Imilambo yendalo yonke inomthambeka othile. Amanzi ahamba ecaleni komlambo phantsi kwesenzo somxhuzulane. Amanzi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo anamandla amaninzi. Ngoncedo lwezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kunye nezixhobo ze-electromechanical, amandla amanzi anokuguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane, oko kukuthi, ukuveliswa kwamandla e-hydro. Umgaqo wokuveliswa kwamandla e-hydro kukungeniswa kwethu kwe-electromagnetic, oko kukuthi, xa umqhubi esika imigca ye-magnetic flux kwintsimi ye-magnetic, uya kuvelisa umbane. Phakathi kwazo, "intshukumo" yomqhubi kwintsimi ye-magnetic ifezekiswa ngokuhamba kwamanzi okuchaphazela i-turbine ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini ajikelezayo; kwaye intsimi ye-magnetic phantse ihlala yenziwa ngumbane we-excitation oveliswa yinkqubo ye-excitation edlula kwi-generator rotor winding, oko kukuthi, i-magnetism iveliswa ngumbane.
1. Yintoni inkqubo yokuvuselela? Ukuze kufezekiswe ukuguqulwa kwamandla, ijenereyitha ehambelanayo ifuna intsimi yemagnethi ye-DC, kwaye umbane we-DC ovelisa le ntsimi yemagnethi ubizwa ngokuba ngumbane wokuvuselela wejenereyitha. Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yokwenza intsimi yemagnethi kwi-rotor yejenereyitha ngokomgaqo wokungenisa i-electromagnetic ibizwa ngokuba yi-excitation. Inkqubo yokuvuselela ibhekisa kwizixhobo ezibonelela ngombane wokuvuselela kwijenereyitha ehambelanayo. Yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yejenereyitha ehambelanayo. Ngokubanzi inamacandelo amabini aphambili: iyunithi yamandla okuvuselela kunye nomlawuli wokuvuselela. Iyunithi yamandla okuvuselela inika umbane wokuvuselela kwi-rotor yejenereyitha ehambelanayo, kwaye umlawuli wokuvuselela ulawula ukuphuma kweyunithi yamandla okuvuselela ngokwesignali yokufaka kunye nemigangatho yomthetho enikiweyo.
2. Umsebenzi wenkqubo yokukhupha umoya Inkqubo yokukhupha umoya inemisebenzi ephambili elandelayo: (1) Phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo, inika amandla okukhupha umoya wejenereyitha, kwaye ilungisa amandla okukhupha umoya ngokomthetho onikiweyo ngokwemeko ye-voltage yesiphelo sejenereyitha kunye neemeko zomthwalo ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo lwe-voltage. Kutheni uzinzo lwe-voltage lungagcinwa ngokulungisa amandla okukhupha umoya? Kukho ubudlelwane obuqikelelweyo phakathi kwamandla abangelwayo (oko kukuthi amandla okungabikho komthwalo) i-Ed ye-generator stator winding, i-terminal voltage Ug, i-reactive load current Ir yejenereyitha, kunye ne-longitudinal synchronous reactance Xd:
I-Ed enokubakho ihambelana ne-magnetic flux, kwaye i-magnetic flux ixhomekeke kubukhulu bombane ovuthayo. Xa umsinga wokufudumala ungatshintshi, i-magnetic flux kunye ne-Ed enokubakho i-induced potential zihlala zingatshintshi. Kwifomyula engentla, kunokubonwa ukuba i-terminal voltage yejenereyitha iya kuncipha ngokwanda komsinga ovuthayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zomsebenzisi zomgangatho wamandla, i-terminal voltage yejenereyitha kufuneka ihlale ingatshintshi. Ngokucacileyo, indlela yokufezekisa le mfuneko kukulungisa umsinga wokufudumala wejenereyitha njengoko i-reactive current Ir itshintsha (oko kukuthi, umthwalo utshintsha). (2) Ngokweemeko zomthwalo, umsinga wokufudumala uhlengahlengiswa ngokomthetho othile ukuze kulungiswe amandla okusabela. Kutheni kuyimfuneko ukulungisa amandla okusabela? Izixhobo ezininzi zombane zisebenza ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, njengee-transformers, ii-motors, oomatshini bokuwelda, njl. Zonke zixhomekeke ekusekweni kwe-alternating magnetic field ukuguqula nokudlulisa amandla. Amandla ombane afunekayo ukuseka i-alternating magnetic field kunye ne-induced magnetic flux ibizwa ngokuba ngamandla okusabela. Zonke izixhobo zombane ezinee-electromagnetic coils zisebenzisa amandla okusabela ukuze kusekwe i-magnetic field. Ngaphandle kwamandla okusabela, i-motor ayizukujikeleza, i-transformer ayizukwazi ukuguqula i-voltage, kwaye izixhobo ezininzi zombane azizukusebenza. Ke ngoko, amandla okusabela awanamsebenzi konke konke. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, izixhobo zombane azifumani nje amandla asebenzayo kwijenereyitha, kodwa zikwafuna nokufumana amandla okusabela kwijenereyitha. Ukuba amandla okusabela kwigridi yamandla anqongophele, izixhobo zombane azizukufumana amandla aneleyo okusabela ukuseka intsimi ye-electromagnetic eqhelekileyo. Emva koko ezi zixhobo zombane azinakugcina ukusebenza okulinganiselweyo, kwaye i-voltage yesiphelo sezixhobo zombane iya kwehla, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo zombane. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukulungisa amandla okusabela ngokwemithwalo yokwenyani, kwaye amandla okusabela avela kwijenereyitha anxulumene nobukhulu bombane ovuselelayo. Umgaqo othile awuyi kucaciswa apha. (3) Xa kwenzeka ingozi yesekethe emfutshane kwinkqubo yamandla okanye ezinye izizathu ezibangela ukuba i-voltage yesiphelo sejenereyitha yehle kakhulu, ijenereyitha inokuvuselelwa ngamandla ukuphucula umda wokuzinza oguqukayo wenkqubo yamandla kunye nokuchaneka kwesenzo sokukhusela i-relay. (4) Xa i-generator igqithisile ngenxa yokucinywa komthwalo ngequbuliso kunye nezinye izizathu, i-generator inokususwa ngamandla ukuze kuthintelwe ukunyuka okugqithisileyo kwe-voltage ye-terminal ye-generator. (5) Ukuphucula uzinzo olungaguqukiyo lwenkqubo yamandla. (6) Xa i-short circuit yesigaba ukuya kwisigaba isenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-generator kwaye kwiintambo zayo ze-lead okanye i-voltage ye-terminal ye-generator iphezulu kakhulu, i-demagnetization yenziwa ngokukhawuleza ukunciphisa ukwanda kwengozi. (7) Amandla asebenzayo e-parallel generators anokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kweenkqubo zokuvusa Ngokwendlela ijenereyitha efumana ngayo umsinga wokuvusa (oko kukuthi, indlela yokubonelela ngombane wokuvusa), inkqubo yokuvusa ingohlulwa ibe kukuvusa kwangaphandle kunye nokuzivuselela ngokwakho: umsinga wokuvusa ofunyenwe kwezinye izixhobo zamandla ubizwa ngokuba yi-external excitation; umsinga wokuvusa ofunyenwe kwijenereyitha ngokwayo ubizwa ngokuba yi-self-excitation. Ngokwendlela yokulungisa, ingohlulwa ibe yi-rotary excitation kunye ne-static excitation. Inkqubo yokuvusa emileyo ayinayo imashini yokuvusa ekhethekileyo. Ukuba ifumana amandla okuvusa kwijenereyitha ngokwayo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-self-excitation static excitation. Ukuvusa okuzenzekelayo okuzenzekelayo kunokwahlulahlulwa kube kukuvusa okuzidibanisayo kunye nokuzivuselela ngokwakho.
Eyona ndlela yokuvuthela esetyenziswa kakhulu yi-self-parallel excitation static excitation, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso ongezantsi. Ifumana amandla okuvuthela nge-rectifier transformer eqhagamshelwe kwi-outlet yejenereyitha, kwaye inika i-generator excitation current emva kokulungiswa.
Umzobo wocingo lwenkqubo yokuzivuselela ehambelanayo yokuzivuselela ejikelezayo
Inkqubo yokuzivuselela engaguqukiyo yokuvuselela ezenzekelayo ibandakanya ikakhulu la macandelo alandelayo: i-excitation transformer, i-rectifier, isixhobo se-demagnetization, isilawuli solawulo kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela i-overvoltage. La macandelo mahlanu agqibezela le misebenzi ilandelayo:
(1) Isiguquli somoya ovuselelayo: Yehlisa i-voltage ekupheleni komatshini ibe yi-voltage ehambelana nesilungisi.
(2) I-Rectifier: Yinto ephambili kwinkqubo yonke. Isekethe yebhulorho elawulwa ngokupheleleyo enamanqanaba amathathu idla ngokusetyenziswa ukugqibezela umsebenzi wokuguqula ukusuka kwi-AC ukuya kwi-DC.
(3) Isixhobo sokususa umbane: Isixhobo sokususa umbane sinamacandelo amabini, oko kukuthi iswitshi sokususa umbane kunye ne-resistor yokususa umbane. Esi sixhobo sinoxanduva lokususa umbane ngokukhawuleza kwiyunithi xa kwenzeka ingozi.
(4) Umlawuli wolawulo: Isixhobo solawulo senkqubo yokuvuselela sitshintsha umsinga wokuvuselela ngokulawula i-engile yokuqhuba ye-thyristor yesixhobo sokulungisa ukuze kufezekiswe isiphumo sokulawula amandla asabelayo kunye nevolthi yomenzi wejenereyitha.
(5) Ukhuseleko lwe-overvoltage: Xa isekethe ye-generator rotor ine-overvoltage, isekethe iyavulwa ukuze isebenzise amandla e-overvoltage, inciphise ixabiso le-overvoltage, kwaye ikhusele i-generator rotor winding kunye nezixhobo zayo eziqhagamshelweyo.
Iingenelo zenkqubo yokuvuselela amandla e-static excitation ezizihambelayo zezi: isakhiwo esilula, izixhobo ezincinci, utyalo-mali oluphantsi kunye nokugcinwa okuncinci. Ingxaki kukuba xa ijenereyitha okanye inkqubo ifinyeziwe, umsinga wokuvuselela uya kunyamalala okanye wehle kakhulu, ngelixa umsinga wokuvuselela kufuneka wonyuswe kakhulu (oko kukuthi, ukunyusa ngamandla) ngeli xesha. Nangona kunjalo, xa ucinga ukuba iiyunithi ezinkulu zanamhlanje zisebenzisa kakhulu iibhasi ezivaliweyo, kwaye iigridi zamandla eziphezulu zixhotyiswe ngokhuseleko olukhawulezayo kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu, inani leeyunithi ezisebenzisa le ndlela yokuvuselela liyanda, kwaye le yindlela yokuvuselela ecetyiswa yimigaqo kunye neenkcukacha. 4. Ukuqhoboshelwa kombane kweyunithi Xa iyunithi ikhutshiwe kwaye ivaliwe, inxalenye yamandla oomatshini igcinwa ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu yokujikeleza kwe-rotor. Le nxalenye yamandla inokuyekiswa ngokupheleleyo emva kokuba iguqulwe yaba ngamandla obushushu bokuqhoboshelwa kwe-thrust bearing, i-guide bearing kunye nomoya. Ekubeni ukulahleka koxinzelelo lomoya kuhambelana nesikwere sesantya esithe ngqo se-circumference, isantya se-rotor siyehla ngokukhawuleza ekuqaleni, kwaye emva koko iya kuhlala ixesha elide ngesantya esiphantsi. Xa iyunithi isebenza ixesha elide ngesantya esiphantsi, i-thrust bush inokutsha kuba ifilimu yeoyile phakathi kwepleyiti yesibuko phantsi kwentloko yokutyhala kunye ne-bearing bush ayinakumiselwa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvala, xa isantya seyunithi sehla ukuya kwixabiso elithile elichaziweyo, inkqubo yokuqhobosha yeyunithi kufuneka isetyenziswe. I-unit braking yahlulwe yaba yi-electric braking, i-mechanical braking kunye ne-combined braking. I-electric braking yenzelwe ukufinyeza i-stator yejenereyitha yesigaba esithathu kwindawo yokukhupha umatshini emva kokuba ijenereyitha iqhawulwe kwaye isuswe kumbane, kwaye ilinde isantya seyunithi sehle siye malunga ne-50% ukuya kwi-60% yesantya esilinganisiweyo. Ngothotho lwemisebenzi enengqondo, amandla okuqhobosha ayabonelelwa, kwaye i-excitation regulator itshintshela kwi-electric braking mode ukuze yongeze i-excitation current kwi-generator rotor winding. Ngenxa yokuba ijenereyitha iyajikeleza, i-stator ibangela i-short-circuit current phantsi kwesenzo se-rotor magnetic field. I-electromagnetic torque eveliswayo ichasene nje ne-inertial direction ye-rotor, edlala indima yokuqhobosha. Kwinkqubo yokuphumeza ukuqhobosheka kombane, umbane wokuqhobosheka kufuneka unikezelwe ngaphandle, oku kunxulumene kakhulu nolwakhiwo lwesekethe ephambili yenkqubo yokuqhobosheka. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana umbane wokuqhobosheka kombane ziboniswe kumfanekiso ongezantsi.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana umbane ovuselelayo we-brake yombane
Okokuqala, isixhobo sokukhupha umoya siyindlela yokuxhuma intambo yokukhupha umoya ehambelanayo. Xa isiphelo somatshini sinqunyanyisiwe, i-transformer yokukhupha umoya ayinambane. Umbane wokubhuleka uvela kwi-transformer yebhuleki ezinikeleyo, kwaye i-transformer yebhuleki iqhagamshelwe kumbane wesityalo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, uninzi lweeprojekthi zamandla ombane asebenzisa inkqubo yokukhupha umoya ehambelanayo yokukhupha umoya esisigxina, kwaye kungabizi kakhulu ukusebenzisa ibhuloho yokubuyisela umoya kwinkqubo yokukhupha umoya kunye nenkqubo yebhuleki yombane. Ke ngoko, le ndlela yokufumana umbane wokukhupha umoya webhuleki yombane ixhaphake kakhulu. Indlela yokusebenza yokukhupha umoya yebhuleki yombane yale ndlela yile ilandelayo:
(1) Isixhobo sokwaphula isekethe yeyunithi siyavulwa kwaye inkqubo iyaqhekeka.
(2) Ukujija kwerotor akunamagnethi.
(3) Iswitshi yombane kwicala lesibini le-excitation transformer iyavulwa.
(4) Iswitshi ye-short-circuit yebrake yombane ivaliwe.
(5) Iswitshi yombane kwicala lesibini le-transformer yebrake yombane ivaliwe.
(6) I-thyristor yebhulorho yokulungisa i-rectifier iyashukunyiswa ukuba iqhube, kwaye iyunithi ingena kwimeko yebhuleki yombane.
(7) Xa isantya seyunithi singamaqanda, ibhuleki yombane iyakhululwa (ukuba kusetyenziswa ibhuleki edibeneyo, xa isantya sifikelela kwi-5% ukuya kwi-10% yesantya esilinganisiweyo, kusetyenziswa ibhuleki yoomatshini). 5. Inkqubo yokuvuselela ekrelekrele Isityalo samandla ombane esikrelekrele sibhekisa kwisityalo samandla ombane okanye iqela lesitishi samandla ombane esine-digitization yolwazi, uthungelwano lonxibelelwano, ukulinganisa okudibeneyo, ukusebenzisana kweshishini, ukuphucula ukusebenza, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngokukrelekrele. Izityalo zamandla ombane ezikrelekrele zahlulwe ngokuthe nkqo zibe yi-process layer, i-unit layer, kunye ne-station control layer, kusetyenziswa isakhiwo senethiwekhi esine-3-layer 2-network ye-process layer (inethiwekhi ye-GOOSE, inethiwekhi ye-SV) kunye nenethiwekhi ye-station layer control (inethiwekhi ye-MMS). Izityalo zamandla ombane ezikrelekrele kufuneka zixhaswe zizixhobo ezikrelekrele. Njengenkqubo yokulawula eyintloko yeseti yejenereyitha ye-hydro-turbine, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe lwenkqubo yokuvuselela ludlala indima ebalulekileyo exhasayo ekwakhiweni kwezityalo zamandla ombane ezikrelekrele.
Kwizityalo zamandla ombane ezikrelekrele, ukongeza ekugqibeni imisebenzi esisiseko efana nokuqala nokumisa iseti yejenereyitha yeturbine, ukunyusa nokunciphisa amandla okusabela, kunye nokuvalwa okungxamisekileyo, inkqubo yokuvuselela kufuneka ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi yemodeli yedatha ye-IEC61850 kunye nonxibelelwano, kwaye ixhase unxibelelwano nenethiwekhi yokulawula umaleko wesitishi (inethiwekhi ye-MMS) kunye nenethiwekhi yomaleko wenkqubo (inethiwekhi ye-GOOSE kunye nenethiwekhi ye-SV). Isixhobo senkqubo yokuvuselela sibekwe kumaleko weyunithi yesakhiwo senkqubo yesitishi samandla ombane esikrelekrele, kwaye iyunithi yokudibanisa, isiphelo sendlela esikrelekrele, iyunithi yolawulo oluncedisayo kunye nezinye izixhobo okanye izixhobo ezikrelekrele zibekwe kumaleko wenkqubo. Ulwakhiwo lwenkqubo luboniswe kumfanekiso ongezantsi.
Inkqubo yokuvuselela ekrelekrele
Ikhompyutha ephetheyo yomaleko wolawulo lwesitishi sesityalo samandla ombane esikrelekrele ihlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho wonxibelelwano we-IEC61850, kwaye ithumela isignali yenkqubo yokuvuselela kwikhompyutha ephetheyo yenkqubo yokubeka iliso ngenethiwekhi ye-MMS. Inkqubo yokuvuselela ekrelekrele kufuneka ikwazi ukunxibelelana nenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE kunye neeswitshi zenethiwekhi ye-SV ukuze iqokelele idatha kumaleko wenkqubo. Umaleko wenkqubo ufuna ukuba imveliso yedatha yi-CT, i-PT kunye neenxalenye zasekuhlaleni zonke zibe kwimo yedijithali. I-CT kunye ne-PT ziqhagamshelwe kwiyunithi yokudibanisa (ii-transformers ze-elektroniki ziqhagamshelwe ngeentambo ze-optical, kwaye ii-transformers ze-electromagnetic ziqhagamshelwe ngeentambo). Emva kokuba idatha yangoku kunye ne-voltage yenziwe idijithali, ziqhagamshelwe kwiswitshi yenethiwekhi ye-SV ngeentambo ze-optical. Iinxalenye zasekuhlaleni kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kwisiphelo sendlela esikrelekrele ngeentambo, kwaye iswitshi okanye imiqondiso ye-analog iguqulwa ibe ziimpawu zedijithali kwaye idluliselwe kwiswitshi yenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE ngeentambo ze-optical. Okwangoku, inkqubo yokuvuselela ngokusisiseko inomsebenzi wonxibelelwano kunye nenethiwekhi ye-MMS yomaleko wesitishi kunye nenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE/SV yomaleko wenkqubo. Ukongeza ekuhlangabezaneni nokusebenzisana kolwazi lwenethiwekhi yomgangatho wonxibelelwano we-IEC61850, inkqubo yokuvuselela ekrelekrele kufuneka ibe nokubeka esweni okubanzi kwi-intanethi, ukuxilongwa kweempazamo ezikrelekrele kunye nokusebenza okulula kovavanyo kunye nokugcinwa. Ukusebenza kunye nesiphumo sesicelo sesixhobo sokuvuselela esikrelekrele esisebenza ngokupheleleyo kufuneka sivavanywe kwizicelo zobunjineli zexesha elizayo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-09-2024
