Abagijimi beTurbine yamanzi: Iindidi kunye neNgcaciso yobuGcisa

Iiinjini zomoya zamanzi zizinto eziphambili kwiinkqubo zombane wamanzi, eziguqula amandla okuqukuqela okanye ukuwa kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Embindini wale nkqubo kukhoimbaleki, inxalenye ejikelezayo yeinjini yomoya edibana ngokuthe ngqo nokuhamba kwamanzi. Uyilo, uhlobo, kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa zombaleki zibalulekile ekumiseleni ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-injini yomoya, uluhlu lwentloko yokusebenza, kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa.

1. Ukuhlelwa kweeMbaleki zeTurbine zaManzi

Iimbaleki zeinjini yeijini zamanzi zihlelwa ngokubanzi ngokweendidi ezintathu ezingundoqo ngokusekwe kudidi lokuhamba kwamanzi abaluphetheyo:

A. Impulse Imbaleki

Iiinjini ze-Impulse zisebenza ngeejethi zamanzi zesantya esiphezulu ezibetha iiblades zembaleki kuxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric. Ezi mbaleki ziyilelweintloko ephezulu, ukuhamba okuphantsiizicelo.

• Pelton imbaleki:

  • Ulwakhiwo: Ii-emele ezimile okwesipuni zifakwe kumda wevili.

  • Uluhlu lweNtloko: 100-1800 yeemitha.

  • Isantya: Isantya esisezantsi sokujikeleza; ihlala ifuna ukonyusa isantya.

  • Usetyenziso: Imimandla yeentaba, i-off-grid micro-hydropower.

B. Iimbaleki zokusabela

Iiinjini zokusabela zisebenza ngoxinzelelo lwamanzi olutshintsha ngokuthe chu njengoko edlula kwimbaleki. Ezi mbaleki ziphantsi kwaye zisebenza phantsi koxinzelelo lwamanzi.

• UFrancis uMbaleki:

  • Ulwakhiwo: Ukuhamba okuxutywe kunye ne-radial yangaphakathi kunye nentshukumo ye-axial.

  • Uluhlu lweNtloko: 20-300 yeemitha.

  • Ukusebenza kakuhle: Phezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwe-90%.

  • Usetyenziso: Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizikhululo ze-hydro eziphakathi.

• Kaplan imbaleki:

  • Ulwakhiwo: Imbaleki ye-Axial eneencakuba ezilungelelanisiweyo.

  • Uluhlu lweNtloko: 2-30 yeemitha.

  • Iimbonakalo: Iiblades ezihlengahlengiswayo zivumela ukusebenza okuphezulu phantsi kwemithwalo eyahlukeneyo.

  • Usetyenziso: Intloko ephantsi, imilambo equkuqelayo kunye nosetyenziso lwamaza.

• Imbaleki yePropeller:

  • Ulwakhiwo: Iyafana neKaplan kodwa ngamacangci asisigxina.

  • Ukusebenza kakuhle: Elona lifanelekileyo kuphela phantsi kweemeko zokuhamba rhoqo.

  • Usetyenziso: Iindawo ezincinci ze-hydro kunye nokuhamba okuzinzileyo kunye nentloko.

C. Ezinye Iindidi zeMbaleki

• Imbaleki yaseTurgo:

  • Ulwakhiwo: Iijethi zamanzi zibetha imbaleki nge-engile.

  • Uluhlu lweNtloko: 50-250 yeemitha.

  • Inzuzo: Isantya esiphezulu sokujikeleza kunePelton, ukwakhiwa okulula.

  • Usetyenziso: Izitishi zombane ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi.

• I-Cross-Flow Runner (Banki-Michell Turbine):

  • Ulwakhiwo: Amanzi ahamba ngembaleki enqamlezayo, kabini.

  • Uluhlu lweNtloko: 2–100 yeemitha.

  • Iimbonakalo: Ilungile kumbane omncinci wamanzi kunye nokuhamba okuguquguqukayo.

  • Usetyenziso: Iinkqubo ze-Off-grid, i-mini hydro.

2. IiNgcaciso eziPhambili zobuGcisa zababaleki

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeembaleki zifuna ingqwalasela ebukhali kwiiparamitha zabo zobugcisa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo:

3. Iikhrayitheriya zokuKhetha

Xa ukhetha uhlobo lwembaleki, iinjineli kufuneka ziqwalasele:

• Intloko kunye noMqukuqelo: Imisela ukuba ukhetha impembelelo okanye impendulo.

• Imiqathango yesiza: Ukwahluka komlambo, umthwalo wentlenga, utshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka.

• Ukuguquguquka kokuSebenza: Isidingo sohlengahlengiso lwencakuba okanye ukuziqhelanisa nokuhamba.

• Iindleko kunye noLondolozo: Iimbaleki ezilula ezifana nePelton okanye iPropeller kulula ukuyigcina.

4. Iindlela zekamva

Ngenkqubela phambili kwi-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) kunye noshicilelo lwesinyithi lwe-3D, uyilo lwembaleki yeinjini yomoya iyaphuhla ukuya:

• Ukusebenza okuphezulu kokuhamba okuguquguqukayo

• Iimbaleki ezilungiselelwe iimeko ezithile zesayithi

• Ukusetyenziswa kweemathiriyeli ezidityanisiweyo kwiiblades ezikhaphukhaphu kunye ne-corrosion-resistant

Ukuqukumbela

Iimbaleki zeijinijini yamanzi zisisiseko soguqulo lwamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi. Ngokukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwembaleki kunye nokuphucula iiparameters zayo zobugcisa, izityalo zombane we-hydropower zinokufikelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ubomi benkonzo ende, kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Nokuba yeyokufakelwa kombane emaphandleni amancinci okanye kwizityalo ezinkulu eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, imbaleki ihleli ingundoqo ekuvuleni amandla apheleleyo ombane wamanzi.