Pehea e hana ai nā hale hana hydropower

Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hana nā hale hana hydropower ma kahi o 24 pakeneka o ka uila o ka honua a hoʻolako i ka mana ma mua o 1 biliona kānaka. Hoʻopuka nā hale hana hydropower o ka honua i ka huina o 675,000 megawatts, ka ikehu e like me 3.6 biliona barela o ka ʻaila, e like me ka National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Aia ma mua o 2,000 mau hale hana hydropower e hana nei ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hoʻolilo ana i ka hydropower i kumu ikehu hou nui loa o ka ʻāina.
Ma kēia ʻatikala, e nānā kākou pehea e hoʻoulu ai ka wai hāʻule i ka ikehu a aʻo e pili ana i ke kaʻapuni hydrologic e hoʻoulu ai i ke kahe wai e pono ai no ka hydropower. E ʻike pū ʻoe i hoʻokahi noi kūikawā o ka hydropower e hoʻopilikia paha i kou ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
I ka nānā ʻana i kahi muliwai e holo ana, he paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ka ikaika e lawe nei. Inā ua hele ʻoe i ka holo waʻa wai keʻokeʻo, a laila ua ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka mana o ka muliwai. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kahawai wai keʻokeʻo ma ke ʻano he muliwai, e lawe ana i ka nui o ka wai i lalo, nā ʻūpā ma o kahi ala haiki. Ke koi ʻia ka muliwai ma o kēia puka, wikiwiki kona kahe ʻana. ʻO nā kahe kekahi laʻana o ka nui o ka ikaika o ka nui o ka wai.
Hoʻohana nā hale hana hydropower i ka ikehu o ka wai a hoʻohana i nā mīkini maʻalahi e hoʻololi i kēlā ikehu i uila. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hale hana hydropower ma kahi manaʻo maʻalahi - ʻo ka wai e kahe ana ma o kahi pā e hoʻohuli i kahi turbine, kahi e hoʻohuli ai i kahi mīkini hana.

Eia nā ʻāpana kumu o kahi hale hana hydropower maʻamau:
Pā - Hilinaʻi ka hapa nui o nā hale hana hydropower i kahi pā e kāohi ana i ka wai, e hana ana i kahi waihona wai nui. I ka manawa pinepine, hoʻohana ʻia kēia waihona wai ma ke ʻano he loko leʻaleʻa, e like me Lake Roosevelt ma ka Grand Coulee Dam ma ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Wakinekona.
Komo ʻana - Wehe ʻia nā puka ma ka pā a huki ka umekaumaha i ka wai ma o ka penstock, kahi paipu e alakaʻi ana i ka turbine. Hoʻonui ka wai i ke kaomi i kona kahe ʻana ma o kēia paipu.
Turbine - Hoʻopilikia ka wai a hoʻohuli i nā lau nui o kahi turbine, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi mīkini hana ma luna ona ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻau. ʻO ke ʻano turbine maʻamau no nā mea kanu hydropower ʻo Francis Turbine, kahi e like me kahi diski nui me nā lau ʻōniʻoniʻo. Hiki i kahi turbine ke kaupaona a hiki i 172 tons a huli i ka wikiwiki o 90 mau hoʻohuli i kēlā me kēia minuke (rpm), e like me ka Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Nā Mea Hana Mana - Ke huli nei nā ʻōpuʻu turbine, pēlā nō hoʻi ka huli ʻana o kekahi mau magnet i loko o ka mea hana mana. Hoʻohuli nā magnet nui i nā ʻōwili keleawe, e hana ana i ke au uila (AC) ma ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā electrons. (E aʻo hou ʻoe e pili ana i ka hana a ka mea hana mana ma hope.)
Mea Hoʻololi - Lawe ka mea hoʻololi i loko o ka hale mana i ka AC a hoʻololi iā ia i ke au uila kiʻekiʻe.
Nā Laina Mana - Mai kēlā me kēia hale hana mana e puka mai ana ʻehā mau uea: ʻo nā pae ʻekolu o ka mana e hana ʻia i ka manawa like me kahi kūlike ʻole a i ʻole ka honua e like me nā mea ʻekolu. (E heluhelu i ka Hana ʻana o nā Power Distribution Grids e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā laina mana.)
Kahe ʻana i waho - Lawe ʻia ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia ma o nā paipu, i kapa ʻia ʻo tailraces, a komo hou i ka muliwai ma lalo.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka wai i loko o ka waihona wai he ikehu i mālama ʻia. Ke wehe ʻia nā puka, lilo ka wai e kahe ana ma o ka penstock i ikehu kinetic no ka mea e neʻe ana. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka uila i hana ʻia e kekahi mau kumu. ʻElua o kēlā mau kumu ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai a me ka nui o ke poʻo hydraulic. ʻO ke poʻo e pili ana i ka mamao ma waena o ka ʻili wai a me nā turbines. I ka piʻi ʻana o ke poʻo a me ke kahe ʻana, pēlā nō ka uila i hana ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, hilinaʻi ke poʻo i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka waihona wai.

Aia kekahi ʻano hale hana hydropower ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hale hana pumped-storage. I loko o kahi hale hana hydropower maʻamau, kahe ka wai mai ka waihona wai ma o ka hale hana, puka i waho a lawe ʻia i lalo. Loaʻa i kahi hale hana pumped-storage ʻelua mau waihona wai:
Waihona wai luna - E like me kahi hale hana mana wai maʻamau, hana kahi pā i kahi waihona wai. Kahe ka wai o kēia waihona wai ma o ka hale hana mana wai e hana i ka uila.
Waihona wai haʻahaʻa - ʻO ka wai e puka ana mai ka hale hana hydropower e kahe ana i loko o kahi waihona wai haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke komo hou ʻana i ka muliwai a kahe i lalo.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi turbine hoʻohuli ʻia, hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻihoʻi i ka wai i ka waihona wai o luna. Hana ʻia kēia i nā hola ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kumu, hoʻopiha hou ka lua o ka waihona wai i ka waihona wai o luna. Ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wai i ka waihona wai o luna, loaʻa i ka mea kanu ka wai hou aku e hana i ka uila i nā wā o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana.

ʻO ka mea hana mīkini
ʻO ka puʻuwai o ka hale hana mana hydroelectric ka mea hana mīkini. Loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā hale hana mana hydroelectric kekahi o kēia mau mea hana mīkini.
ʻO ka mīkini hana, e like me kāu i kuhi ai, hoʻopuka i ka uila. ʻO ke kaʻina hana kumu o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka uila ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ia ke hoʻohuli i kahi moʻo o nā magnet i loko o nā wili uea. Hoʻoneʻe kēia kaʻina hana i nā electrons, kahi e hoʻopuka ai i ke au uila.
He 17 mau mīkini hana uila ko ka Hoover Dam, a hiki i kēlā me kēia ke hana i 133 megawatts. ʻO ka nui o ka mana o ka hale hana mana wai o Hoover Dam he 2,074 megawatts. Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia mīkini hana uila me kekahi mau ʻāpana kumu:
ʻAuwaha
Mea hoʻoulu
Rotor
Stator
I ka huli ʻana o ka turbine, hoʻouna ka excitor i kahi au uila i ka rotor. ʻO ka rotor kahi moʻo o nā electromagnets nui e milo ana i loko o kahi wili uea keleawe i wili paʻa ʻia, i kapa ʻia ʻo stator. ʻO ke kahua magnetic ma waena o ke wili a me nā magnets e hana i kahi au uila.
Ma ka Hoover Dam, neʻe kahi au o 16,500 amps mai ka mīkini hana a i ka mea hoʻololi uila, kahi e piʻi ai ke au a hiki i 230,000 amps ma mua o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana.

Hoʻohana nā hale hana hydropower i kahi hana kūlohelohe a hoʻomau - ke kaʻina hana e hoʻoulu ai i ka ua a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā muliwai. I kēlā me kēia lā, nalowale ko kākou honua i kahi wai liʻiliʻi ma o ka lewa i ka wā e wāwahi ai nā kukuna ultraviolet i nā molekala wai. Akā i ka manawa like, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai hou mai loko mai o ka Honua ma o ka hana pele. ʻO ka nui o ka wai i hana ʻia a me ka nui o ka wai i nalowale ua like like.
I kēlā me kēia manawa, he nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o ka wai o ka honua. Hiki ke wai, e like me nā moana, nā muliwai a me ka ua; paʻa, e like me nā glacier; a i ʻole kinoea, e like me ka mahu wai ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka lewa. Hoʻololi ka wai i nā kūlana i ka wā e neʻe ʻia ai a puni ka honua e nā au makani. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā au makani e ka hana hoʻomehana o ka lā. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pōʻaiapuni au e ka lā e ʻālohilohi nui ana ma ka equator ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
Hoʻokele nā ​​pōʻaiapuni o ke au ea i ka lako wai o ka Honua ma o kahi pōʻaiapuni ponoʻī, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke pōʻaiapuni hydrologic. Ke hoʻomehana ka lā i ka wai wai, e mahu ka wai i ka lewa. Hoʻomehana ka lā i ka lewa, e piʻi aʻe ana ka ea i ka lewa. ʻOi aku ke anuanu o ka ea i luna, no laila, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahu wai, e hoʻomāalili ana, e lilo ana i mau kulu wai. Ke hōʻiliʻili nā kulu wai i hoʻokahi wahi, hiki i nā kulu wai ke kaumaha e hāʻule hou i ka Honua ma ke ʻano he ua.
He mea nui ke kaʻina hana wai i nā hale hana mana wai no ka mea e hilinaʻi ana lākou i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai. Inā nele ka ua ma kahi kokoke i ka hale hana, ʻaʻole e hōʻiliʻili ka wai i uka. Me ka ʻole o ka wai e hōʻiliʻili ana i uka, emi ka wai e kahe ana ma o ka hale hana mana wai a emi ka uila e hana ʻia.