Amandla ombane elizwe lam akhiwe ngamandla ashushu, amandla ombane, amandla enyukliya kunye namandla amatsha. Yinkqubo yokuvelisa amandla ombane esekwe ngamalahle, enamandla amaninzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kwelizwe lam kubalelwa kwi-27% yetotali yehlabathi, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside kukwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi emva kwe-United States. Ngomnye wabasebenzisi abambalwa abakhulu bamandla amalahle ehlabathini. NgoSeptemba ka-2015, “iForam yeNgcaciso yeNgcaciso yeNdalo yaMandla oMbane oNcinci we-Hydropower” yandulula ngokundilisekileyo ukuba umbane omncinci wamanzi ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo nohlaziyekayo obalulekileyo. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani zamandla ombane, ukuya kuthi ga ekupheleni kowama-2014, izinga lophuhliso lombane omncinci welizwe lam belimalunga ne-41%, lisezantsi kakhulu kunenqanaba lophuhliso lombane wamanzi kumazwe aphuhlileyo aseYurophu nase-United States. Okwangoku, inqanaba lophuhliso eSwitzerland naseFransi yi-97%, iSpain ne-Italy yi-96%, iJapan yi-84%, kunye ne-United States yi-73%.
(Umthombo: I-akhawunti kawonke-wonke ye-WeChat "E Small Hydropower" ID: exshuidian Umbhali: Ye Xingdi, ilungu leqela leengcali le-International Small Hydropower Centre kunye nomongameli weGuizhou Private Hydropower Industry Chamber of Commerce)
Okwangoku, amandla amancinane elizwe lam afakelwe amandla ombane amalunga ne-100 lezigidi zeekilowathi, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka malunga ne-300 yeebhiliyoni zeekilowatt-iiyure. Ukuba ngokwenene akukho mbane omncinci wamanzi, ilizwe lam liya kuthembela ngakumbi kumandla efosili, nto leyo eya kubangela ilahleko enkulu kulondolozo lwamandla elizwe lam, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka komoya kokusingqongileyo, ukuphuculwa kwemekobume yendalo, ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwesicwangciso sobuchule bamandla, ukulondolozwa kwezixhobo zokuhambisa amandla kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yentlupheko yentaba kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yentlupheko yentaba kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yentlupheko yentaba kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yentlupheko yasekhaya inkqubela yombane omncinci wamanzi ehlabathini.
1. Ukuba ilizwe lam alinawo amandla amancinci ombane, liya kuphulukana nowona mandla ahlaziyekayo
Kwiinzame zanamhlanje zokuhlangabezana nengxaki yamandla, ingxaki yokusingqongileyo kunye nengxaki yemozulu, ukuba akukho mbane omncinci, ilizwe lam liya kuphulukana nowona mandla avuselelekayo.
INgxelo yoPhuhliso lwaMandla oMbane ococekileyo ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba "uVavanyo lweMjikelo woBomi beMithwalo yokuSingqongileyo yeeNkqubo zokuVelisa amandla ahlukeneyo" uye watsala ezi zigqibo zenzululwazi zilandelayo kuhlalutyo lwekhonkco lomjikelo olupheleleyo olusekwe yimigodi yamandla, ukuthuthwa, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nenkunkuma:
Okokuqala, kwi-"Power Generation System Emission Output Output List", i-hydropower ineyona index ilungileyo (esona salathisi sisezantsi esibanzi se-pollutant emission index);
Okwesibini, kwi-"Impact of Energy Generation Systems ezahlukeneyo kwiMpilo yoMntu ngexesha le-Life Cycle", i-hydropower ineempembelelo ezincinci (amandla okushisa i-49.71%, amandla amatsha 3.36%, i-hydropower 0.25%);
Okwesithathu, kwi-"Impact ye-Energy Generation Systems kwiMgangatho we-Ecosystem ngexesha le-Life Cycle", i-hydropower ineempembelelo ezincinci (amandla e-thermal 5.11%, amandla amatsha 0.55%, i-hydropower 0.07%);
Okwesine, “kwiMpembelelo yeeNkqubo zokuVelisa aMandla eZohlukeneyo kuSetyenziso lweZibonelelo ngexesha loMjikelo woBomi”, umbane wamanzi uneyona mpembelelo incinci (Kwingxelo yovavanyo, izikhombisi ezahlukeneyo zamandla ombane azikho phezulu kuphela kumandla efosili kunye namandla enyukliya, kodwa zingaphezulu lee kunemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla emitsha efana namandla omoya namandla aphakathi kwamanzi kunye namandla amancinci ombane welanga phakathi kwezalathi zamandla omoya aphakathi kunye namandla amancinci elanga. Umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ke ngoko, phakathi kwayo yonke imithombo yamandla, umbane omncinci wamanzi okwangoku ngowona mandla angcono.
2. Ukuba akukho mbane omncinci kwilizwe lam, ubuninzi bemithombo yamalahle kunye nabasebenzi baya kuchithwa.
Ngokweenkcukacha-manani, ngexesha le- “12th Year-Five Plan”, ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane amancinci asemaphandleni kudlule i-1 trillion kWh, elingana nokonga i-320 yezigidi zeetoni zamalahle aqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka ngaphezu kwe-200 billion kWh, kungekuphela nje ukonga ngaphezulu kwe-64 yezigidi zeetoni zonyaka, ukugcinwa kwe-mini kunye nokugcinwa kweetoni ezifunekayo kwi-mini kunye nokugcinwa kweetoni zombane. kula malahle, ukonga amandla afunekayo ekuveliseni umbane, ukunyuka nokuhla kwamandla ombane, kunye nokwenziwa, ukufakwa nokusebenza kwezixhobo zothutho zala malahle, kunye nokugcina amandla afunekayo ekutyeni, kwimpahla, kwizindlu nasekuthuthweni kwabasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kuyo yonke le misebenzi ingentla. Usetyenziso lwamandla olubanzi olugciniweyo lukhulu kakhulu kunomndilili wonyaka ogciniweyo wemithombo yamalahle.
NgeSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-13, ukuveliswa kwamandla onyaka kombane omncinci wamanzi kunyukile ukuya kutsho malunga nama-300 eebhiliyoni zeekilowatt-iiyure. Ukuba konke ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuthathelwa ingqalelo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi konyaka okugciniweyo kulingana malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeetoni zamalahle aqhelekileyo. Ukuba akukho mbane omncinci wamanzi, i-"12th Five-Year Plan" kunye ne "13th Five-Year Plan" iya kudla malunga ne-900 yezigidi zeetoni zamalahle aqhelekileyo, kunye nesithembiso kwihlabathi ukuba "ngo-2020, umlinganiselo we-non-fossil energy kusetyenziso lwamandla oluphambili kwilizwe lam uya kufikelela malunga ne-15%" iya kuba yintetho engenanto.
3. Ukuba akukho mbane omncinci wamanzi kwilizwe lam, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kuya kwanda kakhulu.
Ngokutsho kwe-"2017 National Rural Hydropower Statistical Bulletin", ukuveliswa kwamandla onyaka wamandla ombane wasemaphandleni kwi-2017 ilingana nokugcina i-76 yezigidi zeetoni zamalahle aqhelekileyo, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngeetoni ze-190 yezigidi, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwesulfure dioxide ngaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi zeetoni. Idatha efanelekileyo ibonisa ukuba ukulinga kunye nomsebenzi owandisiweyo wokutshintshwa kwamafutha ombane omncinci owenziwe ukusuka ku-2003 ukuya ku-2008 wenze ukuba amafama angaphezu kwama-800,000 afezekise ukutshintshwa kwamafutha ombane omncinci kunye nokukhusela i-3.5 yezigidi zeemu yendawo yehlathi. Kungabonwa ukuba amandla amancinci ombane aneenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ikholoji kwaye adlala indima enkulu ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi engcolileyo kunye nongcoliseko lwendalo.
Ukuba akukho mbane mncinane wamanzi, i-100 lezigidi zeekilowathi zombane ziya kutshintshwa ngamashumi amabini emizi-mveliso yamandla ashushu okanye amaziko ombane enyukliya anomthamo ofakelweyo oziikhilomitha eziliqela. Inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwenyukliya yemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya ikhatshwa kukuveliswa kweenuclides ezinemitha, kwaye kukho imingcipheko kunye neziphumo zokukhululwa okukhulu kokusingqongileyo. Kukwakho iingxaki ezinjengokunqongophala kwezixhobo zenyukliya, inkunkuma yenyukliya, nokulahlwa kwezixhobo zombane ezilahliweyo emva kokuphela kobomi bazo. Ngenxa yokutshiswa komthamo omkhulu wamalahle, amandla okushisa aya kukhupha inani elikhulu le-SO2, i-NOx, uthuli, amanzi amdaka, kunye nentsalela yenkunkuma, imvula ye-asidi iya kwandiswa kakhulu, imithombo yamanzi iya kusetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye indawo yokuhlala yabantu iya kusongelwa kakhulu.
Okwesine, ukuba akukho mbane omncinci wamanzi kwilizwe lam, kuya kwandisa utyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo, buthathaka amandla ombane okumelana nemfazwe kunye neentlekele zendalo, kunye nokwandisa ingozi yokucima kwamandla amakhulu.
Umbane omncinci owenziwe ngamanzi ngowona mandla akhulileyo nasebenzayo asabiwayo. Isondele kakhulu kumthwalo, oko kukuthi, ukuphela kwegridi yamandla. Akudingi ukwakha igridi yamandla amakhulu kumgama omde we-high-voltage okanye i-ultra-high-voltage transmission. Inokunciphisa kakhulu ilahleko yomgca, igcine ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye nokusasazwa kotyalo-mali lokwakha kunye neendleko zokusebenza, kunye nokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Ukuba akukho mbane mncinane wamanzi, ukuveliswa kwamandla emveli ngokungenakuthintelwa kuya kuthatha indawo yombane ophantse ube li-100 lezigidi zeekhilowathi zoveliso lombane omncinci wamanzi osasazwe ekupheleni kwabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwama-47,000 kwilizwe liphela. Kukwayimfuneko ukuba kwakhiwe izitishi ezininzi ezihambelanayo zokunyuka kunye nokuhla kunye nokuhanjiswa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemigca yamanqanaba ombane ahlukeneyo, okuya kubangela ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okukhulu, ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi, ukuhanjiswa kunye nelahleko yotshintsho, kunye nenkcitho yotyalo-mali.
Xa uhlangabezana nokungaphumeleli kobugcisa, iintlekele zendalo, iimfazwe zabantu kunye nezinye izinto, iigridi zamandla amakhulu zihlala zibuthathaka kwaye ukukhutshwa kwamandla amakhulu kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha. Ngeli xesha, i-hydropower encinci esasazwayo inokwenza iigridi zamandla ezizimeleyo ezingenakubalwa, ezinokuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa kunye nokomelela kuneegridi zamandla amakhulu kunye ne-ultra-high voltage, kwaye inokhuseleko olungcono kunye nokuthembeka. Inokwandisa ukufezekiswa konikezelo lwamandla oluzinzileyo olunatyisiweyo, olubaluleke kakhulu ngokweqhinga.
Kwiintlekele zekhephu kunye neqhwa ngo-2008 kunye neenyikima ze-Wenchuan kunye ne-Yushu, amandla ombane ongxamisekileyo we-hydropower encinci yayivelele, ibe "ngumdlalo wokugqibela" wokukhanyisa igridi yamandla ommandla. Ezo zixeko kunye needolophana eziye zanqunyulwa kwigridi yamandla amakhulu kwaye zangena ebumnyameni zonke zixhomekeke kumbane omncinci wokugcina amandla ombane kunye nokuxhasa ukuchasana nomkhenkce kunye neentlekele zenyikima, kubonisa ukuba umbane omncinci wasemaphandleni udlala indima engenakulinganiswa ekuphenduleni iintlekele zendalo, iingozi zemfazwe kunye nezinye iimeko zikaxakeka.
5. Ukuba akukho manzi amancinci kwilizwe lam, kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwi-ecology yendawo, ukuthintela izikhukhula kunye nokunciphisa iintlekele, kunye noqoqosho lwentlalo, kunye nokwandisa ubunzima bokunciphisa intlupheko kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo zeentaba.
Umbane omncinci wamanzi "uhlakazekile" kulo lonke ilizwe kunye neempawu "ezininzi, ezincinci, kunye neziguquguqukayo". Uninzi lwazo lwakhiwe kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo ezisezintabeni, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zemilambo enemisinga nemilambo ezamazama. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kumadama abo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okuvelisa amandla kunokunciphisa kakhulu izinga lokuhamba kwemilambo emincinci kunye nephakathi, ukunciphisa ukukhuhla kwamanzi omlambo kumacala omabini, kunye nokuphucula umthamo wokugcina izikhukhula, nto leyo ikhusela kakuhle i-ecology kumacala omabini kwaye inciphisa iintlekele zesikhukula kumacala omabini omlambo. Umzekelo, iPanxi encinci yamanzi kwiNqila yaseJinyun, kwiPhondo laseZhejiang inommandla obambekayo oziikhilomitha ezingama-97. Ngenxa yokuthambekela komnqantsa kunye nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza, udaka kunye nezikhukhula kunye neembalela zenzeka ngamaxesha athile. Ukususela ngo-1970, emva kokwakhiwa kwezikhululo ezisixhenxe ze-Panxi cascade hydropower, ezaziwa kakhulu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukugcinwa komhlaba kunye namanzi kuye kwaphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iintlekele kumlambo omncinci wamanzi ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu.
Ngokukodwa kwinkulungwane entsha, umbane omncinci wamanzi uye watshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ekusombululeni ingxaki yokungabikho kombane kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezisezintabeni ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wokufakelwa kombane wasemaphandleni, ukukhawulezisa isantya sokunciphisa intlupheko kwiindawo ezihluphekileyo, ukuqhuba uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni eneentaba, ukukhusela ngenkuthalo imeko yendalo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwamandla. Imodeli ye-ecological cycle yokugcinwa kwamanzi ehlathi, ukuveliswa kwamandla amanzi, kunye nokugcinwa kwehlathi lombane kuye kwaqulunqwa ngokuthe ngcembe, ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo ubutyebi behlathi lendawo ekutshatyalalisweni. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nenani elikhulu lamazwe asakhasayo liyixabisa kakhulu indima enkulu yombane welizwe lam omncinci wokuvelisa umbane ekusombululeni iingxaki zentlupheko emaphandleni. Kwaziwa ngokuba "iperile yasebusuku", "ilanga elincinci" kunye "neprojekthi enobubele evutha ithemba leentaba" kwimimandla yeentaba. Amashishini asezintabeni ngokuqhelekileyo asemva kakhulu. Umbane omncinci wamanzi unokusombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki zengqesho yabahlali basekuhlaleni. Xa kudityaniswa nomgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe “wombane omncinci wombane ochanekileyo wokuphelisa intlupheko”, abahlali abaninzi basezilalini baye baba ngabaninizabelo abancinci. Umbane omncinci wamanzi ubaluleke kakhulu ekupheliseni intlupheko nakwimpumelelo kwimimandla yeentaba. Emva kokuba isiphaluka esikwiPhondo lase-Anhui sinyanzelise ukuba kuvalwe izikhululo ezithile zombane ngo-2017, abantu abaninzi belali abangaphangeliyo balila, amanye amafama abuyela kubuhlwempu ngobusuku obunye, yaye abanye bade baphelelwa lithemba neentsapho zabo zaphelelwa lithemba.
6. Ukuba akukho mbane omncinci wamanzi kwilizwe lam, umfanekiso welizwe lam elikhokelayo kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi emhlabeni uya konakala kakhulu.
Ngokwembali, impumelelo kunye namava eTshayina kuphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi anconyiwe kakhulu kwaye anconywa kakhulu luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze ndenze amava elizwe lam kuphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi abe nefuthe elibonakalayo ekubhekiselele kulo kumazwe ehlabathi, ingakumbi amazwe asakhasayo, uMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo waMazwe ngaMazwe oMbane waMandla oMbane wamanzi amaNcinci weZizwe eziManyeneyo umisele ikomkhulu lawo, iZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe loMbane waManzi waManzi, eHangzhou, eChina.
Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, iZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe oMbane waManzi oMbane wamaZwe ngamaZwe ligqithise amava aqolileyo eTshayina kunye netekhnoloji kumazwe asakhasayo, likhuthaze inqanaba lophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi kunye nolwakhiwo lwamandla kula mazwe, likhuthaze kakhulu intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe yaseTshayina kunye notshintshiselwano kumbane omncinci wamanzi, kwaye lenze igalelo elihle ekuphuculeni imigangatho yokuphila yabahlali basekuhlaleni, ukuphuhlisa imveliso kunye nokukhusela imeko yendalo, kwaye ibe nefuthe elibanzi kumazwe ngamazwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokuveliswa kombane ngokugqithisileyo, amanye amasebe kunye noorhulumente basekhaya abazange balungelelanise ngokwesayensi amandla emveli asebenzisa amandla aphezulu kwaye angcolise kakhulu, kodwa basebenzise ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo njengesizathu sokungahloneli, ukucinezela, kunye nokulahla ngokungenasizathu kunye nokuvala umbane omncinci, oye waba nempembelelo enkulu ekusindeni nasekuphuhliseni uphuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nophuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nophuhliso oluncinci lwelizwe lam. wamandla ombane kunye nophuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Isishwankathelo, amandla amancinci ombane ngowona mandla asebenzayo, acocekileyo kwaye aluhlaza avuselelekayo kokubini ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe; ngumsebenzi othembekileyo wembono kaNobhala Jikelele u-Xi wokuba "amanzi aluhlaza kunye neentaba eziluhlaza ziintaba zegolide nesilivere"; iguqula ngokwenene amanzi aluhlaza neentaba eziluhlaza zibe ziintaba zegolide nezesilivere ezilondoloza ubuncwane, zikhusele imekobume, zisuse ubuhlwempu zize zibe zizityebi, zize zikhuthaze uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho; “ngumlindi” wendalo esingqongileyo! Umbane omncinci wamanzi udlala indima enkulu ekunciphiseni umonakalo kwimeko yendalo ebangelwa kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla emveli, ngakumbi ukunciphisa impembelelo yamandla emveli ebantwini ngokwabo kunye nezilwanyana ezinqabileyo kunye nezityalo. Iinzuzo zokwakhiwa kombane omncinci wombane zigqwesa kude iintsilelo. Ngoko ke, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana neZizwe eziManyeneyo iye yabiza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba "uphuhliso lombane wamanzi ukuze ludlale indima engenakulinganiswa kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi", kwaye uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luhlola ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye lukhuthaze uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-hydropower. Ngokufutshane, indima ebalulekileyo kunye nokubaluleka kobuchule bombane omncinci wombane bukhulu kakhulu, obungenakuthelekiswa nanto kwaye obungenakubuyiselwa kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwamandla.
Namhlanje, ilizwe lam alinakwenza ngaphandle kombane omncinci, kwaye umhlaba wanamhlanje awunakwenza ngaphandle kombane omncinci!
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-22-2025
