Izinga eliqhelekileyo lophuhliso lwezixhobo ezincinci zamanzi eTshayina lifikelele kwi-60%, ezinye iindawo zisondela kwi-90%. Ukuhlola indlela amandla amancinci amanzi anokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kutshintsho oluluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsha zamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi yencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni.
Umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekusombululeni ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kombane kwiindawo zasemaphandleni zaseTshayina, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho noluntu lwasemaphandleni, kunye nokujongana notshintsho lwemozulu. Okwangoku, izinga eliqhelekileyo lophuhliso lwezixhobo ezincinci zombane ophuma emanzini eTshayina lifikelele kwi-60%, kwaye ezinye iindawo zisondela kwi-90%. Ingqwalasela yophuhliso lombane omncinci ophuma emanzini itshintshe ukusuka kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo ukuya ekumbiweni nasekulawulweni kwempahla. Kutshanje, intatheli idlan’ udliwanondlebe noGqr. Xu Jincai, uMlawuli weZiko leMithombo yoMbane elincinci laMazwe ngaMazwe leSebe leMithombo yaManzi kunye noMlawuli weKomiti yokuVeliswa koMbane ophuma emanzini ye-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuze baphonononge indlela umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini onokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kutshintsho oluluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo entsha yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi yencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni.
Idlala yiphi indima amandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi ekufezekiseni iinjongo zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni?
Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, amazwe ali-136 acebise iinjongo zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni, ezigubungela i-88% yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni diokside kwihlabathi liphela, i-90% ye-GDP, kunye ne-85% yabemi. Umkhwa wotshintsho oluluhlaza kwihlabathi liphela kunye notshintsho oluphantsi lwekhabhoni awunakuthintelwa. I-China ikwacebise ukwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo eqinileyo kunye namanyathelo, izama ukuphakamisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni diokside ngaphambi kowama-2030 kunye nokufikelela ekungathathi cala kwekhabhoni ngaphambi kowama-2060.
Ngaphezulu kwama-70% eegesi ezikhutshwayo kwihlabathi liphela zinxulumene namandla, kwaye ingxaki yemozulu ifuna ukuba silawule ngokungqongqo ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezikhutshwayo. I-China yeyona mveliso yamandla inkulu kwihlabathi kwaye inika abathengi bayo amandla, ibandakanya malunga ne-1/5 kunye ne-1/4 yemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi, ngokwahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zamandla zityebile ngamalahle, azikho kakuhle kwioyile, kwaye ziphantsi kwigesi. Ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle kweoyile kunye negesi yendalo kudlula ama-70% kunye nama-40%, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo eTshayina kwiminyaka yakutshanje siyabonakala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, amandla apheleleyo afakelweyo ombane avuselelekayo adlule kwi-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatts, kwaye amandla avuselelekayo afakelweyo kwihlabathi liphela ayemalunga ne-3.3 yeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatts. Kunokuthiwa ngaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu samandla afakelweyo ombane avuselelekayo avela eTshayina. Ishishini lamandla acocekileyo laseTshayina lenze inzuzo ephambili kwihlabathi liphela, apho izinto eziphambili ze-photovoltaic kunye namandla omoya zithatha i-70% yesabelo semarike yehlabathi.
Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwamandla avuselelekayo luya kukhokelela ekwandeni kwemfuno yezixhobo zolawulo, kwaye iingenelo zolawulo lwamandla avuselelekayo nazo ziya kuba zibonakala ngakumbi. Amandla avuselelekayo yiteknoloji yamandla avuselelekayo evuthwe kakhulu kwaye iya kudlala indima entle ekungathathi cala kwekhabhoni kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuphendula oku, urhulumente wase-US uceba ukutyala imali eyi-$630 yezigidi ekwenzeni iiyunithi zombane zamanzi zibe zezanamhlanje kwaye ziphucule lonke ilizwe, kugxilwe kakhulu kulondolozo lwamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
Nangona umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini ubandakanya inxalenye encinci kakhulu kushishino lwamandla ombane lwaseTshayina, usabaluleke kakhulu. Kukho izikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci ezingaphezu kwe-10000 eTshayina ezinomthamo wokugcina we-100000 cubic metres nangaphezulu, ezizizixhobo zokugcina amandla ezisasazwe ngokukodwa kunye nemithetho enokuxhasa umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuhlanganiswa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kwengingqi.
Uphuhliso oluncinci lwamandla ombane ngamanzi kunye nokuhlala ngoxolo nendalo
Kwimeko yencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni, indlela yophuhliso lwamandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi iye yatshintsha yaya ekuziqhelaniseni nokwakhiwa kweenkqubo ezintsha zamandla kunye nokufezekisa ukuhlalisana okuvumelanayo phakathi kophuhliso lwamandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo. Isicwangciso sokuSebenza seNcopho yeKhabhoni ngaphambi kowama-2030 sicebisa ngokucacileyo ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso oluluhlaza lwamandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yesenzo sokuguqula amandla asebenzisa amanzi aluhlaza kunye ne-carbon ephantsi.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iTshayina yenze umsebenzi omkhulu ekuguquleni nasekuphuhliseni umbane omncinci osebenzisa amanzi. Enye kukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwandisa amandla ombane omncinci osebenzisa amanzi. Ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-12, urhulumente ophakathi utyale imali eyi-8.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuze agqibezele ukulungiswa kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwandisa izikhululo zamanzi zasemaphandleni ezingama-4300. Ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-13, urhulumente ophakathi utyale imali eyi-4.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Ngaphezulu kwezikhululo zamanzi ezincinci ezingama-2100 kumaphondo angama-22 zigqibe ukulungiswa kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwandisa, kwaye imilambo engaphezu kwe-1300 igqibe ukuguqulwa nokubuyiselwa kwendalo. Ngo-2017, iZiko leMimandla eliNcinci laMazwe ngaMazwe liququzelele kwaye laqalisa i-"Global Environment Fund" iProjekthi yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kombane osebenzisa amanzi amancinci eTshayina, ukwandiswa kunye notshintsho lwexabiso elongeziweyo. Okwangoku, umsebenzi wovavanyo ugqityiwe kwiiprojekthi ezili-19 kumaphondo asi-8, kwaye amava ayashwankathelwa kwaye abelwana ngawo kwihlabathi liphela.
Okwesibini kukucocwa nokulungiswa kombane omncinci osetyenziswa ngamanzi okwenziwa liSebe leMithombo yamanzi, kuquka ukubuyisela unxibelelwano lomlambo kunye nokulungisa iindawo zomlambo eziphelelwe ngamanzi. Ukususela ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2020, iYangtze River Economic Belt yacoca yaza yalungisa izitishi zamanzi ezincinci ezingaphezu kwama-25000, kwaye izitishi zamandla ezingaphezu kwama-21000 zasebenzisa ukuhamba kwendalo ngokwemigaqo, kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amaqonga olawulo. Okwangoku, ukucocwa nokulungiswa kwezitishi zamanzi ezincinci ezingaphezu kwama-2800 kwiYellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu kukudala izitishi zamandla okubonisa umbane oluhlaza omncinci. Ukusukela oko kwasekwa umbane oluhlaza omncinci ngo-2017, ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, iTshayina idale izitishi zamandla ombane oluhlaza omncinci ezingaphezu kwama-900. Kule mihla, utshintsho nophuhliso lombane oluhlaza omncinci luye lwaba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe. Izitishi ezininzi zamandla ombane amancinci kumaphondo nakwizixeko ezahlukeneyo ziye zalungisa imigangatho yombane oluhlaza omncinci, zaphucula ukukhutshwa kokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nezibonelelo zokubeka esweni ukuhamba kwamanzi, kwaye zaqalisa ukubuyiselwa kwendalo emilanjeni. Ngokudala inani lemiboniso eqhelekileyo yombane oluhlaza omncinci, sijolise ekukhawuleziseni uphuhliso oluphezulu lotshintsho oluluhlaza kwimida yemilambo, kwimimandla, kwanakwishishini elincinci lamandla ombane.
Okwesine kukwenza izitishi zamandla ombane ezincinci zibe zezanamhlanje. Okwangoku, izitishi ezininzi zamandla ombane ezincinci zitshintshe indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo nangokungalawulwayo kwezitishi ezizimeleyo, kwaye ziseka indlela yokusebenza edibeneyo yamaqela ezitishi zamandla ngokwengingqi okanye ngokwesiseko samanzi.
Nceda ekufezekiseni iinjongo "zekhabhoni ezimbini"
Ngokubanzi, kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukwakhiwa kombane omncinci wamanzi kwakujoliswe ekuboneleleni ngombane kunye nokufezekisa umbane wasemaphandleni. Ukuhlaziywa kwangoku kombane omncinci wamanzi kujoliswe ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye nemiphumo yendalo yezikhululo zamandla, kunye nokufezekisa utshintsho oluluhlaza olusemgangathweni ophezulu. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lombane omncinci wamanzi kwixesha elizayo luya kudlala indima ekhethekileyo kulawulo lokugcina amandla, lunceda ekufezekiseni iinjongo "zekhabhoni ezimbini".
Ukujonga phambili kwixesha elizayo, izitishi zamandla ezincinci ezikhoyo zamanzi zinokuguqulwa zibe zitishi zamandla zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiweyo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo angacwangciswanga kunye nokufezekisa utshintsho oluluhlaza lwamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini. Umzekelo, ngoMeyi kunyaka ophelileyo, emva kokuhlaziywa kweSitishi saMandla sokuGcina amanzi esiPompiweyo saseChunchangba eXiaojin County, kwiSithili sase-Aba, kwiPhondo laseSichuan, kwasekwa inkqubo edibeneyo yamandla ombane, i-photovoltaics, kunye nendawo yokugcina amanzi empompiweyo.
Ukongeza, umbane wamanzi kunye namandla amatsha anokuhambelana okuqinileyo. Izitishi zamanzi ezincinci zinoluhlu olubanzi nobuninzi obukhulu, kwaye uninzi lwazo aludlalanga ndima ilungileyo ekulawuleni umbane. Izitishi zamanzi ezincinci zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwizityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo ukuze kufezekiswe ukwenziwa ngcono kolawulo lokusebenza kunye neentengiselwano zemarike, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezincedisayo ezifana nokucheba okuphezulu, ukulawulwa kwamaza, kunye nokugcinwa kwegridi yamandla.
Elinye ithuba elingenakulibaleka kukuba ukudityaniswa kwamandla ombane aphuma emanzini kunye nezatifikethi eziluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza, kunye norhwebo lwekhabhoni kuya kuzisa ixabiso elitsha. Sithatha izatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe njengomzekelo, ngo-2022, saqalisa uphuhliso lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini. Sikhethe izitishi zamandla ezili-19 kwiLishui Demonstration Zone yeZiko laMandla oMbane elincinci laMazwe ngaMazwe njengemiboniso yophuhliso lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe, saza sagqiba ubhaliso, ukukhutshwa, kunye nokuthengiswa kwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezili-140000 kwiqela lokuqala lezitishi zamandla ezi-6. Okwangoku, phakathi kwazo zonke izatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana namandla omoya, i-photovoltaics, kunye namandla ombane, amandla ombane yiprojekthi enomthamo ophezulu wokukhutshwa, apho amandla amancinci aphuma emanzini afikelela malunga ne-23%. Izatifikethi eziluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza, kunye norhwebo lwekhabhoni zibonisa ixabiso lokusingqongileyo leeprojekthi zamandla amatsha, zinceda ekwenzeni inkqubo yemarike kunye nendlela yexesha elide yokuvelisa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza.
Okokugqibela, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba uphuhliso oluluhlaza lwamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini eTshayina lunokuba negalelo ekuvuseleleni amaphandle. Kulo nyaka, iTshayina isebenzisa "iNtshukumo yaMandla oMoya kumawaka eeLali neeDolophu" kunye "neNtshukumo ye-Photovoltaic kumawaka eeKhaya namakhaya", ikhuthaza ngokuthe ngcembe uphuhliso lovavanyo lwe-photovoltaics ezisasazwa eluphahleni kulo lonke isithili, ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla acocekileyo kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, kwaye iqhuba ulwakhiwo lovavanyo loguquko lwamandla asemaphandleni. Amandla amancinci aphuma emanzini ngumthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo onemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokugcina amandla kunye nokulawula, kwaye ikwangumveliso wendalo olula ukufikelela ekuguqulweni kwexabiso kwiindawo zeentaba. Ingakhuthaza utshintsho olucocekileyo noluphantsi lwekhabhoni lwamandla asemaphandleni kwaye incede ekukhuthazeni impumelelo eqhelekileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-04-2024
