Ehlabathini lonke, amaziko ombane avelisa umbane omalunga nama-24 ekhulwini yaye anika abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni umbane. Amaziko ombane ehlabathi avelisa i-megawatts edityanisiweyo engama-675,000, amandla alingana ne-3.6 yeebhiliyoni zemiphanda yeoli, ngokutsho kweLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-2,000 omzi-mveliso woveliso lwamanzi osebenza e-United States, okwenza umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ube ngowona mthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo welizwe.
Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga indlela ukuwa kwamanzi awadala ngayo amandla kwaye sifunde malunga nomjikelo we-hydrologic odala ukuhamba kwamanzi kubalulekile kumbane owenziwe ngamanzi. Uya kufumana ne-filipse kwisicelo esinye esikhethekileyo se-hydropower enokuchaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Xa ubukele umlambo uqengqeleka, kuba nzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wamandla onawo. Ukuba ukhe waqala ukumisa amanzi amhlophe, emva koko waziva enenxalenye encinci yamandla omlambo. I-Rapids yamanzi amhlophe idalwe njengomlambo, ethwele umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ezantsi, i-bottlenecks ngepaseji emxinwa. Njengoko umlambo unyanzeliswa kulo mngxuma, ukuhamba kwawo kuyakhawuleza. Izikhukula ngomnye umzekelo wokuba angakanani amandla anokuba nawo umthamo omkhulu wamanzi.
I-Hydropower yesityalo seHarness yeHureness yamanzi kwaye isebenzise iindlela ezilula zokuguqula ukuba amandla abe ngumbane. Izityalo ze-hydropower zisekwe kwingcinga elula yokufumana ingcinga ehamba-uqukuqela i-turbine, ejika i-generator.
Nanga amacandelo asisiseko somzi-mveliso wombane oqhelekileyo:
Idama - uninzi lwamahlelo e-hydropower izityalo zixhomekeke kwidama elibambe amanzi, likhetha indawo enkulu. Rhoqo, eli dama lisetyenziswa njengechibi lokuzonwabisa, njengeLake Roosevelt kwiDama laseGrand Coulee eWashington State.
Ukungenisa – Amasango edama avulekileyo kwaye umxhuzulane utsala amanzi ngepenstock, umbhobho okhokelela kwi-injini yomoya. Amanzi ayakha uxinzelelo njengoko ihamba ngombhobho.
I-Turbine – Amanzi abetha aze ajike amagqabi amakhulu e-injini yomoya, edityaniswe nejenereyitha ngaphezu kwayo ngendlela ye-shaft. Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-turbine yezityalo ze-hydropower yi-francis turbine, ejongeka njenge-disc enkulu nge-blades egudileyo. I-iturbine inobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezili-172 kwaye ijike ngereyithi ye-90 revolutions ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokutsho kweSiseko seMfundo yaManzi naMandla (FWEE).
I-Plenerators - Njengoko ii-turbine Blades zijika, ke yenza uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kwimveliso. Iimagnethi ezinkulu zijikelezisa iikhoyili zobhedu ezidlulileyo, zivelisa alternating current (AC) ngokushukuma kweeelectron. (Uya kufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela ijenereyitha esebenza ngayo kamva.)
I-Transformer - I-transformer ngaphakathi kwindlu yamandla ithatha i-AC kwaye iyiguqulele kwi-high-voltage current.
Iintambo zombane – Kuwo wonke umzi-mveliso wamandla kuvela iingcingo ezine: izigaba ezithathu zamandla ziveliswa ngaxeshanye kunye nokungathathi hlangothi okanye umhlaba oqhelekileyo kuzo zontathu. (Funda indlela iiGridi zoSasazo lwaMandla aSebenza ngayo ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuhanjiswa kweentambo zombane.)
Ukuphuma kwamanzi – Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo athwalwa ngemibhobho, ebizwa ngokuba zii-tailraces, aze aphinde angene emlanjeni ongezantsi.
Amanzi kwi-reservoir ithathwa njengenamandla agciniweyo. Xa amasango evuleka, amanzi aqukuqela kwi-penstock abe namandla e-kinetic kuba ayashukuma. Inani lombane oveliswayo limiselwa ngezinto ezininzi. Ezimbini zezo zinto ngumthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobungakanani bentloko ye-hydraulic. Intloko ibhekisa kumgama ophakathi komphezulu wamanzi kunye nee turbines. Njengoko intloko kunye nokuhamba kwanda, ngokunjalo nombane owenziweyo. Intloko ikholisa ukuxhomekeka kubungakanani bamanzi akwidama.
Kukho olunye uhlobo lomzi-mveliso woveliso lwamanzi, olubizwa ngokuba sisiziko sokumpontshwa. Kumzi-mveliso oqhelekileyo woveliso lwamanzi, amanzi aphuma kwidama aqukuqela kwisikhululo, aphume aze athwalwe ezantsi ngomsinga. Iplanti yogcino olumpompelweyo ineziqulatho ezimbini:
Uvimba wombane ongaphezulu – Njengesixhobo sombane esiqhelekileyo samanzi, idama lenza indawo yokugcina amanzi. Amanzi kule gcina i-resirvoir uqukuqela kwi-hydropower utyansa ukudala umbane.
Idama elisezantsi – Amanzi aphuma kumzi-mveliso woveliso lombane aqukuqela ukuya kwidama elisezantsi kunokuba aphinde angene emlanjeni aze aqukuqele ezantsi.
Ngokusebenzisa i-injini yomoya ebuyiselwa umva, isityalo sinokumpompa amanzi abuyele kwidama eliphezulu. Oku kwenziwa ngeeyure ezingasebenziyo. Ngokuyintloko, indawo yesibini yokugcina indawo igcwalisa indawo ephezulu. Ngokumpompa amanzi ukubuyisela kwidama elingaphezulu, umzi-mveliso unamanzi amaninzi okuvelisa umbane ngamaxesha okusetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ijenereyitha
Intliziyo yomzi-mveliso wamandla ombane yijenereyitha. Uninzi lwezityalo zombane zineqela lezi generator.
Ijenereyitha, njengoko ubunokuthelekelela, ivelisa umbane. Inkqubo esisiseko yokuvelisa umbane ngale ndlela kukujikeleza uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kweekhodi zecingo. Le nkqubo ihambisa ii-electron, ezivelisa umsinga wombane.
IDama iHoover ineejenereyitha ezili-17 zizonke, nganye kuzo inokuvelisa ukuya kutsho kwi-133 yeemegawatts. Umthamo uwonke womzi-mveliso wokuvelisa umbane waseHoover Dam ngama-2,074 eemegawathi. Ijenereyitha nganye yenziwe ngamalungu athile asisiseko:
Umphini
Excitor
Rotor
Stator
Njengoko i-turbine ijika, umbhali uthumela ngombane kwi-rotor. I-rotor luluhlu lwee-electromagnets ezinkulu ezijikeleza ngaphakathi kwekhoyili enenxeba eliqinileyo yocingo lobhedu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stator. Intsimi yamagnetic phakathi kwekhoyili kunye nemagnethi idala umsinga wombane.
Kwidama leHoover, i-current ye-16,500 amps isuka kwi-generator ukuya kwi-transformer, apho i-ramps yangoku ifikelela kwi-230,000 amps ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe.
Amaziko ombane asebenzisa amandla ombane asebenzisa ithuba lenkqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eqhubekayo - inkqubo ebangela ukuba kune imvula nemilambo inyuke. Yonke imihla, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa ngumlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi emoyeni njengoko imitha ye-ultraviolet iphula iimolekyuli zamanzi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, amanzi amatsha akhutshwa kumbindi woMhlaba ngenxa yentaba-mlilo. Isixa samanzi esakhiwe kunye nenani lamanzi alahlekileyo lilingana.
Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, umthamo wamanzi uwonke ehlabathini ukwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Inokuba lulwelo, njengaselwandle, emilanjeni nasemvula; iqinile, njengakwimikhenkce; okanye igesi, njengoko kumphunga wamanzi ongabonakaliyo osemoyeni. Amanzi atshintsha iimeko njengoko ejikeleza iplanethi yimisinga yomoya. Imisinga yomoya yenziwa ngumsebenzi wokufudumeza kwelanga. Imijikelo yomoya wenziwa lilanga elikhanya ngakumbi kwi-ikhweyitha kunakweminye imimandla yesijikelezi-langa.
Imijikelo yangoku yomoya iqhuba ubonelelo lwamanzi oMhlaba ngomjikelo wawo, obizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo we-hydrologic. Njengoko ilanga likhetha amanzi olwelo, amanzi avela kumphunga emoyeni. Ilanga liyasikhetha umoya, libangela ukuba umoya unyuke emoyeni. Umoya ubanda ngakumbi xa unyuka, ngoko njengoko umphunga wamanzi unyuka, uyaphola, ujiye ube ngamathontsi. Xa amaconsi aneleyo eqokelela kwenye indawo, amathontsi anokuba nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba abuyele emhlabeni njengo-pumity.
Umjikelo we-hydrologic ubalulekile kwizityalo zombane ngenxa yokuba zixhomekeke ekuhambeni kwamanzi. Ukuba kukho ukunqongophala kwemvula kufutshane nesityalo, amanzi akayi kuqokelelwa phezulu. Akukho manzi aqokelela umjelo, amanzi angaphantsi kwamanzi ngokuhamba kwe-hydropower kutyalo kunye nombane omncinci.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-07-2021
