Patha zaka 111 kuchokera pamene China inayamba kumanga siteshoni ya shilongba hydropower, siteshoni yoyamba yopangira mphamvu zamadzi mu 1910. M'zaka zoposa 100, kuchokera pa malo opangira magetsi a shilongba a 480 kW okha kufika pa 370 miliyoni KW omwe tsopano ali oyamba padziko lonse lapansi, makampani a madzi ndi magetsi ku China apindula kwambiri. Tili m'mafakitale a malasha, ndipo timva nkhani zina zokhuza mphamvu ya hydropower mocheperapo, koma sitikudziwa zambiri zamakampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi.
01 mfundo yopanga mphamvu ya hydropower
Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndiyo njira yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kuchokera kumakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi amtsinje oyenda kutembenuza injini kuti ipange mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zili mumtsinje kapena gawo la beseni lake zimatengera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutsika kwake.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi a mtsinjewo kumayendetsedwa ndi palibe munthu walamulo, ndipo kutsika kuli bwino. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, mutha kusankha kumanga dziwe ndikupatutsa madzi kuti asunthike kwambiri, kuti muwongolere kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka madzi.
Kuwononga ndikumanga dziwe m'chigawo cha mtsinje ndi dontho lalikulu, kukhazikitsa dziwe losungiramo madzi ndikukweza madzi, monga Three Gorges Hydropower Station; Kupatutsidwa kumatanthauza kupatutsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera ku dziwe lakumtunda kupita kunsi kwa mtsinje kudzera mu njira yopatutsira, monga malo opangira magetsi a Jinping II.
02 mawonekedwe a hydropower
Ubwino wa hydropower makamaka umaphatikizapo kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusinthika, kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha, mtengo wotsika wokonza ndi zina zotero.
Kuteteza chilengedwe ndi zongowonjezwdwa ayenera kukhala mwayi waukulu wa hydropower. Mphamvu ya Hydropower imangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya m'madzi, siiwononga madzi, komanso siyiyambitsa kuipitsa.
Jenereta ya jenereta yamadzi, zida zazikulu zopangira mphamvu ya hydropower, sizothandiza kokha, komanso zimasinthasintha poyambira ndikugwira ntchito. Ikhoza kuyambitsa ntchitoyi mofulumira kuchokera ku static state mumphindi zochepa ndikumaliza ntchito yowonjezera ndi kuchepetsa katundu mumasekondi angapo. Mphamvu ya Hydropower ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchita ntchito zometa kwambiri, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, kuyimilira kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kuyimirira mwangozi kwamagetsi.
Kupanga magetsi a Hydropower sikumadya mafuta, sikufuna anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito komanso malo omwe amaperekedwa kumigodi ndi kunyamula mafuta, ali ndi zida zosavuta, ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa, mphamvu zocheperako, nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito zida komanso ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza. Chifukwa chake, mtengo wamagetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi otsika, womwe ndi 1 / 5-1 / 8 yokha ya malo opangira magetsi otenthetsera, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower station ndi yokwera, mpaka 85%, pomwe magetsi opangira malasha amangokwana 40%.
Kuipa kwa mphamvu ya madzi kumaphatikizapo kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo, kuchepa kwa malo, ndalama zambiri kumayambiriro komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu ya hydropower imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula. Kaya ndi nyengo yowuma komanso yamvula ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugula malasha kufakitale yamagetsi yotentha. Kupanga mphamvu ya Hydropower kumakhala kokhazikika malinga ndi chaka ndi chigawo, koma zimatengera "tsiku" likafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mwezi, kotala ndi dera. Sizingapereke mphamvu zokhazikika komanso zodalirika ngati mphamvu yamafuta.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Kumwera ndi kumpoto m'nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo yamvula. Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kupanga magetsi opangira magetsi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021, nyengo yonse yamvula ku China imakhala pafupifupi Juni mpaka Okutobala ndipo nyengo yamvula imakhala pafupifupi Disembala mpaka February. Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kungakhale kopitilira kawiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tikhoza kuonanso kuti pansi pa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera, mphamvu zamagetsi kuyambira Januwale mpaka March chaka chino ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zaka zapitazo, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi mu March imakhala yofanana ndi yomwe ili mu 2015. Izi ndizokwanira kutilola kuti tiwone "kusakhazikika" kwa mphamvu ya hydropower.
Zochepa ndi zolinga. Malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi sangamangidwe pomwe pali madzi. Kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi kumachepa ndi geology, kutsika, kuchuluka kwa mafunde, kusamuka kwa anthu komanso magawo oyang'anira. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yosungira madzi ku Heishan Gorge yomwe inatchulidwa ku National People's Congress mu 1956 sinadutsidwe chifukwa cha kusamvana kwabwino pakati pa Gansu ndi Ningxia. Mpaka zionekerenso pamalingaliro a magawo awiriwa chaka chino, sizikudziwikabe kuti ntchito yomangayi iyamba liti.
Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira popanga mphamvu yamadzi ndizazikulu. Ntchito zomanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi ndizazikulu, ndipo ndalama zokhazikitsiranso anthu zikuyenera kulipidwa; Komanso, ndalama zoyambirira sizimangowoneka mu likulu, komanso nthawi. Chifukwa chofuna kukhazikanso anthu komanso kugwirizanitsa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi ambiri ichedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe anakonzera.
Kutengera Baihetan Hydropower Station yomwe ikumangidwa mwachitsanzo, polojekitiyi inakhazikitsidwa mu 1958 ndipo inaphatikizidwa mu "ndondomeko yachitatu ya zaka zisanu" mu 1965. Komabe, pambuyo pokhotakhota kangapo, sichinayambe mwalamulo mpaka August 2011. Mpaka pano, Baihetan Hydropower Station sichinamalizidwe. Kupatula kulinganiza koyambirira ndi kukonzekera, ntchito yomanga kwenikweni idzatenga zaka zosachepera 10.
Malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu amachititsa kuti madzi azitha kumtunda kwa damu, nthawi zina kuwononga malo otsika, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi udzu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zidzakhudzanso chilengedwe cha m'madzi chozungulira chomeracho. Zimakhudza kwambiri nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina.
03 zomwe zikuchitika pano za chitukuko cha hydropower ku China
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi kumapitilirabe kukula, koma kuchuluka kwakukula m'zaka zisanu zapitazi ndikotsika
Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi amadzi ndi 1355.21 biliyoni kwh, ndi chiwonjezeko chaka ndi chaka ndi 3.9%. Komabe, mu nthawi ya 13th Year Plan Plan, magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo ndi Optoelectronics adakula mofulumira mu nthawi ya 13th Five Year Plan, kupitirira zolinga zokonzekera, pamene mphamvu yamadzi inangomaliza pafupifupi theka la zolinga zokonzekera. Pazaka 20 zapitazi, gawo la mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamadzi mu mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi zakhala zokhazikika, zosungidwa pa 14% -19%.
Kuchokera pakukula kwa magetsi aku China, zitha kuwoneka kuti kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yatsika pang'onopang'ono m'zaka zisanu zaposachedwa, ndikusungidwa pafupifupi 5%.
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zochepetsera pang'onopang'ono ndizo, kumbali imodzi, kutsekedwa kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower, omwe akutchulidwa momveka bwino mu ndondomeko ya zaka zisanu za 13 zoteteza ndi kukonza chilengedwe. Pali malo 4705 ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangira magetsi omwe akuyenera kukonzedwa ndikuchotsedwa m'chigawo cha Sichuan chokha;
Kumbali ina, zida zazikulu zaku China zopangira mphamvu yamadzi ndizosakwanira. China yamanga malo ambiri opangira mphamvu zamagetsi monga ma Gorges atatu, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba ndi Baihetan. Zothandizira zomangiranso malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi zitha kukhala "njira yayikulu" ya mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo. Komabe, chifukwa derali limakhudza kapangidwe ka geological, kuwongolera chilengedwe kwa malo osungira zachilengedwe komanso ubale ndi mayiko ozungulira, zakhala zovuta kuzithetsa kale.
Nthawi yomweyo, zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pakukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa za 20 kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zotentha kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi, pomwe kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi sikukhudzana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, kuwonetsa dziko la "kukwera chaka chilichonse". Ngakhale pali zifukwa za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, zimasonyezanso kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu ya hydropower pamlingo wina wake.
Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, mphamvu ya hydropower sinagwire ntchito yayikulu. Ngakhale kuti ikukula mofulumira, ikhoza kusunga gawo lake mu mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu pansi pa chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha kutulutsa mphamvu kwa dziko. Kuchepetsedwa kwa gawo la mphamvu zotentha makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zina zoyera, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, gasi lachilengedwe, mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi zina zotero.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi
Mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu yamadzi m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Yunnan zimatenga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi m'dziko lonselo, ndipo vuto lomwe limakhalapo ndi loti madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangira magetsi amadzi sangathe kuyamwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke. Awiri mwa magawo atatu a madzi oipa ndi magetsi m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China amachokera ku Sichuan Province, kufika ku 20.2 biliyoni kWh, pamene theka la magetsi otayira m'chigawo cha Sichuan amachokera kumtsinje waukulu wa Dadu River.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu yopangira madzi ku China yakula kwambiri m'zaka 10 zapitazi. China yatsala pang'ono kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi mphamvu zake. Pafupifupi 80% ya kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi imachokera ku China, ndipo ku China komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopitilira 30% yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi ku China ndizokwera pang'ono kuposa kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, zosakwana 8% mu 2019. Ngakhale sizingafanane ndi mayiko otukuka monga Canada ndi Norway, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zomwe dziko la Brazil, lomwenso ndi dziko lotukuka kumene. China ili ndi ma kilowati 680 miliyoni amagetsi opangira magetsi, omwe ali oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamadzi idzakhala ma kilowati 370 miliyoni. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, makampani opanga magetsi aku China akadali ndi mwayi wotukuka.
04 tsogolo lachitukuko cha hydropower ku China
Mphamvu ya Hydropower idzafulumizitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi ndipo idzapitirira kuwonjezeka mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi.
Kumbali imodzi, mu nthawi ya 14th Year Plan Plan, ma kilowatts opitilira 50 miliyoni amagetsi amadzi amatha kukhazikitsidwa ku China, kuphatikiza Wudongde, Baihetan Hydropower Stations a gulu la Three Gorges komanso malo apakati a Yalong River hydropower station. Komanso, pulojekiti yachitukuko ya hydropower m'munsi mwa mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo yaphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko ya zaka zisanu za 14, ndi ma kilowati 70 miliyoni azinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi malo oposa atatu a Three Gorges hydropower, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ya madzi yabweretsanso chitukuko chachikulu;
Kumbali inayi, kuchepetsedwa kwa sikelo yamphamvu yamafuta ndikodziwikiratu. Kaya ndikuwona kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe, chitetezo champhamvu ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo, mphamvu yamafuta idzapitilizabe kuchepetsa kufunika kwake m'munda wamagetsi.
M'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, liwiro la kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi silingafanane ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Ngakhale mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, zikhoza kudyedwa ndi kuchedwa kwa mphamvu zatsopano. Ngati nthawiyo italika, tinganene kuti idzagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-12-2022
