Makina opangira madzi ndi turbomachinery mu makina amadzimadzi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 100 BC, chitsanzo cha turbine yamadzi, gudumu lamadzi, chinabadwa. Panthawiyo, ntchito yaikulu inali kuyendetsa makina opangira tirigu ndi ulimi wothirira. Gudumu lamadzi, ngati chida chomangira chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito madzi oyenda ngati mphamvu, chapanga makina opangira madzi apano, ndipo kuchuluka kwake komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakulitsidwanso. Ndiye kodi makina opangira madzi amakono amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti?
Ma turbines amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo opangira magetsi opopera. Pamene katundu wa dongosolo mphamvu ndi m'munsi kuposa katundu zofunika, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mpope madzi ntchito owonjezera mphamvu m'badwo mphamvu kupopera madzi kuchokera pansi mtsinje dziwe kuti dziwe kumtunda kusunga mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu angathe; pamene katundu wa dongosolo ndi wapamwamba kuposa katundu wofunikira, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati turbine ya hydraulic , imapanga magetsi kuti athe kuyendetsa katundu wapamwamba. Chifukwa chake, malo opangira magetsi opopera opopera sangathe kuwonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi, koma amatha kupititsa patsogolo chuma chamagulu opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito onse amagetsi. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1950, zida zosungiramo zopopera zakhala zamtengo wapatali komanso zakula mofulumira m'mayiko padziko lonse lapansi.
Magawo ambiri osungira omwe amapopedwa amapangidwa koyambirira kapena okhala ndi mutu wapamwamba wamadzi amatengera mtundu wa makina atatu, ndiye kuti, amapangidwa ndi injini ya jenereta, makina opangira madzi ndi mpope wamadzi motsatizana. Ubwino wake ndikuti turbine ndi mpope wamadzi zimapangidwira mosiyana, zomwe aliyense amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba, ndipo unit imazungulira mofanana pamene ikupanga magetsi ndi kupopera madzi, ndipo imatha kusintha mofulumira kuchokera kumagetsi kupita ku kupopera, kapena kuchoka ku kupopera kupita ku mphamvu zamagetsi. Nthawi yomweyo, turbine imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa unit. Choyipa chake ndi chakuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera komanso ndalama zopangira magetsi ndizokulu.
Masamba a wothamanga wa oblique flow pump turbine amatha kuzunguliridwa, ndipo amakhalabe ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino pamene mutu wamadzi ndi katundu zikusintha. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe a hydraulic ndi mphamvu zakuthupi, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, mutu wake wa ukonde unali mamita 136.2 okha. (Takagen First Power Station yaku Japan). Kwa mitu yapamwamba, ma turbines amapope a Francis amafunikira.
Malo opangira magetsi opopera ali ndi malo osungira kumtunda ndi kumunsi. Pansi pa kusunga mphamvu zomwezo, kuwonjezera kukweza kungathe kuchepetsa mphamvu yosungirako, kuonjezera liwiro la unit, ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa polojekiti. Choncho, malo opangira mphamvu zosungiramo mphamvu zapamwamba pamwamba pa mamita 300 apangidwa mofulumira. Francis pump-turbine yomwe ili ndi mutu wapamwamba kwambiri wamadzi padziko lonse lapansi yaikidwa mu Baina Basta Power Station ku Yugoslavia. chaka kugwira ntchito. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 20, mayunitsi a hydropower akhala akukula motsata magawo apamwamba komanso mphamvu zazikulu. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi mumagetsi ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu za nyukiliya, kuti athetse vuto la kayendetsedwe kabwino kapamwamba, kuwonjezera pakupanga mwamphamvu kapena kukulitsa malo opangira magetsi m'makina akuluakulu amadzi, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akumanga mokangalika malo opangira magetsi opopera, zomwe zimabweretsa chitukuko chofulumira cha makina opangira madzi.
Monga makina amagetsi omwe amasintha mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina ozungulira, hydro turbine ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la seti ya hydro-jenereta. Masiku ano, vuto la chitetezo cha chilengedwe likukulirakulira, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya hydropower, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera, ikuwonjezeka. Kuti agwiritse ntchito mokwanira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zama hydraulic, mafunde, mitsinje yotsika komanso mafunde otsika kwambiri komanso mafunde akopa chidwi chambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ma tubular turbines ndi magawo ena ang'onoang'ono apite patsogolo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-23-2022
