Umyinge wophuhliso lomthombo omncinci wombane wamanzi e-China ufikelele kwi-60%, kwaye ezinye iindawo zisondela kwi-90%. Ukuphonononga indlela i-hydropower encinci inokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kwinguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zamandla amatsha phantsi kwemvelaphi ye-carbon peak kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Umbane omncinci wamanzi udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekusombululeni ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kombane kwimimandla yasemaphandleni yaseChina, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo, kunye nokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Okwangoku, umyinge wophuhliso lomthombo omncinci we-hydropower e-China ufikelele kwi-60%, kunye nemimandla ethile isondela kwi-90%. Ugxininiso lophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi lutshintshile lusuka kuphuhliso olongezelelekileyo lwaya kukomba nolawulo lwempahla. Kungekudala, intatheli yadliwano-ndlebe noDkt Xu Jincai, uMlawuli we-International Small Hydropower Centre ye-Ministry of Water Resources kunye noMlawuli we-Hydroelectric Power Generation Committee ye-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuhlola indlela umbane omncinci onokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kwinguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo entsha yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi ye-carbon peak kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Yeyiphi indima edlalwa umbane omncinci wamanzi ekuphumezeni iinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni?
Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, amazwe ali-136 acebise iinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, equka i-88% yokukhutshwa kwekharbon dioxide yehlabathi, i-90% ye-GDP, kunye nama-85% abemi. Umkhwa wenguqu yendalo eluhlaza kunye nekhabhoni ephantsi ayithinteki. I-China iphinde icebise ukuba yamkele imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo eqinile, izama ukukhupha i-carbon dioxide emissions phambi kwe-2030 kunye nokufezekisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngaphambi kwe-2060.
Ngaphezulu kwe-70% yokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse yehlabathi inxulumene namandla, kwaye nengxaki yemozulu ifuna ukuba silawule ngokungqongqo ukukhutshwa kwegesi yobushushu. I-China lelona lizwe livelisa amandla amakhulu kunye nabathengi, libalelwa malunga ne-1/5 kunye ne-1/4 yemveliso yamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi, ngokulandelelanayo. Iimpawu zamandla zizityebi ngamalahle, i-oyile ihlwempuzekileyo, kunye negesi encinci. Ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle kweoli kunye negesi yendalo kudlula i-70% kunye ne-40%, ngokulandelanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, isantya sophuhliso samandla avuselelekayo e-China kwiminyaka yakutshanje sibonakala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, umthamo ofakiweyo wamandla ahlaziyekayo udlule kwi-1.2 yebhiliyoni yeekilowatts, kwaye umthamo ofakiweyo wehlabathi wamandla ahlaziyekayo wawumalunga ne-3.3 yeebhiliyoni zeekilowatts. Kunokuthiwa ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu somthamo ofakiweyo wamandla avuselelekayo avela eChina. Ishishini lamandla acocekileyo laseTshayina lenze i-advanteji ekhokelayo kwihlabathi, kunye namacandelo aphambili e-photovoltaic namandla omoya athatha i-70% yesabelo semarike yehlabathi.
Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo luya kukhokelela ekwandeni kwemfuno yemithombo yolawulo, kwaye iingenelo zolawulo lwamandla ombane nazo ziya kugqama ngakumbi. I-Hydropower yeyona teknoloji ikhulileyo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwaye iya kudlala indima entle kubundilele bekhabhoni yehlabathi. Ukuphendula, urhulumente wase-US uceba ukutyala i-630 yezigidi zeedola ekuphuculeni nasekuphuculeni iiyunithi zombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kuzwelonke, kugxilwe kugcino lombane wamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
Nangona umbane omncinci wamanzi uthatha indawo encinci kushishino lwamanzi lwaseTshayina, kusabaluleke kakhulu. Kukho ngaphezu kwe-10000 izikhululo zombane ezincinci ze-hydropower e-China ezinomthamo wokugcina we-100000 cubic metres okanye ngaphezulu, eziyingqayizivele yokugcinwa kwamandla okusasazwa kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ezinokuxhasa umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuhlanganiswa kwamandla amatsha ommandla kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Uphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi kunye nokuhlalisana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo
Kumxholo wencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, isikhokelo sophuhliso lwamandla ombane amancinci atshintshele ekuziqhelaniseni nokwakhiwa kweenkqubo zamandla amatsha kunye nokuzuza ukuhlalisana okuhambelanayo phakathi kophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi kunye nemekobume yendalo. ISicwangciso sokuSebenza seCarbon Peak phambi kwe-2030 ngokucacileyo siphakamisa ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lohlaza lwamandla ombane amancinci njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yentshukumo yamandla aluhlaza kunye nekhabhoni ephantsi.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-China yenze isixa esikhulu sokuziqhelanisa kwinguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi. Enye yeyokucikideka nokwandiswa komthamo wokulungiswa kombane omncinci wamanzi. Ngexesha le-12 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, urhulumente oyintloko utyale i-8.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuze agqibezele ukusebenza kakuhle nokwandiswa kokulungiswa kwezikhululo zombane zamanzi zasemaphandleni ezingama-4300. Ngexesha le-13 leminyaka ye-Five Year Plan, urhulumente oyintloko utyale imali eyi-4.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Ngaphezu kwama-2100 izikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi kumaphondo angama-22 zigqibe ukusebenza kakuhle nokulungiswa kolwandiso, kwaye imilambo engaphezu kwe-1300 igqibe inguqu nokubuyisela kwimeko yendalo. Ngo-2017, i-International Small Hydropower Centre iququzelele kwaye iphumeze i-"Global Environment Fund" i-China Small Hydropower Efficiency Enhancement, Expansion and Transformation Value Added Project. Ngoku, umsebenzi wokulinga ugqityiwe kwiiprojekthi ezili-19 kumaphondo asi-8, kwaye amava ayashwankathelwa kwaye kwabelwana ngawo kumazwe ngamazwe.
Okwesibini kukucocwa kombane omncinci kunye nokulungiswa okwenziwa nguMphathiswa weMithombo yaManzi, kubandakanywa nokubuyisela ukudityaniswa komlambo kunye nokulungisa amacandelo omlambo aphelelwe ngamanzi. Ukusukela ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2020, iYangtze River Economic Belt yacoca yaza yalungisa ngaphezu kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingama-25000, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-21000 izikhululo zamandla eziphumeza ukuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwemigaqo, kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amaqonga olawulo. Okwangoku, ukucocwa nokulungiswa kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingaphezulu kwama-2800 kwiYellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu kukudala izikhululo zombane ezincinci zokubonisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi. Ukusukela ekusekweni kombane oveliswa ngamanzi amancinci aluhlaza ngo-2017, ukuya ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, i-China idale ngaphezulu kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci eziluhlaza ezingaphezu kwama-900. Kule mihla, inguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi sele ingumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe. Uninzi lwezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi kumaphondo ahlukeneyo kunye nezixeko ziye zalungisa imigangatho emincinci yombane wamanzi ohlaza, ukuphuculwa kokukhutshelwa kwendalo kunye nezibonelelo zokubeka iliso, kwaye ziphumeze ukubuyiselwa kokuphila komlambo. Ngokwenza inani lemiboniso yombane omncinci oluhlaza oluhlaza, sijonge ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu wenguqu eluhlaza kwimifula, imimandla, kunye neshishini elincinci lombane wamanzi.
Eyesine kukuphucula izikhululo zombane ezincinci ngamanzi. Okwangoku, izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi ziyitshintshile indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kunye nokwabela amagunya kwisikhululo esinye, kwaye ziseka indlela yokusebenza emanyeneyo yamaqela ezikhululo zamandla ngokwengingqi okanye ngokwesiseko samanzi.
Ukuncedisa ekufezekiseni iinjongo "zekhabhoni ezimbini".
Lilonke, kwixa elidlulileyo, ulwakhiwo lombane omncinci wamanzi lwalujolise ekuboneleleni ngombane kunye nokuphumeza ukufakelwa kombane emaphandleni. Uhlaziyo lwangoku lwamandla ombane amancinci lujolise ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye nefuthe le-ikholoji yezikhululo zamandla, kunye nokuphumeza inguqu esemgangathweni eluhlaza. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-hydropower encinci kwixesha elizayo luya kudlala indima ekhethekileyo kulawulo lokugcinwa kwamandla, ukunceda ukufezekisa iinjongo "zekhabhoni ezimbini".
Ukujonga phambili kwixesha elizayo, izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezikhoyo eziqukuqelayo zombane zingatshintshwa zibe zizikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo ngokungacwangciswanga kunye nokuphumeza inguqu eluhlaza kumbane omncinci wamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngoMeyi kunyaka odlulileyo, emva kokulungiswa kweSikhululo saMandla se-Chunchangba Pumped Storage kwi-Xiaojin County, e-Aba Prefecture, kwiPhondo laseSichuan, inkqubo edibeneyo yombane wamanzi, i-photovoltaics, kunye nokugcinwa kwempompo yenziwa.
Ukongeza, amandla ombane kunye namandla amatsha ahambelana kakhulu. Izikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi zinoluhlu olubanzi kunye nesixa esikhulu, kwaye inani elikhulu lazo alidlalanga indima entle ekulawuleni unikezelo lwamandla. Izikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwizityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo ukuphumeza ukulungelelaniswa kwentsebenziswano yolawulo lokusebenza kunye neentengiselwano zentengiso, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezincedisayo ezifana nokucheba okuphezulu, ukulawulwa kwamaza, kunye ne-backup yegridi yamandla.
Elinye ithuba elingenakuhoywa kukuba indibaniselwano ye-hydropower kunye nezatifikethi eziluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza, kunye nokuthengiswa kwekhabhoni kuya kuzisa ixabiso elitsha. Sithatha izatifikethi zohlaza zamazwe ngamazwe njengomzekelo, ngo-2022, saqalisa uphuhliso lwezatifikethi zohlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zombane omncinci wombane. Sikhethe izikhululo zamandla ezili-19 kwiNdawo yokuBonisa iLishui yeZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe ngaMandla ombane amaNcinane njengemiboniso yophuhliso lwesatifikethi sohlaza samazwe ngamazwe, saza sagqiba ukubhaliswa, ukukhutshwa, kunye norhwebo lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza ezili-140000 zamazwe ngamazwe kwibhetshi yokuqala yezikhululo zombane ezi-6. Okwangoku, phakathi kwazo zonke izatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana namandla omoya, i-photovoltaics, kunye nombane wamanzi, amandla ombane yiprojekthi enomthamo omkhulu wokukhutshwa, apho umbane omncinci wamanzi wenza malunga ne-23%. Izatifikethi eziluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza, kunye nokuthengiswa kwekhabhoni kubonisa ixabiso lokusingqongileyo leeprojekthi zamandla amatsha, ukunceda ukwenza inkqubo yemarike kunye neendlela zexesha elide zokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza.
Okokugqibela, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba uphuhliso lohlaza lwamandla ombane amancinci e-China lunokuba negalelo ekuvuseleleni amaphandle. Kulo nyaka, i-China iphumeza "Isenzo samandla omoya kumawaka eeDolophu kunye neeDolophu" kunye ne "Photovoltaic Action kumawaka ezindlu kunye nemizi", ngokuqhubekayo ukukhuthaza uphuhliso olulingwayo lwe-photovoltaics yophahla olusasazwayo kulo lonke i-county, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlambulukileyo kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, kunye nokuqhuba ukwakhiwa kwe-pilot ye-revolution yamandla asemaphandleni. Umbane omncinci wamanzi ngumthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo, kwaye ikwayimveliso yendalo ekulula ukufikelela kuyo ukuguqulwa kwexabiso kwimimandla yeentaba. Inokukhuthaza inguqu ecocekileyo kunye nekhabhoni ephantsi yamandla asemaphandleni kwaye incede ukukhuthaza impumelelo eqhelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-04-2024
