ʻO ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hoʻopuka nā mea kanu hydropower ma kahi o 24 pakeneka o ka uila o ka honua a hāʻawi i ka mana ma mua o 1 biliona kānaka. Hoʻopuka nā mea kanu hydropower o ka honua i ka huina o 675,000 megawatts, ka ikehu like me 3.6 biliona barela aila, e like me ka National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Aia ma mua o 2,000 mau mea kanu hydropower e hana ana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hana ana i ka hydropower i kumu kumu ikehu hou loa o ka ʻāina.
Ma kēia ʻatikala, e nānā mākou i ka hana ʻana o ka wai hāʻule i ka ikehu a aʻo e pili ana i ka pōʻaiapili hydrologic e hana i ke kahe wai e pono ai no ka hydropower. E ʻike pū ʻoe i kahi noi kūʻokoʻa o ka hydropower e pili ana i kou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.
Ke nānā aku nei i ka holo ʻana o ka muliwai, paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ka ikaika o kāna lawe ʻana. Inā ua hele ʻoe i ka waʻa wai keʻokeʻo, a laila ua ʻike ʻoe i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka mana o ka muliwai. Hana ʻia nā kahawai wai keʻokeʻo ma ke ʻano he muliwai, e lawe ana i ka nui o ka wai i lalo, nā ʻōmole ma kahi ala haiki. Ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ka muliwai ma kēia puka, wikiwiki ke kahe. ʻO ke kaiakahina kekahi laʻana o ka nui o ka ikaika o ka nui o ka wai.
Hoʻohana nā mea kanu hydropower i ka ikehu o ka wai a hoʻohana i nā mīkini maʻalahi e hoʻololi i kēlā ikehu i uila. Hoʻokumu maoli ʻia nā mea kanu wai wai i kahi manaʻo maʻalahi - ʻo ka wai e kahe ana ma kahi pā e hoʻohuli i ka turbine, e hoʻohuli ai i kahi mīkini hana.
Eia nā ʻāpana kumu o ka mea kanu wai wai maʻamau:
Dam – ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu hydropower e hilinaʻi nei i kahi dam e paʻa i ka wai, e hana ana i kahi waihona wai nui. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia pūnāwai ma ke ʻano he loko leʻaleʻa, e like me Lake Roosevelt ma Grand Coulee Dam ma Wakinekona State.
Ke komo ʻana - Hāmama nā puka ma ka pā a huki ka umekaumaha i ka wai ma o ka penstock, kahi paipu e hiki ai i ka turbine. Hoʻonui ka wai i ke kaomi i kona kahe ʻana ma kēia paipu.
Turbine - Paʻi ka wai a hoʻohuli i nā lau nui o ka turbine, i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mīkini hana ma luna o ia mea ma ke ala o ke kumu. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka turbine no nā mea kanu hydropower ʻo Francis Turbine, ʻo ia ka mea e like me kahi diski nui me nā ʻaoʻao curved. Hiki i ka turbine ke kaumaha ma kahi o 172 tons a huli i ka wikiwiki o 90 revolutions per minute (rpm), e like me ka Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Nā Generators - I ka huli ʻana o nā lau turbine, pēlā pū kekahi ʻano magnet i loko o ka mīkini hana. Hoʻololi nā māneta nunui i nā wili keleawe i hala, e hana ana i ke au hou (AC) ma ka neʻe ʻana i nā electrons. (E aʻo hou ʻoe e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka mīkini hana ma hope.)
Transformer - ʻO ka mea hoʻololi i loko o ka hale mana e lawe i ka AC a hoʻololi iā ia i ka mana kiʻekiʻe.
Nā laina mana – Mai loko mai o kēlā me kēia mea mana e puka mai ana ʻehā mau uwea: ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o ka mana e hana ʻia i ka manawa hoʻokahi a me kahi kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka lepo maʻamau i nā mea ʻekolu. (E heluhelu i ka hana ʻana o ka Power Distribution Grids e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka laina mana.)
Kahe ʻana - Lawe ʻia ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia ma o nā paipu, i kapa ʻia ʻo tailraces, a komo hou i ka muliwai i lalo.
Manaʻo ʻia ka wai i loko o ka waihona i ka ikehu mālama. Ke wehe ʻia nā ʻīpuka, lilo ka wai e kahe ana i loko o ka penstock i ikehu kinetic no ka mea e neʻe ana. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka uila e hana ʻia e kekahi mau kumu. ʻO ʻelua o ia mau mea ka nui o ka kahe wai a me ka nui o ke poʻo hydraulic. ʻO ke poʻo e pili ana i ka mamao ma waena o ka wai a me nā turbines. E like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke poʻo a me ke kahe, piʻi ka uila i hana ʻia. Pili ke poʻo i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka waihona.
Aia kekahi ʻano mea kanu wai wai, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hale mālama puna. I loko o kahi mea kanu hydropower maʻamau, kahe ka wai mai ka waihona i loko o ka mea kanu, puka a lawe ʻia i lalo o ke kahawai. ʻElua mau waihona wai i loko o kahi mea kanu hoʻopaʻa ʻia:
Ka waihona wai luna – E like me ka mea kanu wai wai maʻamau, hana ka pā i kahi waihona. Kahe ka wai i loko o kēia waihona i loko o ka hale mana wai e hana i ka uila.
Waihona haʻahaʻa - Kahe ka wai e puka ana i waho o ka mea kanu wai i loko o kahi waihona haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke komo hou ʻana i ka muliwai a kahe i lalo.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka turbine hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia, hiki i ka mea kanu ke pā i ka wai i ka waihona luna. Hana ʻia kēia i nā hola o waho. ʻO ka mea nui, hoʻopiha ka lua o ka waihona i ka waihona luna. Ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wai i ka waihona o luna, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai o ka mea kanu no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila i ka wā o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana.
Ka Mea Hana Hana
ʻO ka puʻuwai o ka hale mana hydroelectric ka generator. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu hydropower kekahi o kēia mau mea hana.
ʻO ka generator, e like me kāu i manaʻo ai, hoʻopuka i ka uila. ʻO ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka hana ʻana i ka uila ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ia ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke ʻano o nā magnet i loko o nā wili uea. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻoneʻe i nā electrons, kahi e hoʻopuka ai i ka uila.
He 17 ka nui o na mea hana hana o ka Hoover Dam, a hiki i ka 133 megawatts. ʻO 2,074 megawatts ka nui o ka mana wai o ka Hoover Dam. Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia mīkini hana i kekahi mau ʻāpana kumu:
ʻĀkau
Mea hoʻohauʻoli
Rotor
Stator
I ka huli ʻana o ka turbine, hoʻouna ka excitor i kahi au uila i ka rotor. ʻO ka rotor kekahi pūʻulu o nā electromagnets nui e wili ana i loko o kahi wili keleawe paʻa i ka ʻeha, i kapa ʻia ʻo stator. Hoʻokumu ke kahua magnetic ma waena o ka coil a me nā magnet i kahi au uila.
Ma ka Hoover Dam, neʻe ka au o 16,500 amps mai ka generator a hiki i ka transformer, kahi e piʻi ai ka manawa i 230,000 amps ma mua o ka lawe ʻia ʻana.
Hoʻohana nā mea kanu wai wai i kahi hana kūlohelohe, hoʻomau mau - ke kaʻina hana e hāʻule ai ka ua a piʻi nā muliwai. I kēlā me kēia lā, nalowale ko mākou honua i kahi wai liʻiliʻi ma o ka lewa i ka wā e wāwahi ai nā kukuna ultraviolet i nā molekole wai. Akā i ka manawa like, hoʻopuka ʻia ka wai hou mai loko mai o ka Honua ma o ka hana lua pele. Ua like ka nui o ka wai i hana ʻia a me ka nui o ka wai i nalowale.
I kēlā me kēia manawa, aia ka nui o ka nui o ka wai o ka honua ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke wai, e like me nā kai, nā muliwai a me ka ua; paʻa, e like me nā glaciers; aiʻole ke kinoea, e like me ka mahu wai i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka lewa. Hoʻololi ka wai i ka neʻe ʻana a puni ka honua e nā au makani. Hana ʻia nā au makani e ka hana mehana o ka lā. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pōʻaiapuni o ka ea e ka lā e ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o ka equator ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
ʻO nā pōʻaiapuni o ka ea e hoʻokele i ka wai o ka Honua ma o kāna pōʻai ponoʻī, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hydrologic cycle. E like me ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka lā i ka wai wai, e mahuka ka wai i loko o ka ea. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka lā i ka ea, e piʻi aʻe ka ea i ka lewa. ʻOi aku ka anuanu o ka ea ma luna, no laila ke piʻi aʻe ka mahu wai, maʻalili ia, e hoʻoheheʻe ana i nā kulu. Ke hōʻiliʻili ka nui o nā kulu ma kahi ʻāpana, hiki ke kaumaha nā kulu a hāʻule hou i ka Honua ma ke ʻano he ua.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka pōʻaiapili hydrologic i nā mea kanu hydropower no ka mea pili lākou i ke kahe wai. Inā nele ka ua kokoke i ka mea kanu, ʻaʻole e ʻohi ka wai i uka. Me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka wai e hōʻiliʻili i ke kahawai, emi ka wai e kahe ana ma ka hale wai wai a emi mai ka uila.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-07-2021
