Imilambo kwindalo yonke inethambeka elithile. Amanzi ahamba ecaleni komlambo phantsi kwentshukumo yomxhuzulane. Amanzi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo aqulethe amandla amaninzi. Ngoncedo lwezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kunye nezixhobo ze-electromechanical, amandla amanzi anokuguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane, oko kukuthi, ukuveliswa kwe-hydropower. Umgaqo wokuvelisa amandla ombane kukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic yethu, oko kukuthi, xa umqhubi we-conductor esika imigca yemagnethi kwintsimi yamagnetic, iya kuvelisa okwangoku. Phakathi kwabo, "intshukumo" ye-conductor kwintsimi yamagnetic iphunyezwa ngokuhamba kwamanzi okuchaphazela i-turbine ukuguqula amandla amanzi kumandla omatshini ojikelezayo; kwaye intsimi yamagnetic iphantse isoloko yenziwe yi-excitation yangoku eyenziwa yi-excitation system ehamba nge-generator rotor winding, oko kukuthi, i-magnetism yenziwa ngumbane.
1. Yintoni inkqubo yolonwabo? Ukuze uqonde ukuguqulwa kwamandla, i-synchronous generator idinga i-DC magnetic field, kunye ne-DC yangoku eyenza le magnethi ibizwa ngokuba yi-excitation current ye-generator. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo yokwenza intsimi yamagnetic kwi-rotor yejeneretha ngokomgaqo we-electromagnetic induction ibizwa ngokuba yi-excitation. Inkqubo yokuvuselela ibhekisela kwisixhobo esibonelela ngokuvuselela ngoku kwijeneretha ye-synchronous. Iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yejeneretha ehambelanayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: iyunithi yamandla okuvuselela kunye nomlawuli wokuvuselela. Iyunithi yamandla e-excitation inikezela ngoku i-excitation yangoku kwi-rotor ye-synchronous generator, kwaye umlawuli wokuvuselela ulawula ukukhutshwa kweyunithi yamandla e-excitation ngokuhambelana nomqondiso wegalelo kunye neendlela zokulawula ezinikeziweyo.
2. Umsebenzi wenkqubo yokuvuselela Inkqubo ye-excitation inemisebenzi ebalulekileyo elandelayo: (1) Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza, inika i-generator excitation current, kwaye ilungelelanise i-excitation current ngokuhambelana nomthetho onikiweyo ngokuhambelana nombane we-terminal ye-generator kunye neemeko zomthwalo ukugcina ukuzinza kombane. Kutheni ukuzinza kwamandla ombane kunokugcinwa ngokulungelelanisa i-excitation current? Kukho unxulumano oluqikelelweyo phakathi kwesakhono esicetyiweyo (okt ukuba akukho mthwalo onokwenzeka) I-Ed yestator ye-stator winding, i-terminal voltage Ug, i-reactive load yangoku i-Ir yejenereyitha, kunye ne-longitudinal synchronous reactance Xd:
I-Ed enokuthi ibangele i-Ed ilingana ne-magnetic flux, kwaye i-magnetic flux ixhomekeke kubukhulu be-excitation current. Xa i-excitation current ihlala ingatshintshi, i-magnetic flux kunye ne-induced potential Ed zihlala zingatshintshi. Ukusuka kwifomula engentla, kunokubonwa ukuba i-terminal voltage ye-generator iya kuncipha ngokunyuka kwe-reactive current. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zomsebenzisi kumgangatho wamandla, i-terminal voltage ye-generator kufuneka ihlale ingatshintshi. Ngokucacileyo, indlela yokufezekisa le mfuneko kukulungelelanisa i-excitation current ye-generator njengoko i-reactive current itshintsha i-Ir (oko kukuthi, utshintsho lomthwalo). (2) Ngokwemiqathango yomthwalo, i-excitation current ilungiswa ngokomgaqo onikiweyo ukulungisa amandla asebenzayo. Kutheni kuyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa amandla asebenzayo? Uninzi lwezixhobo zombane zisebenza ngokusekwe kumgaqo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, njengeziguquli, iimotor, oomatshini bokuwelda, njl.njl. Bonke baxhomekeke ekusekweni kwendawo yamagnetic etshintshanayo ukuguqula nokudlulisa amandla. Amandla ombane afunekayo ukuseka indawo yemagnethi etshintshanayo kunye nemagnethi eshukumayo ebizwa ngokuba ngamandla asebenzayo. Zonke izixhobo zombane ezineekhoyili ze-electromagnetic zisebenzisa amandla asebenzayo ukuseka indawo yamagnetic. Ngaphandle kwamandla asebenzayo, i-motor ayiyi kujikeleza, i-transformer ayiyi kukwazi ukuguqula i-voltage, kwaye izixhobo ezininzi zombane aziyi kusebenza. Ngoko ke, amandla asebenzayo asingomandla angenamsebenzi nangayiphi na indlela. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, izixhobo zombane azifumani kuphela amandla asebenzayo kwi-generator, kodwa kufuneka zithole amandla asebenzayo kwi-generator. Ukuba amandla asebenzayo kwigridi yamandla ayanqongophala, izixhobo zombane aziyi kuba namandla asebenzayo okwaneleyo ukuseka indawo eqhelekileyo ye-electromagnetic. Emva koko ezi zixhobo zombane azikwazi ukugcina ukusebenza okulinganiselwe, kwaye i-voltage terminal yezixhobo zombane iya kuhla, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo zombane. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa amandla asebenzayo ngokomthwalo wangempela, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla asebenzayo yi-generator kuhambelana nobukhulu bexesha lokuvuselela. Umgaqo okhethekileyo awuyi kucaciswa apha. (3) Xa kwenzeka ingozi yesiphaluka esifutshane kwinkqubo yamandla okanye ezinye izizathu ezibangela ukuba i-voltage ye-terminal ye-generator yehle kakhulu, i-generator inokuthi ivuyiswe ngenkani ukuphucula umda wozinzo oguqukayo wenkqubo yamandla kunye nokuchaneka kwesenzo sokukhusela i-relay. (4) Xa umbane ogqithisayo wejenereyitha usenzeka ngenxa yokucinywa komthwalo ngesiquphe kunye nezinye izizathu, umvelisi unokukhutshwa ngenkani ukuba angabinazibuthe ukunqanda ukonyuka okugqithisileyo kombane wetheminali yejenereyitha. (5) Ukuphucula uzinzo lwenkqubo yamandla. (6) Xa umjikelo omfutshane wesigaba ukuya kwisigaba usenzeka ngaphakathi kwijenereyitha kwaye kwiingcingo zayo zokukhokela okanye i-terminal voltage ye-generator iphezulu kakhulu, ukukhutshwa kweemagnethi kwenziwa ngokukhawuleza ukunciphisa ukwanda kwengozi. (7) Amandla asebenzayo ejeneretha ezihambelanayo anokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Ulwahlulo lweenkqubo zokuvuselela Ngokwendlela i-generator ifumana ngayo i-excitation current (oko kukuthi, indlela yonikezelo lonikezelo lwamandla okuvuselelayo), inkqubo yokuvuselela iyakwazi ukwahlula ibe yi-excitation yangaphandle kunye nokuzikhukhumeza: i-excitation current efunyenwe kwezinye izixhobo zombane ibizwa ngokuba yi-excitation yangaphandle; i-excitation current efunyenwe kwijenereyitha ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-self-excitation. Ngokwendlela yokulungisa, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-excitation ejikelezayo kunye ne-static excitation. Inkqubo yokuvuselela i-static ayinawo umatshini okhethekileyo wokuvuselela. Ukuba ifumana amandla okuvuselela kwijenereyitha ngokwayo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-self-excitation static excitation. I-self-excitation static excitation inokwahlulwa ibe yi-self-parallel excitation kunye nokuzonwabisa okuzidibanisayo.
Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuvuselela i-self-parallel excitation static excitation, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi. Ifumana amandla okuvuselela ngokusebenzisa i-rectifier transformer exhunywe kwi-outlet ye-generator, kwaye inikezela ngokusasazwa kwe-generator emva kokulungiswa.
Idayagram yocingo lwe-self-parallel excitation static rectifier system excitation
I-self-parallel excitation static excitation system ikakhulu iqulathe la malungu alandelayo: excitation transformer, rectifier, demagnetization device, controller and overvoltage protection. La malungu mahlanu agqibezela le misebenzi ilandelayo ngokulandelelanayo:
(1) I-excitation transformer: Nciphisa amandla ombane ekupheleni komatshini ukuya kumbane ohambelana nesilungisi.
(2) Umlungisi: Licandelo eliphambili lenkqubo yonke. Isigaba sesithathu esilawulwa ngokupheleleyo sesekethi yebhulorho ihlala isetyenziselwa ukugqiba umsebenzi wokuguqula ukusuka kwi-AC ukuya kwi-DC.
(3) Isixhobo se-demagnetization: Isixhobo sokukhupha uzibuthe sineenxalenye ezimbini, ezizezi, iswitshi ye-demagnetization kunye ne-demagnetization resistor. Esi sixhobo sinoxanduva lokuphelisa uzibuthe ngokukhawuleza kwiyunithi xa kukho ingozi.
(4) Umlawuli olawulayo: Isixhobo sokulawula inkqubo yokuvuselela sitshintsha i-excitation yangoku ngokulawula i-angle conduction ye-thyristor yesixhobo sokubuyisela ukuphumeza umphumo wokulawula amandla asebenzayo kunye ne-voltage ye-generator.
(5) Ukukhuselwa kwe-Overvoltage: Xa i-generator rotor circuit ine-overvoltage, i-circuit ivuliwe ukuba idle amandla ombane, ukunciphisa ixabiso le-overvoltage, kunye nokukhusela i-generator rotor winding kunye nezixhobo zayo ezixhunyiwe.
Iinzuzo ze-self-parallel excitation static excitation system zezi: isakhiwo esilula, izixhobo ezincinci, utyalo-mali oluphantsi kunye nokugcinwa okuncinci. Ukungalungi kukuba xa ijenereyitha okanye inkqubo imfutshane, i-excitation current iya kunyamalala okanye yehle kakhulu, ngelixa i-excitation current kufuneka yandiswe kakhulu (okt ukunyanzeliswa kwe-excitation) ngeli xesha. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqwalasela ukuba iiyunithi ezinkulu zanamhlanje zisebenzisa kakhulu iibhasi ezivaliweyo, kwaye iigridi zamandla aphezulu-voltage zixhotyiswe ngokukhuselwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu, inani leeyunithi ezisebenzisa le ndlela yokuvuselela liyanda, kwaye oku kuyindlela yokuvuselela ekhuthazwa yimimiselo kunye neenkcukacha. 4. Ukunyanzeliswa kombane kweyunithi Xa iyunithi ikhutshwe kwaye ivaliwe, inxalenye yamandla omatshini igcinwa ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu yokujikeleza kwe-rotor. Le ndawo yamandla inokumiswa ngokupheleleyo kuphela emva kokuba iguqulwe ibe ngamandla obushushu obukhuhlane be-thrust bearing, i-guide bear kunye nomoya. Ekubeni ilahleko ye-friction yomoya ilingana nesikwere sesantya somgca wesangqa, isantya se-rotor sihla ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ekuqaleni, kwaye emva koko siya kungasebenzi ixesha elide ngesantya esiphantsi. Xa iyunithi iqhuba ixesha elide ngesantya esiphantsi, i-thrust bush inokutshisa ngenxa yokuba ifilimu yeoli phakathi kwepleyiti yesibuko phantsi kwentloko ye-thrust kunye ne-bearing bush ayikwazi ukusekwa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvala, xa isantya seyunithi sihla kwixabiso elithile elichaziweyo, inkqubo yokunyathela iyunithi kufuneka isetyenziswe. I-unit braking ihlulwe kwi-braking yombane, i-mechanical braking kunye ne-braking edibeneyo. Ukunyanzeliswa kombane kukuhamba ngesantya esifutshane kwisigaba sesithathu sejenereyitha kwindawo yokuphuma kumatshini emva kokuba ijenereyitha idityanisiwe kwaye idityanisiwe, kwaye ulinde ukuba isantya seyunithi sehle ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% ukuya kuma-60% yesantya esilinganisiweyo. Ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwemisebenzi enengqiqo, amandla okuqhawula anikezelwa, kwaye umlawuli we-excitation utshintshela kwimowudi ye-braking yombane ukuze ungeze i-excitation yangoku kwi-generator rotor winding. Ngenxa yokuba i-generator iyajikeleza, i-stator ibangela i-short-circuit current phantsi kwesenzo se-rotor magnetic field. I-torque ye-electromagnetic eyenziwe ichasene nje nolwalathiso lwe-inertial ye-rotor, edlala indima yokuqhawula. Kwinkqubo yokuqonda ukunyanzeliswa kombane, ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuqhawula kufuneka kunikezelwe ngaphandle, okuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nesakhiwo sesiphaluka esiphambili senkqubo yokuvuselela. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana unikezelo lwamandla okuvuselela ibrake yombane luboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana unikezelo lombane lokuvuselela ibrake yombane
Ngendlela yokuqala, isixhobo sokuvuselela siyindlela yokudibanisa i-self-parallel excitation. Xa isiphelo somatshini sifutshane, i-transformer yokuvuselela ayinalo umbane. Umbane wokuqhawuka uvela kwi-transformer ye-brake ezinikeleyo, kwaye i-transformer ye-brake ixhunywe kumandla wesityalo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, uninzi lweeprojekthi zombane wamanzi zisebenzisa i-self-parallel excitation static rectifier excitation system, kwaye kunoqoqosho oluthe chatha ukusebenzisa ibhulorho yokuhlaziya inkqubo yovuselelo kunye nenkqubo yeziqhoboshi zombane. Ke ngoko, le ndlela yokufumana unikezelo lombane lokuvuselela ibrake yombane luxhaphake kakhulu. Ukuhamba kombane kwebraking yale ndlela kukulandelayo:
(1) I-unit outlet circuit breaker ivuliwe kwaye inkqubo iyachithwa.
(2) Ujiko lwe-rotor lukhutshiwe.
(3) Ukutshintsha kwamandla kwicala lesibini le-excitation transformer ivuliwe.
(4) Isitshixo sombane esibambekayo sivaliwe.
(5) Ukutshintshela amandla kwicala lesibini le-transformer ye-brake yombane ivaliwe.
(6) Ibhuloho ye-rectifier thyristor ishukunyiswa ukuba iqhube, kwaye iyunithi ingena kwisimo sombane.
(7) Xa isantya seyunithi siyi-zero, i-brake yombane ikhululwa (ukuba i-braking edibeneyo isetyenzisiweyo, xa isantya sifikelela kwi-5% ukuya kwi-10% yesantya esilinganisiweyo, i-braking mechanical isetyenziswa). 5. Inkqubo ye-Intelligent excitation System I-Intelligent hydropower plant ibhekisela kwi-hydropower plant okanye iqela lesikhululo sombane wamanzi kunye ne-digitization yolwazi, uthungelwano lonxibelelwano, ukulinganisa okudibeneyo, ukusebenzisana kwezoshishino, ukulungelelaniswa komsebenzi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezihlakaniphile. Izityalo ze-hydropower ezihlakaniphile zahlulwe ngokuthe nkqo zibe yinkqubo yomaleko, umaleko weyunithi, kunye nomgangatho wolawulo lwesikhululo, usebenzisa i-3-layer 2-network structure yenkqubo ye-network layer (inethiwekhi ye-GOOSE, inethiwekhi ye-SV) kunye nenethiwekhi yokulawula isikhululo (inethiwekhi ye-MMS). Izityalo zombane ezikrelekrele kufuneka zixhaswe zizixhobo ezikrelekrele. Njengenkqubo engundoqo yolawulo lweseti yejenereyitha ye-hydro-iturbine, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe lwenkqubo yovuselelo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo exhasayo kulwakhiwo lwezityalo ezikrelekrele zamanzi.
Kwizityalo ze-hydropower ezihlakaniphile, ngaphezu kokugqiba imisebenzi eyisiseko efana nokuqala kunye nokumisa isethi yejeneretha ye-turbine, ukwandisa kunye nokunciphisa amandla asebenzayo, kunye nokucima ngokukhawuleza, inkqubo yokuvuselela i-excitation kufuneka ikwazi ukuhlangabezana ne-IEC61850 imodeli yedatha kunye nemisebenzi yonxibelelwano, kunye nenkxaso yonxibelelwano kunye nenethiwekhi yolawulo lwesitishi (inethiwekhi ye-MMS) kunye nenkqubo yenethiwekhi ye-SVOSE network (GOOSE network). Isixhobo senkqubo yokuvuselela ihlelwe kwiyunithi yeyunithi yesakhiwo senkqubo yesikhululo sombane wamanzi okrelekrele, kunye neyunithi yokudibanisa, i-terminal ekrelekrele, iyunithi yokulawula encedisayo kunye nezinye izixhobo okanye izixhobo ezikrelekrele zicwangciswe kwinqanaba lenkqubo. Ubume benkqubo buboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi.
Intelligent inkqubo excitation
Ikhomputha yomkhosi wesikhululo solawulo lwesikhululo sesityalo sombane esikrelekrele sihlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho wonxibelelwano we-IEC61850, kwaye ithumela umqondiso wenkqubo yokuvuselela kwikhompyuter yenkqubo yokubeka iliso ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-MMS. Inkqubo yovuselelo ekrelekrele kufuneka ikwazi ukunxibelelana nenethiwekhi yeGOOSE kunye nokutshintsha kwenethiwekhi ye-SV ukuqokelela idatha kumaleko wenkqubo. Uluhlu lwenkqubo lufuna ukuba imveliso yedatha nge-CT, i-PT kunye namacandelo asekuhlaleni onke akwifom yedijithali. I-CT kunye ne-PT zixhunywe kwiyunithi yokudibanisa (i-electronic transformers ixhunywe ngeentambo ze-optical, kunye ne-electromagnetic transformers zixhunywe ngeentambo). Emva kokuba idatha yangoku kunye ne-voltage ifakwe kwidijithali, idityaniswe kwi-SV network switch nge-optical cables. Amacandelo asekuhlaleni afuneka ukuba adityaniswe kwi-terminal ehlakaniphile ngeentambo, kwaye i-switch okanye i-analog signals iguqulwa ibe yimiqondiso yedijithali kwaye idluliselwe kwi-GOOSE network switch nge-optical cables. Okwangoku, inkqubo yokuvuselela inomsebenzi wonxibelelwano kunye nolawulo lwesikhululo se-MMS network kunye nenkqubo yenkqubo ye-GOOSE / SV network. Ukongeza ekuhlangabezaneni nentsebenziswano yolwazi lothungelwano lomgangatho wonxibelelwano we-IEC61850, inkqubo yovuselelo yobukrelekrele kufuneka kwakhona ibe nokujongwa okubanzi kwi-intanethi, ukuxilongwa kobukrelekrele kunye nokusebenza ngokulula novavanyo. Ukusebenza kunye nesiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokuvuselela esikrelekrele esisebenza ngokupheleleyo kufuneka sivavanywe kwizicelo zobunjineli bexesha elizayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-09-2024
