Padziko lonse lapansi, mafakitale opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amatulutsa pafupifupi 24 peresenti ya magetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amapereka mphamvu kwa anthu oposa 1 biliyoni. Mafakitale opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi amatulutsa ma megawati 675,000, mphamvu yofanana ndi migolo yamafuta 3.6 biliyoni, malinga ndi National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Ku United States kuli malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opitilira 2,000, zomwe zikupangitsa mphamvu yamadzi kukhala gwero lalikulu kwambiri lamphamvu mdziko muno.
M'nkhaniyi, tiwona momwe madzi akugwa amapangira mphamvu komanso kuphunzira za hydrologic cycle yomwe imapangitsa kuyenda kwamadzi kukhala kofunikira pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Mupezanso chithunzithunzi chakugwiritsa ntchito kwapadera kwa hydropower komwe kungakhudze moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku.
Poyang'ana mtsinje ukudutsa, zimakhala zovuta kulingalira mphamvu yomwe ikunyamula. Ngati mwakhala mukusamba kwa madzi oyera, ndiye kuti mwamvanso gawo laling'ono la mphamvu ya mtsinjewo. Mitsinje yamadzi oyera imapangidwa ngati mtsinje, womwe umanyamula madzi ochulukirapo kutsika, kutsekereza njira yopapatiza. Pamene mtsinjewo ukukanikizidwa kudutsa pobowoli, kuyenda kwake kumafulumira. Madzi osefukira ndi chitsanzo china cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ochulukirapo omwe angakhale nawo.
Zomera zomera zamphamvu zimagwira mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina osavuta kusinthira mphamvuyo kukhala magetsi. Zomera zamphamvu za Hydropower zimatengera lingaliro losavuta - madzi oyenda mu damu amatembenuza makina opangira magetsi, omwe amatembenuza jenereta.
Nazi zigawo zikuluzikulu za fakitale wamba ya hydropower:
Dam - mbewu zomera zomera kwambiri zimadalira danga lomwe limasunga madzi oyambira, ndikupanga malo ambiri osungira. Nthawi zambiri, malo osungiramo madziwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyanja yosangalatsa, monga Nyanja ya Roosevelt ku Damu la Grand Coulee ku Washington State.
Kudya - Zipata pa damu zimatseguka ndipo mphamvu yokoka imakoka madzi kudzera mu penstock, payipi yopita ku turbine. Madzi amawonjezera kuthamanga pamene akuyenda mupaipi iyi.
Turbine - Madzi amamenya ndi kutembenuza masamba akuluakulu a turbine, omwe amamangiriridwa ku jenereta pamwamba pake kudzera pa shaft. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya turbine yamagetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi Francis Turbine, yomwe imawoneka ngati chimbale chachikulu chokhala ndi masamba opindika. Makina opangira magetsi amatha kulemera matani 172 ndikutembenuka pamlingo wa 90 revolutions pamphindi (rpm), malinga ndi Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Majenereta - Pamene masamba a turbine amatembenukira, momwemonso maginito angapo mkati mwa jenereta. Maginito akuluakulu amazungulira zitsulo zamkuwa zamkuwa, kupanga ma alternating current (AC) posuntha ma elekitironi. (Muphunzira zambiri za momwe jenereta imagwirira ntchito pambuyo pake.)
Transformer - Transformer mkati mwa nyumba yamagetsi imatenga AC ndikuisintha kukhala yamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri.
Zingwe zamagetsi - Pamalo opangira magetsi pamakhala mawaya anayi: magawo atatu amagetsi amapangidwa nthawi imodzi kuphatikiza osalowerera ndale kapena malo omwe amafanana ndi onse atatu. (Werengani Momwe Magulu Ogawira Mphamvu Amagwirira Ntchito kuti mudziwe zambiri za kaphatikizidwe ka chingwe chamagetsi.)
Kutulutsa - madzi ogwiritsa ntchito amanyamulidwa pamapaipi, omwe amatchedwa mitsinje, ndikulowanso mtsinjewo.
Madzi omwe ali m'malo osungiramo madzi amatengedwa kuti ndi mphamvu yosungidwa. Zitseko zikatseguka, madzi oyenda mu penstock amakhala mphamvu ya kinetic chifukwa akuyenda. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amapangidwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zifukwa zingapo. Ziwiri mwazinthuzo ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa mutu wa hydraulic. Mutu umanena za mtunda wa pakati pa madzi pamwamba ndi ma turbines. Pamene mutu ndi kutuluka zikuwonjezeka, momwemonso magetsi opangidwa. Mutu nthawi zambiri umadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe ali mu dziwe.
Pali mtundu wina wa chomera cha hydroperbower, chotchedwa chomera chosungira. Pamalo opangira mphamvu yamadzi wamba, madzi ochokera m'malo osungiramo madzi amadutsa mufakitale, kutuluka ndikutsitsidwa pansi pamtsinje. Chomera chopopera chili ndi malo awiri osungira:
Malo osungiramo madzi apamwamba - Monga malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi, dziwe limapanga posungira. Madzi omwe ali m'chitsimechi amayenda kudzera mu fakitale yopangira mphamvu yamadzi kuti apange magetsi.
Malo osungiramo madzi otsika - Madzi otuluka mu fakitale yopangira magetsi amadzi amapita kumalo otsika m'malo molowanso mumtsinje ndikuyenderera pansi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito Turbine wosinthika, mbewuyo imatha kupukusa madzi obwerera kumtunda kwamwamba. Izi zimachitika m'maola otsika kwambiri. Kwenikweni, yachiwiri yosungira imadzaza malo osungirakomwamba. Poponda madzi obwerera kumtunda, mbewuyo imakhala ndi madzi ambiri kuti mupange magetsi nthawi yayitali.
Jenereta
Mtima wa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi jenereta. Zomera zomera kwambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu ingapo yamitundu ino.
Jenereta, monga momwe mungaganizire, imapanga magetsi. Njira yoyambira yopangira magetsi m'njira izi ndikuzungulira maginito angapo mkati mwa waya. Njirayi imasuntha ma elekitironi, omwe amapanga magetsi.
Damu la Hoover lili ndi majenereta okwana 17, aliwonse omwe amatha kupanga ma megawati 133. Mphamvu yonse ya fakitale yamadzi ya Hoover Dam ndi megawati 2,074. Jenereta iliyonse imapangidwa ndi zigawo zina zofunika:
Shaft
Excitor
Rotor
Stator
Pamene turbine ikutembenuka, excitor imatumiza magetsi ku rotor. Rotor ndi ma electromagnets akuluakulu omwe amazungulira mkati mwa waya wamkuwa wokhala ndi mabala olimba, otchedwa stator. Minda yamagetsi pakati pa coil ndipo maginito amapanga zamagetsi.
Mu Damu la Hoover, ma amps a 16,500 akuyenda kuchokera ku jenereta kupita ku thiransifoma, komwe ma ramp apano mpaka 230,000 amps asanatumizidwe.
Zomera zovulaza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yachilengedwe, mosalekeza - njira yomwe imayambitsa mvula kugwa ndipo mitsinje ikukwera. Tsiku lililonse, dziko lathu lapansi limataya madzi pang'ono kupyola mumlengalenga pamene kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumaswa mamolekyu amadzi. Koma nthawi yomweyo, madzi atsopano amatulutsidwa kuchokera mkati mwa dziko lapansi kudzera mu kuphulika kwa mapiri. Kuchuluka kwa madzi opangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi otayika kumakhala kofanana.
Panthaŵi ina iliyonse, kuchuluka kwa madzi padziko lonse kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala zamadzimadzi, monga m'nyanja, mitsinje ndi mvula; olimba, monga mu madzi oundana; kapena mpweya, monga mu nthunzi yosaoneka ya madzi mumpweya. Zosintha zamadzi zikuyenda mozungulira padziko lonse lapansi ndi mafunde amphepo. Mafunde amphepo amapangidwa ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa. Kuzungulira kwa mpweya kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa kwambiri pa equator kusiyana ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi.
Kuzungulira kwapamlengalenga kumayendetsa madzi a Dziko lapansi kudzera mkuzungulira kwake, komwe kumatchedwa hydrologic cycle. Dzuwa likamatenthetsa madzi amadzimadzi, madziwo amasanduka nthunzi mumpweya. Dzuwa limatentha mpweya, kupangitsa mpweya kuti likwere mumlengalenga. Mpweya umakhala wozizira kwambiri, motero nthunzi wamadzi ukakwera, umazizira, n’kukhala madontho. Madontho okwanira akaunjikana m’dera limodzi, madonthowo amatha kukhala olemera kwambiri moti amatha kubwerera ku Dziko Lapansi ngati mvula.
Kuzungulira kwa hydrologic ndikofunikira ku mafakitale opangira mphamvu yamadzi chifukwa amadalira madzi akuyenda. Ngati pali kusowa kwa mvula pafupi ndi chomera, madzi sadzasonkhanitsa. Popanda madzi otolera m'mitsinje, madzi ochepa amayenda kudzera mu fakitale yopangira magetsi amadzi ndipo magetsi amachepa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-07-2021
