Pave nemakore 111 kubva China yatanga kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi che shilongba, chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi muna 1910. Mumakore anodarika zana, indasitiri yemvura nemagetsi yekuChina yakaita budiriro dzinoshamisa kubva pachiteshi cheshilongba hydropower chakaiswa chete 480kw kusvika 370 miriyoni KW, inova yekutanga pasi rose. Isu tiri muindasitiri yemarasha, uye tichanzwa dzimwe nhau dzemagetsi emvura, asi isu hatizive zvakawanda nezve indasitiri yemagetsi.
Nhasi, ngatinzwisisei muchidimbu hydropower kubva kumisimboti uye hunhu hwehydropower uye mamiriro azvino uye maitiro ekusimudzira ehydropower muChina.
01 kugadzirwa kwemagetsi musimboti wehydropower
Muchokwadi, hydropower inzira yekushandura simba ringangove remvura kuita simba remagetsi, uyezve kubva musimba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi. Kazhinji kutaura, iko kushandisa mvura yerwizi inoyerera kushandura mota yekugadzira magetsi, uye simba riri murwizi kana chikamu chebheseni rayo zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemvura uye kudonha.
Mvura yemvura yerwizi inodzorwa pasina munhu wepamutemo, uye kudonha kwakanaka. Naizvozvo, pakuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura, kuvaka madhamu uye kuchinjisa zvinogona kusarudzwa kuti zvitarise kudonha, kuitira kuvandudza mwero wekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura.
Damming kuvaka dhamu rinosvika nekudonhedza kukuru, kumisa dhamu rekuchengetedza mvura nekusimudza mwero wemvura, seThree Gorges Hydropower Station; Diversion inoreva kutsauswa kwemvura kubva padhamu repamusoro pemvura kuenda kuzasi kuburikidza nemugero wekutsausa, seJinping II hydropower station.
02 maitiro e hydropower
Zvakanakira zvehydropower zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvandudzwa, kushanda kwakanyanya uye kuchinjika, mutengo wakaderera wekugadzirisa uye zvichingodaro.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvandudzwa kunofanirwa kuve mukana mukuru wemagetsi emvura. Hydropower inoshandisa simba riri mumvura chete, haipedzi mvura, uye haikonzere kusvibiswa.
Mvura yejenareta yejenareta, iyo huru yemagetsi ekugadzira hydropower, haisi kungoshanda chete, asiwo inoshanduka kutanga nekushanda. Inogona kukurumidza kutanga kuvhiya kubva kune yakamira mamiriro mumaminitsi mashoma uye kupedzisa kuwedzera kwemutoro uye kuderedza basa mumasekonzi mashoma. Hydropower inogona kushandiswa kuita mabasa epeak shaving, frequency modulation, load standby uye tsaona standby yemagetsi system.
Kugadzirwa kweHydropower hakupedzi mafuta, hakudi huwandu hwevashandi uye zvivakwa zvakaiswa mari mumigodhi nekutakura mafuta, zvine midziyo iri nyore, vashoma vashandisi, mashoma ekubatsira simba, hupenyu hurefu hwekushandisa kwemidziyo uye yakaderera kushanda uye mutengo wekugadzirisa, saka mutengo wekugadzira magetsi wehydropower station wakaderera, chete 1 / 5-1 / 8 yeiyo yekupisa magetsi chiteshi, uye chiyero chepamusoro, 5% yekuwedzera simba rekushandisa chiteshi chemvura Kupisa kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emarasha kunongoita 40%.
Kuipa kwesimba remagetsi emvura kunonyanya zvinosanganisira kupesvedzera kukuru nemamiriro ekunze, kuganhurirwa nemamiriro enzvimbo, kudyara kukuru mukutanga uye kukuvadzwa kwemhoteredzo yezvakatipoteredza.
Hydropower inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekunaya. Kungave kuri mumwaka wakaoma uye mwaka wemvura chinhu chakakosha chinongedzo chekutenga marasha emagetsi emagetsi anopisa. Kugadzirwa kweHydropower kwakagadzikana zvichienderana negore nedunhu, asi zvinoenderana ne "zuva" painotsanangurwa kumwedzi, kota uye dunhu. Haikwanise kupa simba rakagadzikana uye rakavimbika sesimba rinopisa.
Pane misiyano mikuru pakati peMaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye mwaka wekuoma. Nekudaro, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi mumwedzi wega wega kubva 2013 kusvika 2021, pazere, mwaka wemvura weChina ungangoita muna Chikumi kusvika Gumiguru uye mwaka wekuoma uri muna Zvita kusvika Kukadzi. Musiyano mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi pakati pezviviri izvi unogona kunge wakapetwa kaviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, tinogonawo kuona kuti pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera akaiswa simba, simba rekugadzira kubva munaJanuary kusvika munaMarch gore rino rakaderera zvikuru kupfuura iro mumakore apfuura, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi muna March kwakatoenzana neiyo muna 2015. Izvi zvakakwana kuti tirege kuona "kusagadzikana" kwemvura.
Kugadzirwa kweHydropower mumwedzi wega wega kubva 2013 kusvika 2021 (100 miriyoni kwh)
Yakaganhurirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura hazvigone kuvakwa pane mvura. Geology, kudonha, kuyerera kwekufamba, kutamiswa kwevagari uye kunyange kupatsanurwa kwekutonga zvese zvinorambidza kuvakwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura. Semuenzaniso, chirongwa chekuchengetedza mvura cheHeishan Gorge chakataurwa kuNational People's Congress muna 1956 hachisati chapasiswa nekuda kwekusawirirana zvakanaka kwezvido pakati peGansu neNingxia. Kusvikira gore rino, yakaonekwa zvakare muchikumbiro chezvikamu zviviri, Apo kuvaka kunogona kutanga hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Mari inodiwa pakugadzira magetsi emvura yakakura. Ivhu rematombo nekongiri mabasa ekuvakwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi makuru, uye mari yekugara patsva inofanirwa kubhadharwa; Uyezve, kudyara kwekutanga hakungoratidzwi mumari, asiwo munguva. Nekuda kwekugariswa patsva uye kurongeka kwemadhipatimendi akasiyana, kutenderera kwekuvaka kwezviteshi zvemagetsi mazhinji kuchanonoka kupfuura zvakarongwa.
Kutora Baihetan Hydropower Station iri kuvakwa semuenzaniso, purojekiti yakatangwa muna 1958 uye yakabatanidzwa mu "chirongwa chechitatu chemakore mashanu" muna 1965. Zvisinei, mushure mekutenderera kwakawanda uye kutendeuka, haina kutanga pamutemo kusvika muna August 2011. Kusvikira ikozvino, Baihetan Hydropower Station haisati yapedzwa. Kunze kwekuronga kwekutanga dhizaini, kutenderera chaiko kwekuvaka kunotora angangoita makore gumi.
Madhamu makuru anokonzera kunyura kwakakura munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzedhamu, dzimwe nguva dzinokuvadza nzvimbo dzakaderera, mipata yenzizi, masango nemafuro. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvichakanganisawo ecosystem yemvura yakatenderedza chirimwa. Ine simba guru pahove, shiri dzemumvura nedzimwe mhuka.
03 ikozvino mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwehydropower muChina
Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwehydropower kwakaramba kuchikura, asi mwero wekukura mumakore mashanu apfuura wakaderera
Muna 2020, simba rekugadzira hydropower richave 1355.21 bhiriyoni kwh, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe3.9%. Zvakadaro, mukati menguva yechigumi nenhatu yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu, simba remhepo neOptoelectronics zvakakura nekukurumidza mukati menguva yePurogiramu yeMakore Mashanu yegumi nenhatu, zvichipfuura zvinangwa zvekuronga, ukuwo simba remvura rakapedza hafu yezvinangwa zvekuronga. Kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, chikamu chemagetsi emagetsi mumagetsi emagetsi chave chakagadzikana, chakachengetedzwa pa14% - 19%.
Kubva pakukura kwekukura kwemagetsi ekuChina, zvinoonekwa kuti kukura kwegetsi remvura kwakadzikira mumakore mashanu achangopfuura, achichengetwa angangoita 5%.
Ndinofunga kuti zvikonzero zvekuderera ndezvekuti, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvharwa kwemagetsi maduku emvura, iyo inonyatsotaurwa muchirongwa che13 chemakore mashanu chekudzivirira nekugadzirisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kune 4705 zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvinoda kugadziriswa nekubviswa muSichuan Province chete;
Nekune rimwe divi, China iri kuperevedza zviwanikwa zvakakura zvekuvandudza magetsi emvura. China yakavaka zviteshi zvemagetsi akawanda emagetsi akadai seMatatu Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba neBaihetan. Zviwanikwa zvekuvaka patsva zviteshi zvemagetsi makuru emvura zvinogona kungove "kukona kukuru" kweRwizi rweYarlung Zangbo. Nekudaro, nekuti dunhu rinosanganisira chimiro che geological, kutonga kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvisikwa zvekuchengetedza uye hukama nenyika dzakatenderedza, Zvave zvakaoma kugadzirisa kare.
Panguva imwecheteyo, inogonawo kuonekwa kubva pakukura kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi mumakore makumi maviri achangopfuura kuti kukura kwesimba rinopisa rinonyatsoenderana nekukura kwehuwandu hwemagetsi ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, asi kuwedzera kwekukura kwemagetsi emvura hakunei nekukura kwehuwandu hwekugadzira magetsi, kuratidza mamiriro e "kukwira kwegore rimwe nerimwe". Kunyangwe paine zvikonzero zvechikamu chepamusoro chesimba rekupisa, inoratidzawo kusagadzikana kwehydropower kune imwe nhanho.
Kukura kwekugadzira simba
Panyaya yechikamu chekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, tinogona kuonawo kuti kunyange zvazvo indasitiri yemagetsi yakakurumidza kukura mumakore makumi maviri adarika, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura muna 2020 kakapetwa kashanu kuti muna 2001, chikamu muhuwandu hwemagetsi hachina kuchinja zvakanyanya.
Mukuita kudzikisa chikamu chesimba rekupisa, hydropower haina kuita basa rakakura. Kunyange zvazvo ichikura nokukurumidza, inokwanisa chete kuchengetedza chikamu chayo mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi pasi pekuwedzera kukuru kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi enyika. Kuderedzwa kwechikamu chesimba rekupisa kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemamwe magetsi akachena, akadai sesimba remhepo, photovoltaic, gasi rechisikigo, simba renyukireya, nezvimwe.
Kunyanya kuwanda kwezviwanikwa zvehydropower
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kumatunhu eSichuan neYunnan kunosvika hafu yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika, uye dambudziko rinozoitika nderekuti nzvimbo dzakapfuma mumagetsi emvura dzingatadza kutora kugadzirwa kwemagetsi enzvimbo, zvichikonzera kutambisa simba. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemvura yakaraswa nemagetsi mumigero mikuru yenzizi muChina zvinobva kuSichuan Province, kusvika ku20.2 bhiriyoni kwh, uye inopfuura hafu yemagetsi emarara mudunhu reSichuan anobva kurwizi rukuru rweDadu River.
Pasi rose, simba remvura reChina rakakura nekukurumidza mumakore gumi apfuura. China yakapotsa yafambisa kukura kwepasi rose hydropower. Vanoda kusvika makumi masere muzana ekukura kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi epasi rose kunobva kuChina, uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi kuChina kunodarika makumi matatu muzana ekushandiswa kwemagetsi epasi rose.
Zvisinei, chikamu chekushandiswa kwesimba guru remvura muChina chakanyanya kushandiswa kwesimba rinongokwira zvishoma pane avhareji yepasi rose, isingasviki 8% muna 2019. Kunyange ikasaenzaniswa nenyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seCanada neNorway, chikamu chekushandiswa kwemagetsi emvura chakaderera zvikuru kupfuura icho cheBrazil, nyika ichiri kusimukira. China ine 680 miriyoni kilowatts yehydropower zviwanikwa, iri yekutanga pasirese. Pakazosvika 2020, simba rakaiswa rehydropower rinenge rave 370 miriyoni kilowatts. Kubva pakuona uku, indasitiri yemagetsi yemvura yeChina ichine nzvimbo huru yekusimudzira.
04 ramangwana rekusimudzira maitiro ehydropower muChina
Hydropower ichawedzera kukura kwayo mumakore mashoma anotevera uye icharamba ichiwedzera muchikamu chemagetsi akazara.
Kune rimwe divi, munguva yegumi nemana yeChirongwa cheMakore mashanu, anopfuura mamirioni makumi mashanu kilowatts emagetsi emvura anogona kuiswa mukushanda muChina, kusanganisira Wudongde neBaihetan Hydropower Stations yeboka reThree Gorges uye nzvimbo dzepakati dzeYalong River hydropower station. Uyezve, chirongwa chekuvandudza magetsi emvura munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeRwizi rweYarlung Zangbo chave chakabatanidzwa muchirongwa chemakore mashanu, chine 70 miriyoni kilowatts ezviwanikwa zvinogoneka, izvo zvakaenzana neanopfuura matatu matatu maGorges hydropower stations, Izvi zvinoreva kuti hydropower ichaunza budiriro huru zvakare;
Kune rimwe divi, kuderedzwa kwesimba rekupisa kwesimba kuri pachena kunofungidzirwa. Zvingave kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, simba rekuchengetedza uye teknolojia yekuvandudza, simba rekupisa richaramba richideredza kukosha kwayo mumunda wemagetsi.
Mumakore mashoma anotevera, kukurumidza kwekukurumidza kwesimba remvura haikwanise kuenzaniswa neiyo yesimba idzva. Kunyangwe muchikamu chemagetsi akazara, inogona kuverengerwa nevanonoka kwesimba idzva. Kana nguva yacho yakawedzerwa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ichatorwa nesimba idzva.
Liu Shiyu, mutungamiriri wedhipatimendi rekuronga reGeneral Electric Power Planning Institute, anofanotaura kuti munguva yePurogiramu yeMakore mashanu ye14, simba rakaiswa resimba idzva muChina richapfuura mamiriyoni 800 KW, rinotora 29%; Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi pagore kunosvika 1.5 trillion kwh, kudarika simba remvura.
Nguva yekutumira: Jan-14-2022
