Padziko lonse lapansi, mafakitale opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amapanga pafupifupi 24 peresenti ya magetsi onse padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amapereka mphamvu kwa anthu oposa 1 biliyoni. Makampani opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi padziko lonse lapansi amapanga ma megawatts 675,000, mphamvu yofanana ndi migolo yamafuta 3.6 biliyoni, malinga ndi National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Pali mafakitale opanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi oposa 2,000 omwe akugwira ntchito ku United States, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi akhale gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso mdzikolo.
Munkhaniyi, tiona momwe madzi ogwa amapangira mphamvu ndikuphunzira za kayendedwe ka madzi komwe kamapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda bwino kwambiri pamagetsi amadzi. Mudzaonanso momwe mphamvu yamadzi imagwirira ntchito yomwe ingakhudzire moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku.
Mukayang'ana mtsinje ukudutsa, zimakhala zovuta kulingalira mphamvu yomwe ukunyamula. Ngati mudayamba mwayendapo pamadzi oyera, ndiye kuti mwamvapo gawo laling'ono la mphamvu ya mtsinjewo. Mafunde oyera amapangidwa ngati mtsinje, kunyamula madzi ambiri otsika, zopinga kudzera munjira yopapatiza. Pamene mtsinjewo ukukakamizika kudutsa m'malo otsetsereka awa, madzi ake amathamanga mofulumira. Madzi osefukira ndi chitsanzo china cha mphamvu yomwe madzi ambiri angakhale nayo.
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito makina osavuta kusintha mphamvuyo kukhala magetsi. Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kwenikweni amachokera pa lingaliro losavuta - madzi oyenda kudzera mu damu amatembenuza turbine, yomwe imatembenuza jenereta.
Nazi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chomera chamagetsi chamagetsi chamagetsi wamba:
Damu – Malo ambiri opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amadalira damu lomwe limasunga madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale dziwe lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri, dziweli limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyanja yosangalalira, monga Nyanja ya Roosevelt ku Damu la Grand Coulee ku Washington State.
Kulowa madzi - Zipata pa damu zimatseguka ndipo mphamvu yokoka imakoka madzi kudzera mu penstock, payipi yomwe imapita ku turbine. Madzi amawonjezeka mphamvu akamayenda kudzera mu payipi iyi.
Turbine - Madzi amagunda ndi kutembenuza masamba akuluakulu a turbine, omwe amamangiriridwa ku jenereta pamwamba pake kudzera mu shaft. Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa turbine wa mafakitale opangira magetsi ndi Francis Turbine, womwe umawoneka ngati diski yayikulu yokhala ndi masamba opindika. Turbine imatha kulemera matani 172 ndikuzungulira pa liwiro la 90 rpm (rpm), malinga ndi Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Majenereta – Pamene masamba a turbine akuzungulira, maginito angapo amazungulira mkati mwa jenereta. Maginito akuluakulu amazungulira modutsa ma coil amkuwa, ndikupanga mphamvu yosinthira (AC) posuntha ma elekitironi. (Mudzaphunzira zambiri za momwe jenereta imagwirira ntchito pambuyo pake.)
Transformer - Transformer yomwe ili mkati mwa nyumba yamagetsi imatenga AC ndikuisintha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba.
Mawaya amagetsi - Kuchokera pa fakitale iliyonse yamagetsi kumabwera mawaya anayi: magawo atatu amagetsi omwe amapangidwa nthawi imodzi kuphatikiza gawo lopanda mbali kapena lofanana ndi nthaka ndi onse atatu. (Werengani Momwe Ma Gridi Ogawa Mphamvu Amagwirira Ntchito kuti mudziwe zambiri za kutumiza kwa waya wamagetsi.)
Kutuluka kwa madzi - Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito amatengedwa kudzera m'mapaipi, otchedwa tailraces, ndikulowanso mumtsinje womwe uli pansi pa mtsinje.
Madzi omwe ali mu thanki amaonedwa kuti ndi mphamvu yosungidwa. Zipata zikatsegulidwa, madzi omwe akuyenda kudzera mu penstock amakhala mphamvu ya kinetic chifukwa akuyenda. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amapangidwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zingapo. Zinthu ziwiri mwa izi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatuluka komanso kuchuluka kwa mutu wa hydraulic. Mutu umatanthauza mtunda womwe ulipo pakati pa pamwamba pa madzi ndi ma turbine. Pamene mutu ndi madzi zikuwonjezeka, magetsi omwe amapangidwa nawonso amatuluka. Mutu nthawi zambiri umadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe ali mu thanki.
Pali mtundu wina wa fakitale yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, yotchedwa fakitale yosungira madzi. Mu fakitale yamagetsi yachizolowezi yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, madzi ochokera m'chitsimecho amadutsa mufakitale, amatuluka ndipo amatengedwa mumtsinje. Kampani yosungira madzi yopangira madzi ili ndi malo awiri osungira madzi:
Malo osungira madzi apamwamba - Monga malo osungira magetsi amadzi wamba, damu limapanga malo osungira madzi. Madzi omwe ali m'malo osungira madziwa amayenda kudzera mu malo osungira magetsi amadzi kuti apange magetsi.
Madzi otsetsereka apansi - Madzi otuluka pafakitale yamagetsi amalowa m'madzi otsetsereka apansi m'malo molowanso mumtsinje ndikuyenda pansi pa mtsinje.
Pogwiritsa ntchito turbine yosinthika, fakitaleyo imatha kupompa madzi kubwerera ku thanki lapamwamba. Izi zimachitika nthawi yomwe madzi sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kwenikweni, thanki lachiwiri limadzazanso thanki lapamwamba. Popompa madzi kubwerera ku thanki lapamwamba, fakitaleyo imakhala ndi madzi ambiri opangira magetsi panthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Jenereta
Chimake cha malo opangira magetsi ndi jenereta. Malo ambiri opangira magetsi ndi madzi ali ndi majenereta angapo awa.
Jenereta, monga momwe mungaganizire, imapanga magetsi. Njira yoyambira yopangira magetsi mwanjira iyi ndikuzungulira maginito angapo mkati mwa waya. Njirayi imasuntha ma elekitironi, omwe amapanga magetsi.
Damu la Hoover lili ndi majenereta okwana 17, ndipo iliyonse imatha kupanga ma megawatts okwana 133. Mphamvu yonse ya chomera chamagetsi cha Hoover Dam ndi ma megawatts 2,074. Jenereta iliyonse imapangidwa ndi zigawo zina zofunika:
Shaft
Chosangalatsa
Rotor
Stator
Pamene turbine ikuzungulira, chotulutsira magetsi chimatumiza magetsi ku rotor. Rotor ndi mndandanda wa ma electromagnet akuluakulu omwe amazungulira mkati mwa waya wamkuwa wopindika mwamphamvu, wotchedwa stator. Mphamvu ya maginito pakati pa coil ndi maginito imapanga magetsi.
Mu Damu la Hoover, mphamvu yamagetsi ya ma amperage 16,500 imasuntha kuchokera ku jenereta kupita ku transformer, komwe mphamvu yamagetsi imakwera mpaka ma amperage 230,000 isanatumizidwe.
Mafakitale opanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika komanso yochitika mwachilengedwe - njira yomwe imayambitsa mvula kugwa ndi mitsinje kukwera. Tsiku lililonse, dziko lathu lapansi limataya madzi pang'ono kudzera mumlengalenga pamene kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumagawa mamolekyu amadzi. Koma nthawi yomweyo, madzi atsopano amatuluka kuchokera mkati mwa Dziko Lapansi kudzera mu ntchito ya volcano. Kuchuluka kwa madzi opangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi otayika ndi kofanana.
Nthawi iliyonse, kuchuluka kwa madzi padziko lonse lapansi kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Kungakhale madzi, monga m'nyanja, mitsinje ndi mvula; kolimba, monga m'madzi oundana; kapena mpweya, monga mu nthunzi yosaoneka yamadzi mumlengalenga. Madzi amasintha momwe amayendera padziko lapansi ndi mafunde a mphepo. Mafunde a mphepo amapangidwa ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa. Mafunde a mpweya amapangidwa ndi dzuwa lomwe limawala kwambiri pa equator kuposa madera ena a dziko lapansi.
Mpweya wozungulira umayendetsa madzi a Dziko Lapansi kudzera mu kayendedwe kake, kotchedwa hydrologic cycle. Dzuwa likamatenthetsa madzi amadzimadzi, madziwo amasanduka nthunzi mumlengalenga. Dzuwa limatenthetsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukwere mumlengalenga. Mpweyawo umakhala wozizira kwambiri, kotero nthunzi ya madzi ikakwera, imazizira, n’kukhala madontho. Madontho ambiri akasonkhana m’dera limodzi, madonthowo amatha kulemera mokwanira kuti abwerere ku Dziko Lapansi ngati mvula.
Kuzungulira kwa madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri ku mafakitale opangira magetsi chifukwa amadalira madzi omwe akuyenda. Ngati mvula yagwa pafupi ndi fakitale, madzi sadzasonkhana kumtunda. Popeza madzi sakusonkhanitsa madzi m'mitsinje, madzi ochepa amayenda kudzera mufakitale yopanga magetsi ndipo magetsi ochepa amapangidwa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-07-2021
