini ehlabathini zivelisa i-675,000 megawatts iyonke, amandla alingana neebhareli zeoyile ezi-3.6 zeebhiliyoni, ngokutsho kweNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. Kukho izityalo zamandla ombane aphuma emanzini ezingaphezu kwama-2,000 ezisebenza eMelika, nto leyo eyenza i-hydropower ibe yeyona mithombo yamandla avuselelekayo inkulu kweli lizwe.
Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga indlela amanzi awela ngayo adala amandla kwaye sifunde ngomjikelo we-hydrologic odala ukuhamba kwamanzi okubalulekileyo kumbane wamanzi. Uza kufumana nombono wendlela enye eyahlukileyo yokusebenzisa umbane wamanzi enokuchaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Xa ubukele umlambo udlula, kunzima ukucinga ngamandla othwala wona. Ukuba wakha wahamba ngenqanawa emanzini amhlophe, ngoko uzive inxalenye encinci yamandla omlambo. Iingxangxasi zamanzi amhlophe zenziwa njengomlambo, zithwala amanzi amaninzi ehla entabeni, zithintela indlela emxinwa. Njengoko umlambo uphoqeleka ukuba ungene kulo mngxuma, amanzi awo ayakhawuleza. Izikhukula ngomnye umzekelo wendlela amanzi amaninzi anokuba namandla ngayo.
Izityalo zamanzi zisebenzisa amandla amanzi kwaye zisebenzisa iindlela ezilula ukuguqula loo mandla abe ngumbane. Izityalo zamanzi zisekelwe kwingcamango elula kakhulu - amanzi ahamba edamini ajika i-turbine, ejika ijenereyitha.
Nazi izinto ezisisiseko zesityalo esiqhelekileyo samandla ombane ngamanzi:
Idama – Uninzi lwezityalo zamanzi zixhomekeke kwidama elibamba amanzi, nto leyo eyenza idama elikhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli dama lisetyenziswa njengechibi lokuzonwabisa, njengeLake Roosevelt kwiDama iGrand Coulee kwiPhondo laseWashington.
Ukungena kwamanzi – Amasango edamini ayavuleka kwaye umxhuzulane utsala amanzi nge-penstock, umbhobho okhokelela kwi-turbine. Amanzi aqokelela uxinzelelo njengoko ehamba kulo mbhobho.
I-Turbine – Amanzi ayabetha aze ajike iiblade ezinkulu ze-turbine, ezinamathele kwijenereyitha engaphezulu kwayo ngendlela yeshafti. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-turbine kwizityalo zamandla e-hydropower yiFrancis Turbine, ebonakala ngathi yidiski enkulu eneeblade ezigobileyo. I-turbine inobunzima obufikelela kwiitoni ezili-172 kwaye ijike ngesantya see-90 revolutions ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokutsho kwe-Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Iijenereyitha – Njengoko iibhleyitha zeturbine zijika, kukwakho nothotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kwijenereyitha. Iimagnethi ezinkulu zijikeleza ngaphaya kweekhoyili zobhedu, zivelisa umsinga otshintshanayo (AC) ngokuhambisa ii-elektroni. (Uza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela esebenza ngayo ijenereyitha kamva.)
I-Transformer – I-transformer engaphakathi kwindlu yamandla ithatha i-AC ize iyiguqulele kwi-high-voltage current.
Iintambo zombane – Kuyo yonke iplanti yombane kuvela iingcingo ezine: izigaba ezintathu zombane eziveliswa ngaxeshanye kunye ne-neutral okanye umhlaba oqhelekileyo kuzo zontathu. (Funda Indlela Iigridi Zokusasazwa Kombane Ezisebenza Ngayo ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokudluliselwa kweentambo zombane.)
Ukuphuma kwamanzi – Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo athwalwa ngemibhobho, ebizwa ngokuba zii-tailraces, aze angene kwakhona emlanjeni ongezantsi.
Amanzi akwindawo yokugcina amanzi athathwa njengamandla agciniweyo. Xa amasango evuleka, amanzi ahamba kwi-penstock aba ngamandla e-kinetic kuba ahamba. Ubungakanani bombane obuveliswayo bumiselwa zizinto ezininzi. Ezimbini kwezo zinto ngumthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobungakanani bentloko ye-hydraulic. Intloko ibhekisa kumgama ophakathi komphezulu wamanzi kunye nee-turbines. Njengoko intloko kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi kusanda, nombane oveliswayo uyanda. Intloko idla ngokuxhomekeka kubungakanani bamanzi akwindawo yokugcina amanzi.
Kukho olunye uhlobo lwesityalo samandla ombane, esibizwa ngokuba sisityalo sokugcina amanzi esimpompelweyo. Kwisityalo samandla ombane esiqhelekileyo, amanzi avela kwidama ahamba ngesityalo, aphume aze athuthwe aye ezantsi ngomlambo. Isityalo sokugcina amanzi esimpompelweyo sineendawo ezimbini zokugcina amanzi:
Idama elingaphezulu – Njengesityalo esiqhelekileyo sombane wamanzi, idama lidala idamu. Amanzi akule ndawo ahamba ngesityalo sombane wamanzi ukuze enze umbane.
Idama elingaphantsi kwamanzi – Amanzi aphuma kwisityalo samandla ombane ageleza aye kwidama elingaphantsi kwamanzi endaweni yokungena kwakhona emlanjeni aze ageleze ngezantsi.
Ngokusebenzisa i-turbine eguqukayo, isityalo sinokumpompa amanzi sibuyele kwidama eliphezulu. Oku kwenziwa ngeeyure ezingezizo ezokukhawuleza. Ngokuyintloko, idama lesibini lizalisa kwakhona idama eliphezulu. Ngokumpompa amanzi abuyele kwidama eliphezulu, isityalo sinamanzi amaninzi okuvelisa umbane ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kakhulu.
Umvelisi
Intliziyo yesikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi yijenereyitha. Uninzi lwezikhululo zamandla ombane ngamanzi zinezi jenereyitha ezininzi.
Ijenereyitha, njengoko usenokuba uqikelele, ivelisa umbane. Inkqubo esisiseko yokwenza umbane ngale ndlela kukujikeleza uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kweekhoyili zocingo. Le nkqubo ihambisa ii-elektroni, ezivelisa umsinga wombane.
Idama laseHoover linezivelisi ezili-17 zizonke, nganye kuzo inokuvelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-133 megawatts. Umthamo uwonke wesityalo samanzi saseHoover Dam yi-2,074 megawatts. Ijenereyitha nganye yenziwe ngamalungu athile asisiseko:
Umgodi
Umkhuseli
I-Rotor
I-Stator
Njengoko i-turbine ijika, i-excitor ithumela umbane kwi-rotor. I-rotor luhlu lwee-electromagnets ezinkulu ezijikeleza ngaphakathi kwi-coil yocingo lobhedu oluqinileyo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-stator. Intsimi yemagnethi phakathi kwe-coil kunye neemagnethi idala umbane.
KwiDama laseHoover, umbane ongama-amps ali-16,500 uhamba ukusuka kwijenereyitha ukuya kwi-transformer, apho umbane unyuka uye kuma-amps angama-230,000 ngaphambi kokuba udluliselwe.
Izityalo zamandla ombane ngamanzi zisebenzisa ithuba lenkqubo eyenzeka ngokwendalo, eqhubekayo - inkqubo ebangela ukuba imvula ine kwaye imilambo inyuke. Yonke imihla, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa ngamanzi amancinci emoyeni njengoko imisebe ye-ultraviolet iqhekeza iimolekyuli zamanzi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, amanzi amatsha akhutshwa kwinxalenye engaphakathi yoMhlaba ngenxa yentshukumo yentaba-mlilo. Ubungakanani bamanzi adaliweyo kunye nobungakanani bamanzi alahlekileyo buphantse bufane.
Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, umthamo wamanzi asemhlabeni uwonke ufumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Unokuba lulwelo, njengakwiilwandle, imilambo nemvula; uqinile, njengakwii-glaciers; okanye ube yigesi, njengakwi-water engabonakaliyo emoyeni. Amanzi atshintsha imeko njengoko eshukunyiswa yi-wind currents. I-wind current iveliswa ngumsebenzi wokufudumala kwelanga. I-air-current cycles idalwe lilanga elikhanya ngakumbi kwi-equator kunakwezinye iindawo ze-wind.
Imijikelo yomoya iqhuba ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi eMhlabeni ngomjikelo wayo, obizwa ngokuba yi-hydrologic cycle. Njengoko ilanga lifudumeza amanzi angamanzi, amanzi ayaphuma abe ngumphunga emoyeni. Ilanga lifudumeza umoya, libangela ukuba umoya unyuke emoyeni. Umoya ubanda kakhulu phezulu, ngoko ke njengoko umphunga wamanzi unyuka, uyaphola, ujiye ube ngamathontsi. Xa amathontsi aneleyo eqokelelana kwindawo enye, amathontsi anobunzima obaneleyo bokubuyela eMhlabeni njengemvula.
Umjikelo wamanzi ubalulekile kwizityalo zamanzi kuba zixhomekeke ekuphumeni kwamanzi. Ukuba akukho mvula kufutshane nesityalo, amanzi awayi kuqokelelwa phezulu komsinga. Ukuba akukho manzi aqokelelwa phezulu komsinga, amanzi ambalwa ahamba kwisityalo samanzi kwaye umbane omncinci uvela.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Julayi-07-2021
