Emhlabeni wonke, izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zikhiqiza cishe amaphesenti angama-24 kagesi emhlabeni wonke futhi ziphakela abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni ugesi. Izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni zikhipha isamba esihlangene samamegawathi ayizi-675,000, amandla alingana namabharele kawoyela ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3.6, ngokusho kweLabhorethri Kazwelonke Yamandla Avuselelekayo. Kunezimboni ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisebenza e-United States, okwenza amandla kagesi ngamanzi abe umthombo omkhulu wamandla avuselelekayo ezweni.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi amanzi awelayo awadala kanjani amandla futhi sifunde ngomjikelezo we-hydrologic odala ukugeleza kwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ku-hydropower. Uzothola nokubonakalise kusicelo esisodwa esiyingqayizivele se-hydropower esingathinta impilo yakho yansuku zonke.
Uma ubuka umfula ugeleza, kunzima ukucabanga amandla onawo. Uma uke waba i-white-water rafting, khona-ke uke wezwa ingxenye encane yamandla omfula. Ama-rapids amanzi amhlophe adalwa njengomfula, athwala amanzi amaningi ehla, avimbela amabhodlela ngendlela ewumngcingo. Njengoba umfula uphoqelelwa kulokhu kuvulwa, ukugeleza kwalo kuyashesha. Izikhukhula ngesinye isibonelo sokuthi umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ungaba namandla kangakanani.
IHydropower izitshalo ama-harness amandla wamanzi futhi asebenzise ama-mechanics alula ukuguqula lawo mandla abe ngogesi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi empeleni zisekelwe embonweni olula - amanzi ageleza edamini aphendulela i-turbine, ephendula ijeneretha.
Nazi izingxenye eziyisisekelo zesikhungo esivamile sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi:
Idamu - Izitshalo eziningi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zithembele edanyini elibamba amanzi, okwenza idamu elikhulu. Ngokuvamile, leli chibi lisetshenziswa njengechibi lokungcebeleka, njengeLake Roosevelt eDamu laseGrand Coulee eWashington State.
Ukuthatha - Amasango edamini avulekile futhi amandla adonsela phansi adonsa amanzi nge-penstock, ipayipi eliholela ku-turbine. Amanzi ayakha ingcindezi njengoba igeleza ngalesi sibani.
I-turbine - Amanzi ashaya futhi aphendule ama-blade amakhulu e-turbine, exhunywe ku-generator ngaphezu kwayo ngendlela ye-shaft. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-turbine yezitshalo ze-hydropower yi-francis turbine, ebukeka njenge-disc enkulu enamabala agobile. I-turbine ingaba nesisindo esingamathani angu-172 futhi iphenduke ngenani lama-revolutions angu-90 ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokusho kwe-Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Ama-Generator - njengoba ama-turbine blade aphenduka, ngakho-ke yenza uchungechunge lwama-magnets ngaphakathi kwe-generator. Ozibuthe abakhulu bazungeza amakhoyili ethusi adlule, bakhiqize ama-alternating current (AC) ngama-electron anyakazayo. (Uzofunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela ijeneretha esebenza ngayo kamuva.)
I-Transformer - I-transformer ngaphakathi kwendlu yamandla ithatha i-AC futhi iyiguqule ibe yamanje yamandla kagesi aphezulu.
Izintambo zamandla - Kuzo zonke izizinda zamandla ziphuma izintambo ezine: izigaba ezintathu zamandla akhiqizwa kanyekanye kanye nokungathathi hlangothi noma umhlabathi ojwayelekile kuzo zontathu. (Funda Ukuthi Amagridi Okusabalalisa Amandla Asebenza Kanjani ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokudluliswa kwezintambo zikagesi.)
Ukuphuma - Amanzi asetshenzisiwe athwalwa ngamapayipi, abizwa ngokuthi ama-taillade, aphinde angenele umfula phansi.
Amanzi aseReservoir athathwa njengendle egciniwe. Lapho amasango evula, amanzi ageleza ngePentock eba amandla we-kinetic ngoba kuyanyakaza. Inani likagesi elenziwa linqunywa yizinto eziningana. Ezimbili zalezo zinto ziyivolumu yokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nenani lekhanda le-hydraulic. Ikhanda libhekisela ebangeni phakathi kwamanzi nama-turbines. Njengoba ikhanda nokugeleza kwanda, kanjalo nogesi okhiqizwayo. Ikhanda livame ukuncika enanini lamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi.
Kunolunye uhlobo lwemboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, olubizwa nge-pumped-storage plant. Esitshalweni esijwayelekile se-hydropower, amanzi avela endaweni yokugcina amanzi ahamba esitshalweni, aphuma futhi athwalwa phansi. Isitshalo esinamaphampu sinezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezimbili:
Ichibi elingaphezulu - Njengesikhungo esivamile sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, idamu lakha indawo yokugcina amanzi. Amanzi kule reservoir ahamba ngesitshalo se-hydropower ukudala ugesi.
Idamu elingaphansi - Amanzi aphuma embonini yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi agelezela endaweni engaphansi kwamanzi kunokuba aphinde angene emfuleni futhi ageze ezansi nomfula.
Usebenzisa i-turbine eguqukayo, isitshalo singampompa amanzi abuyele echibini elingaphezulu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamahora angasebenzi kakhulu. Empeleni, ichibi lesibili ligcwalisa kabusha ichibi elingaphezulu. Ngokumpompa amanzi emuva kwedamu elingaphezulu, lesi sikhungo sinamanzi amaningi okukhiqiza ugesi ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kakhulu.
I-Generator
Inhliziyo ye-Hydroelectric Power Plant yi-generator. Izitshalo eziningi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zinamajeneretha amaningana.
Ijeneretha, njengoba ubungaqagela, ikhiqiza ugesi. Inqubo eyisisekelo yokukhiqiza ugesi ngale ndlela ukuzungezisa uchungechunge lozibuthe ngaphakathi kwamakhoyili ocingo. Le nqubo inyakazisa ama-electron, akhiqiza amandla kagesi.
Idamu iHoover linamajeneretha ayi-17, ngalinye lingakhiqiza amamegawathi afinyelela ku-133. Umthamo usuwonke wesikhungo sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi i-Hoover Dam singamamegawathi ayizi-2,074. Ijeneretha ngayinye yenziwe izingxenye ezithile eziyisisekelo:
Umphini
I-Excitor
Irotha
Stator
Njengoba i-turbine iphenduka, i-excitor ithumela amandla kagesi ku-rotor. I-rotor iwuchungechunge lozibuthe bakagesi abakhulu abazungeza ngaphakathi kwekhoyili enenxeba eliqinile yocingo lwethusi, olubizwa ngokuthi i-stator. Amandla kazibuthe aphakathi kwekhoyili kanye nama-magnets adala amandla kagesi.
Edamu le-Hoover, amandla amanje angu-16,500 amps asuka ku-generator aye ku-transformer, lapho amarampu amanje afika ku-230,000 amps ngaphambi kokudluliselwa.
Izitshalo ze-Hydropower zisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ngokwemvelo, inqubo eqhubekayo - inqubo edala imvula ukuba iwele nemifula ukukhuphuka. Nsuku zonke, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa inani elincane lamanzi ngomkhathi njengoba imisebe ye-ultraviolet yephula ama-molecule wamanzi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, amanzi amasha akhishwa engxenyeni yangaphakathi yomhlaba ngomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Inani lamanzi elidaliwe kanye nenani lamanzi alahlekile licishe lifane.
Noma nini, umthamo wamanzi emhlabeni uhlukene ngezindlela eziningi. Kungaba uketshezi, njengasolwandle, emifuleni nasemvuleni; okuqinile, njengasezinguzunga zeqhwa; noma uGaseous, njengakumphunga wamanzi ongabonakali emoyeni. Amanzi ashintsha izifunda njengoba enyakaziswa iplanethi ngamaza omoya. Imisinga yomoya ikhiqizwa ngumsebenzi wokushisa kwelanga. Imijikelezo yamanje yomoya idaliwe yilanga elikhanya kakhulu ku-liquator kunakwezinye izindawo zeplanethi.
Imijikelezo yamanje yomoya ihambisa amanzi omhlaba ngomjikelezo wawo, obizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-hydrologic. Njengoba ilanga lishisa amanzi awuketshezi, amanzi ayahwamuka abe umhwamuko emoyeni. Ilanga lishisa umoya, okwenza umoya ukhuphuke emkhathini. Umoya ubanda kakhulu phezulu, ngakho-ke lapho umphunga wamanzi ukhuphuka, upholile, uguqule ngamaconsi. Uma amaconsi anele enqwabelana endaweni eyodwa, amaconsi angase asinde ngokwanele ukuba abuyele eMhlabeni njengemvula.
Umjikelezo we-hydrologic ubalulekile ezitshalweni eziphehla amandla ngamanzi ngoba zincike ekugelezeni kwamanzi. Uma kunokuntuleka kwemvula eduze kwesitshalo, amanzi ngeke aqoqe phezulu. Ngaphandle kokuqoqa amanzi okugcina, amanzi amancane ageleza ngesitshalo se-hydropower futhi kukhiqizwa ugesi omncane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-07-2021
