Mapangidwe a Waterwheel a Hydro Energy
hydro energy iconHydro energy ndiukadaulo womwe umasintha mphamvu ya kinetic yosuntha madzi kukhala mphamvu zamakina kapena zamagetsi, ndipo chimodzi mwa zida zakale kwambiri zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kusinthira mphamvu yakusuntha madzi kukhala ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito inali Waterwheel Design.
Mapangidwe a magudumu amadzi asintha pakapita nthawi ndi mawilo amadzi oyenda molunjika, ena mopingasa ndi ena okhala ndi ma pulleys ndi magiya okhazikika, koma onse adapangidwa kuti azichita zomwezo ndipo ndizonso, "kusintha kuyenda kwamadzi oyenda kukhala kozungulira komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyendetsa makina aliwonse olumikizidwa ndi shaft" mozungulira.
Mapangidwe Odziwika a Waterwheel
Early Waterwheel Design anali makina akale komanso osavuta okhala ndi gudumu lamatabwa loyima lokhala ndi matabwa kapena zidebe zokhazikika mofanana mozungulira kuzungulira kwawo zonse zothandizidwa pamtengo wopingasa ndi mphamvu yamadzi oyenda pansi pake kukankhira gudumu molunjika motsutsana ndi masamba.
Magudumu amadzi oyimirirawa anali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe amapangidwira kale magudumu amadzi opingasa ndi Agiriki akale ndi Aigupto, chifukwa amatha kugwira ntchito bwino kumasulira mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu. Ma pulleys ndi gearing adalumikizidwa ku gudumu lamadzi lomwe limalola kusintha kwa tsinde lozungulira kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumtunda kuti agwiritse ntchito mphero, matabwa, kuphwanya miyala, kupondaponda ndi kudula etc.
Mitundu Yamapangidwe a Wheel Yamadzi
Mawilo ambiri a Waterwheel omwe amadziwikanso kuti Watermills kapena ma Wheels amadzi okha, ndi mawilo okwera molunjika omwe amazungulira pa axle yopingasa, ndipo mitundu iyi ya magudumu amadzi amasankhidwa ndi momwe madzi amagwiritsidwira ntchito pa gudumu, poyerekeza ndi gudumu. Monga momwe mungayembekezere, magudumu amadzi ndi makina akuluakulu omwe amazungulira mothamanga kwambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mikangano ndi kusakwanira kwa zidebe, ndi zina zotero.
Zochita zamadzi zomwe zimakankhira mawilo zidebe kapena zopalasa zimakulitsa torque pa ekisilo koma powongolera madzi pamapaketiwa ndi zidebe kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana pa gudumu liwiro la kuzungulira ndi mphamvu zake zitha kuwongolera. Mitundu iwiri yodziwika kwambiri ya mapangidwe amadzi ndi "undershot waterwheel" ndi "overshot waterwheel".
Undershot Water Wheel Design
The Undershot Water Wheel Design, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "wheel stream" inali mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma akale chifukwa ndi mtundu wosavuta, wotsika mtengo komanso wosavuta kupanga.
Mu mtundu uwu wa mapangidwe amadzi, gudumulo limangoyikidwa mwachindunji mumtsinje wothamanga kwambiri ndikuthandizidwa kuchokera pamwamba. Kuyenda kwa madzi m'munsimu kumapangitsa kukankhira zitsulo zotsekedwa pansi pa gudumu zomwe zimalola kuti azizungulira mbali imodzi yokha yokhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka madzi.
Mapangidwe amtundu woterewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo athyathyathya opanda malo otsetsereka a nthaka kapena kumene madzi akuyenda mofulumira mokwanira. Poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe ena a magudumu amadzi, mapangidwe amtunduwu ndi operewera kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi 20% ya mphamvu yamadzi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozungulira gudumu. Komanso mphamvu yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha pozungulira gudumu, kenako imachoka ndi madzi ena onse.
Kuipa kwina kwa gudumu lamadzi la undershot ndikuti pamafunika madzi ochulukirapo akuyenda mwachangu. Choncho, magudumu amadzi ocheperako amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje chifukwa mitsinje yaying'ono kapena mitsinje ilibe mphamvu zokwanira m'madzi oyenda.
Njira imodzi yopititsira patsogolo kugwira ntchito bwino kwa gudumu lamadzi la undershot ndikupatutsa pang'ono kuchoka pamadzi mumtsinje munjira yopapatiza kuti 100% yamadzi opatutsidwa agwiritsidwe ntchito pozungulira gudumu. Kuti izi zitheke, gudumu lolowera pansi liyenera kukhala locheperako komanso lokwanira bwino mkati mwa ngalandeyo kuti madzi asathawe mozungulira mbali zonse kapena kuwonjezera kuchuluka kapena kukula kwa zopalasa.
Overshot Waterwheel Design
The Overshot Water Wheel Design ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa mapangidwe amadzi. The overshot waterwheel ndi yovuta kwambiri pomanga ndi mapangidwe ake kuposa kale undershot waterwheel monga amagwiritsa ndowa kapena zipinda zing'onozing'ono kuti onse kugwira ndi kusunga madzi.
Zidebe zimenezi zimadzaza ndi madzi oyenda pamwamba pa gudumu. Kulemera kwa mphamvu yokoka kwa madzi mu zidebe zodzaza kumapangitsa kuti gudumu lizizungulira mozungulira ngati zidebe zopanda kanthu kumbali ina ya gudumu zimakhala zopepuka.
Mtundu uwu wa gudumu lamadzi umagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka kuti ipititse patsogolo kutulutsa komanso madzi omwewo, motero mawilo amadzi opitilira muyeso amakhala opambana kuposa mapangidwe apansi panthaka monga pafupifupi madzi onse ndi kulemera kwake akugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mphamvu zotulutsa. Komabe, monga kale, mphamvu yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha kutembenuza gudumu, kenako imachoka ndi madzi ena onse.
Mawilo amadzi opitilira muyeso amayimitsidwa pamwamba pa mtsinje kapena mtsinje ndipo nthawi zambiri amamangidwa m'mbali mwa mapiri omwe amapereka madzi kuchokera pamwamba ndi mutu wotsika (mtunda woyimirira pakati pa madzi pamwamba ndi mtsinje kapena mtsinje pansi) wapakati pa 5-to-20 metres. Damu laling'ono kapena weir likhoza kumangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa njira zonse ziwiri ndikuwonjezera liwiro la madzi mpaka pamwamba pa gudumu ndikuwapatsa mphamvu zambiri koma ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi m'malo mwa liwiro lake lomwe limathandiza kuzungulira gudumu.
Nthawi zambiri, mawilo amadzi opitilira muyeso amapangidwa mokulirapo momwe angathere kuti apereke mtunda waukulu kwambiri wothekera wapamadzi kuti azungulire gudumu. Komabe, magudumu akulu akulu amadzi ndi ovuta komanso okwera mtengo kupanga chifukwa cha kulemera kwa gudumu ndi madzi.
Zidebezo zikadzazidwa ndi madzi, mphamvu yokoka ya madzi imapangitsa kuti gudumu lizizungulira kumene madzi akudutsa. Pamene mbali ya kuzungulira ikuyandikira pansi pa gudumu, madzi omwe ali mkati mwa chidebe amatsanulira mumtsinje kapena mtsinje pansi, koma kulemera kwa zidebe zomwe zimazungulira kumbuyo kwake kumapangitsa kuti gudumu lipitirire ndi liwiro lake lozungulira. Chidebe chopanda kanthu chimapitirira kuzungulira gudumu lozungulira mpaka libwererenso pamwamba kachiwiri kukonzekera kudzazidwa ndi madzi ambiri ndipo kuzungulira kumabwereza. Chimodzi mwazovuta za kapangidwe ka magudumu amadzi opitilira muyeso ndikuti madzi amangogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi pomwe amayenda pa gudumu.
Mapangidwe a Pitchback Waterwheel
Mapangidwe a Pitchback Water Wheel ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa gudumu lamadzi lapitalo chifukwa limagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu yokoka yamadzi kuti lithandizire kuzungulira gudumu, komanso limagwiritsa ntchito kutuluka kwa madzi otayira pansi pake kuti aperekenso mphamvu yowonjezera. Mapangidwe amtunduwu amagwiritsira ntchito njira yochepetsera mutu yomwe imapereka madzi pafupi ndi pamwamba pa gudumu kuchokera pa pentrough pamwamba.
Mosiyana ndi gudumu lamadzi lomwe limayendetsa madzi molunjika pa gudumu ndikupangitsa kuti lizizungulira momwe madzi amayendera, pitchback waterwheel imadyetsa madziwo molunjika kutsika kudzera mumsewu ndi kulowa mumtsuko womwe uli pansipa ndikupangitsa kuti gudumulo lizizungulira mbali ina ndikuyenda kwamadzi pamwamba.
Mofanana ndi gudumu lamadzi lomwe linali litadutsa kale, kulemera kwa mphamvu yokoka kwa madzi mu ndowa kumapangitsa kuti gudumu lizizungulira koma mopanda kulunjika. Pamene mbali yozungulira ikuyandikira pansi pa gudumu, madzi omwe ali mkati mwa ndowa amatuluka pansi. Pamene chidebe chopanda kanthu chimamangiriridwa ku gudumu, chimapitirizabe kuyendayenda ndi gudumu monga kale mpaka kubwereranso pamwamba kachiwiri kukonzekera kudzazidwa ndi madzi ambiri ndipo kuzungulira kumabwereza.
Kusiyanitsa nthawi ino ndikuti madzi otayira omwe amachotsedwa mu chidebe chozungulira amapita kutali ndi gudumu lozungulira (popeza alibe kwina kulikonse koti apite), mofanana ndi mutu wa undershot waterwheel. Choncho ubwino waukulu wa pitchback waterwheel ndi kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi kawiri, kamodzi kuchokera pamwamba ndi kamodzi kuchokera pansi kuti azungulire gudumu mozungulira nsonga yake yapakati.
Zotsatira zake ndikuti mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka magudumu amadzi imachulukirachulukira kupitilira 80% ya mphamvu yamadzi chifukwa imayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yokoka yamadzi omwe akubwera komanso mphamvu kapena mphamvu yamadzi yomwe imalowetsedwa mu ndowa kuchokera pamwamba, komanso kutuluka kwa madzi otayidwa pansi akukankhira zidebe. Kuipa ngakhale kwa pitchback waterwheel ndikuti imafunikira dongosolo lamadzi lovuta pang'ono pamwamba pa gudumu lomwe lili ndi chutes ndi pentroughs.
Mapangidwe a Breastshot Waterwheel
Breastshot Water Wheel Design ndi kamangidwe kena kamadzi kokwera komwe madzi amalowa m'zidebe pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa axle, kapena pamwamba pake, kenako amatuluka pansi mozungulira mawilo. Nthawi zambiri, chestshot waterwheel imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina pomwe mutu wamadzi sunali wokwanira kuti upangire mawotchi opitilira muyeso kapena pitchback waterwheel kuchokera pamwamba.
Choyipa apa ndikuti kulemera kwa mphamvu yokoka kwa madzi kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a kasinthasintha kusiyana ndi kale komwe kunali kwa theka la kuzungulira. Kuti athane ndi kutalika kwamutu uku, ndowa zamadzi amapangidwa mokulirapo kuti achotse kuchuluka kwamphamvu komwe kungathe m'madzi.
Breastshot waterwheels amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka yofanana ya madzi kuti azungulire gudumu koma monga kutalika kwa mutu wa madzi kuli pafupi theka la gudumu lamadzi lamadzi, zidebe ndizokulirapo kuposa mapangidwe am'mbuyomu amadzi kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa madzi ogwidwa mu ndowa. Kuipa kwa mtundu uwu wa mapangidwe ndi kuwonjezeka kwa m'lifupi ndi kulemera kwa madzi akunyamulidwa ndi ndowa iliyonse. Mofanana ndi mapangidwe a pitchback, gudumu la pachifuwa limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi kawiri pamene gudumu lamadzi limapangidwira kuti likhale m'madzi kuti madzi awonongeke kuti athandize kuzungulira kwa gudumu pamene akuyenda pansi pamtsinje.
Pangani Magetsi Pogwiritsa Ntchito Waterwheel
Kale mawilo amadzi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popera ufa, chimanga ndi ntchito zina zamakina. Koma mawilo amadzi amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi, otchedwa Hydro Power system. Mwa kulumikiza jenereta yamagetsi ku shaft yozungulira yamadzi, mwachindunji kapena mosalunjika pogwiritsa ntchito malamba oyendetsa ndi ma pulleys, magudumu amadzi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mphamvu mosalekeza maola 24 patsiku mosiyana ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ngati gudumu lamadzi lapangidwa moyenera, kachipangizo kakang'ono kapena "micro" kamene kamayendera madzi kumatha kutulutsa magetsi okwanira kuwunikira komanso/kapena zida zamagetsi mnyumba wamba.
Yang'anani Ma wheel wheel Generator omwe amapangidwa kuti azitulutsa bwino kwambiri pa liwiro lotsika. Pazinthu zazing'ono, injini yaying'ono ya DC imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati jenereta yothamanga kwambiri kapena chosinthira magalimoto koma amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti giya ina ingafunike. Jenereta yamagetsi yamphepo imapanga jenereta yabwino yamagudumu amadzi momwe idapangidwira liwiro lotsika, kutulutsa kwakukulu.
Ngati pali mtsinje wothamanga kwambiri kapena mtsinje pafupi ndi nyumba yanu kapena munda umene mungagwiritse ntchito, ndiye kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ya hydro yaing'ono ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino kwa mitundu ina ya magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa monga "Mphepo Mphamvu" kapena "Solar Energy" monga momwe zilili ndi zotsatira zochepa zowoneka. Komanso monga mphamvu yamphepo ndi dzuwa, yokhala ndi makina opangira magetsi olumikizidwa ndi gridi yaying'ono yolumikizidwa ndi gridi yamagetsi, magetsi aliwonse omwe mumapanga koma osagwiritsa ntchito amatha kugulitsidwanso ku kampani yamagetsi.
Mu phunziro lotsatira la Hydro Energy, tiwona mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma turbines omwe alipo omwe titha kumangirira pamapangidwe athu amagudumu amadzi opangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Kuti mumve zambiri za Waterwheel Design ndi momwe mungapangire magetsi anu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi, kapena kupeza zambiri zamphamvu za hydro zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagudumu amadzi omwe alipo, kapena kuti muwone ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mphamvu ya hydro, ndiye Dinani Pano kuyitanitsa buku lanu ku Amazon lero za mfundo ndi kapangidwe ka mawilo amadzi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga magetsi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-25-2021
