Patha zaka 111 kuchokera pamene China idayamba kumanga siteshoni ya shilongba hydropower, siteshoni yoyamba yopangira mphamvu yamadzi mu 1910. Zaka zoposa 100, makampani a madzi ndi magetsi ku China achita bwino kwambiri kuchokera ku shilongba hydropower station yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mphamvu ya 480kw mpaka 370 miliyoni KW, yomwe ili yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Tili m'makampani a malasha, ndipo timva nkhani zina zokhuza mphamvu yamadzi, koma sitikudziwa zambiri zamakampani opanga magetsi amadzi.
Lero, tiyeni timvetsetse mwachidule mphamvu ya hydropower kuchokera ku mfundo ndi mawonekedwe a hydropower komanso momwe zinthu zilili pano komanso momwe katukuko amapangira mphamvu zamagetsi ku China.
01 mfundo yopanga mphamvu ya hydropower
M'malo mwake, mphamvu ya hydropower ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kuchokera pamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi amtsinje oyenda kutembenuza injini kuti ipange mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zili mumtsinje kapena gawo la beseni lake zimatengera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutsika kwake.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi a mtsinjewo kumayendetsedwa ndi palibe munthu walamulo, ndipo kutsika kuli bwino. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, kumanga madamu ndi kuwongolera kungasankhidwe kuti ayang'ane kwambiri pakutsika, kuti apititse patsogolo kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka madzi.
Kuwononga ndikumanga dziwe lomwe lili pafupi ndi dontho lalikulu, kukhazikitsa malo osungira madzi ndikukweza madzi, monga Three Gorges Hydropower Station; Kupatutsidwa kumatanthauza kupatutsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera ku dziwe lakumtunda kupita kunsi kwa mtsinje kudzera mu njira yopatutsira, monga malo opangira magetsi a Jinping II.
02 mawonekedwe a hydropower
Ubwino wa hydropower makamaka umaphatikizapo kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusinthika, kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha, mtengo wotsika wokonza ndi zina zotero.
Kuteteza chilengedwe ndi zongowonjezwdwa ayenera kukhala mwayi waukulu wa hydropower. Mphamvu ya Hydropower imangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya m'madzi, siiwononga madzi, komanso siyiyambitsa kuipitsa.
Makina opangira jenereta amadzi, zida zazikulu zamagetsi zopangira magetsi a hydropower, sizongogwira bwino ntchito, komanso zimasinthasintha kuti ziyambe ndikugwira ntchito. Itha kuyambitsa ntchitoyo mwachangu m'mphindi zochepa ndikumaliza kukulitsa ndikuchepetsa ntchito mumasekondi pang'ono. Mphamvu ya Hydropower ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchita ntchito zometa kwambiri, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, kuyimilira kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kuyimirira mwangozi kwamagetsi.
Kupanga mphamvu ya hydropower sikumadya mafuta, sikufuna kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito komanso malo omwe amaperekedwa kumigodi ndi kunyamula mafuta, ali ndi zida zosavuta, ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa, mphamvu zocheperako, nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito zida komanso mtengo wocheperako komanso mtengo wokonza, motero mtengo wopangira magetsi wapa hydropower ndi wotsika, 1 / 5-1 / 8 yokha ya malo otenthetsera magetsi, ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi okwera 8% Kutentha kwamafuta amagetsi opangira malasha ndi pafupifupi 40%.
Kuipa kwa mphamvu yopangira magetsi kumadzi kumakhudzanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo, mocheperapo ndi momwe malo alili, ndalama zambiri zisanachitike komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu ya hydropower imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula. Kaya ndi m'nyengo yachilimwe komanso nyengo yamvula ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugula magetsi amagetsi amagetsi amagetsi. Kupanga mphamvu ya Hydropower kumakhala kokhazikika malinga ndi chaka ndi chigawo, koma zimatengera "tsiku" likafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mwezi, kotala ndi dera. Sizingapereke mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yodalirika ngati mphamvu yamafuta.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Kumwera ndi kumpoto m'nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo yamvula. Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kupanga magetsi opangira magetsi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021, nyengo yonse yamvula ku China imakhala pafupifupi Juni mpaka Okutobala ndipo nyengo yamvula imakhala pafupifupi Disembala mpaka February. Kusiyana kwa kupanga mphamvu pakati pa ziwirizi kungakhale kuwirikiza kawiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tikhoza kuonanso kuti pansi pa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera, mphamvu zamagetsi kuyambira Januwale mpaka March chaka chino ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zaka zapitazo, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi mu March imakhala yofanana ndi yomwe ili mu 2015. Izi ndizokwanira kutilola kuti tiwone "kusakhazikika" kwa mphamvu ya hydropower.
Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021 (100 miliyoni kwh)
Zochepa ndi zolinga. Malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi sangamangidwe pomwe pali madzi. Geology, dontho, liwiro la kuyenda, kusamuka kwa anthu okhalamo komanso magawo oyang'anira zonse zimaletsa kumanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yosungira madzi ku Heishan Gorge yomwe inatchulidwa ku National People's Congress mu 1956 sinadutsidwe chifukwa cha kusamvana kwabwino pakati pa Gansu ndi Ningxia. Mpaka chaka chino, izo anaonekera kachiwiri mu maganizo a magawo awiri, Pamene yomanga angayambe akadali osadziwika.
Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira popanga mphamvu yamadzi ndizazikulu. Ntchito zomanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi ndizazikulu, ndipo ndalama zolipirira zomanganso zikuyenera kulipidwa; Komanso, ndalama zoyambirira sizimangowoneka mu likulu, komanso nthawi. Chifukwa chofuna kukhazikanso anthu komanso kugwirizanitsa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi ambiri ichedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe anakonzera.
Kutengera Baihetan Hydropower Station yomwe ikumangidwa mwachitsanzo, polojekitiyi inakhazikitsidwa mu 1958 ndipo inaphatikizidwa mu "ndondomeko yachitatu ya zaka zisanu" mu 1965. Komabe, pambuyo pokhotakhota kangapo, sichinayambe mwalamulo mpaka August 2011. Mpaka pano, Baihetan Hydropower Station sichinamalizidwe. Kupatula kulinganiza koyambirira, ntchito yomanga kwenikweni idzatenga zaka zosachepera 10.
Malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu amachititsa kuti madzi azitha kumtunda kwa damu, nthawi zina kuwononga malo otsika, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi udzu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zidzakhudzanso chilengedwe cha m'madzi chozungulira chomeracho. Zimakhudza kwambiri nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina.
03 zomwe zikuchitika pano za chitukuko cha hydropower ku China
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi kumapitilirabe kukula, koma kuchuluka kwakukula m'zaka zisanu zapitazi ndikotsika
Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi amadzi idzakhala 1355.21 biliyoni kwh, ndi chiwonjezeko chaka ndi chaka ndi 3.9%. Komabe, mu nthawi ya 13th Year Plan Plan, magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo ndi Optoelectronics adakula mofulumira mu nthawi ya 13th Five Year Plan, kupitirira zolinga zokonzekera, pamene mphamvu yamadzi inangomaliza pafupifupi theka la zolinga zokonzekera. Pazaka 20 zapitazi, gawo la mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamadzi mu mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi zakhala zokhazikika, zosungidwa pa 14% -19%.
Kuchokera pakukula kwa magetsi aku China, zitha kuwoneka kuti kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yatsika pang'onopang'ono m'zaka zisanu zaposachedwa, ndikusungidwa pafupifupi 5%.
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zochepetsera pang'onopang'ono ndizo, kumbali imodzi, kutsekedwa kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower, omwe akutchulidwa momveka bwino mu ndondomeko ya zaka zisanu za 13 zoteteza ndi kukonza chilengedwe. Pali malo 4705 ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangira magetsi omwe akuyenera kukonzedwa ndikuchotsedwa m'chigawo cha Sichuan chokha;
Kumbali inayi, China ilibe mphamvu zazikulu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. China yamanga malo ambiri opangira mphamvu zamagetsi monga ma Gorges atatu, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba ndi Baihetan. Zothandizira zomangiranso malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi zitha kukhala "njira yayikulu" ya mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo. Komabe, chifukwa derali limakhudza kapangidwe ka geological, kuwongolera chilengedwe kwa malo osungira zachilengedwe komanso ubale ndi mayiko ozungulira, Zakhala zovuta kuthana nazo kale.
Nthawi yomweyo, zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pakukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa za 20 kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zotentha kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi, pomwe kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi sikukhudzana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, kuwonetsa dziko la "kukwera chaka chilichonse". Ngakhale pali zifukwa za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, zimasonyezanso kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu ya hydropower pamlingo wina wake.
Kukula kwamagetsi
Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi, titha kuonanso kuti ngakhale makampani opanga magetsi opangira magetsi akukula mwachangu m'zaka 20 zapitazi, ndipo kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi mu 2020 ndi kasanu kuti mu 2001, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi sikunasinthe kwambiri.
Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, mphamvu ya hydropower sinagwire ntchito yayikulu. Ngakhale kuti ikukula mofulumira, ikhoza kusunga gawo lake mu mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu pansi pa chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha kutulutsa mphamvu kwa dziko. Kuchepetsedwa kwa gawo la mphamvu zotentha makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zina zoyera, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, gasi wachilengedwe, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndi zina zotero.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi
Mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu yamadzi m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Yunnan zimatenga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi m'dziko lonselo, ndipo vuto lomwe limakhalapo ndi loti madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangira magetsi amadzi sangathe kuyamwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke. Awiri mwa magawo atatu a madzi oipa ndi magetsi m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China amachokera ku Sichuan Province, kufika ku 20.2 biliyoni kWh, ndipo oposa theka la magetsi otayira m'chigawo cha Sichuan amachokera kumtsinje waukulu wa Dadu River.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu yopangira madzi ku China yakula kwambiri m'zaka 10 zapitazi. China yatsala pang'ono kuchititsa kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Pafupifupi 80% ya kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi imachokera ku China, ndipo ku China komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopitilira 30% yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yotereyi ku China kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zoyambira padziko lonse lapansi, zosakwana 8% mu 2019. Ngakhale sizikuyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka monga Canada ndi Norway, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa ku Brazil, dziko lotukuka kumene. China ili ndi ma kilowati 680 miliyoni amagetsi opangira magetsi, omwe ali oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamadzi idzakhala ma kilowati 370 miliyoni. Kuchokera pano, makampani opanga magetsi aku China akadali ndi mwayi wotukuka.
04 tsogolo lachitukuko cha hydropower ku China
Mphamvu ya Hydropower idzafulumizitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi ndipo idzapitirira kuwonjezeka mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi.
Kumbali imodzi, mu nthawi ya 14th Year Plan Plan, ma kilowatts opitilira 50 miliyoni amagetsi amadzi amatha kukhazikitsidwa ku China, kuphatikiza Wudongde ndi Baihetan Hydropower Stations a gulu la Three Gorges komanso malo apakati a Yalong River hydropower station. Komanso, pulojekiti yachitukuko cha hydropower m'munsi mwa mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo yaphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko ya zaka zisanu za 14, ndi ma kilowati 70 miliyoni azinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi malo oposa atatu a Three Gorges hydropower, Izi zikutanthauza kuti hydropower idzayambitsanso chitukuko chachikulu;
Kumbali inayi, kuchepetsedwa kwa sikelo yamphamvu yamafuta ndikodziwikiratu. Kaya ndikuwona kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe, chitetezo champhamvu ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo, mphamvu yamafuta idzapitilizabe kuchepetsa kufunika kwake m'munda wamagetsi.
M'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, liwiro la kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi silingafanane ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Ngakhale mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, zitha kuwerengedwa ndi omwe achedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Ngati nthawiyo italika, tinganene kuti idzagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Liu Shiyu, mkulu wa dipatimenti yokonzekera ya General Electric Power Planning Institute, akulosera kuti panthawi ya 14th Year Plan Plan, mphamvu yoikidwa ya mphamvu zatsopano ku China idzapitirira 800 miliyoni KW, zomwe zimawerengera 29%; Kupanga magetsi pachaka kumafika pa 1.5 thililiyoni kwh, kupitilira mphamvu yamadzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-14-2022
