Kwimeko ehlala itshintsha yecandelo lamandla, ukuphishekela ubuchwepheshe bokuvelisa amandla obusebenzayo kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Njengoko ihlabathi lijongene nemingeni emibini yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla ezikhulayo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo iye yaba phambili. Phakathi kwezi, amandla aphuma emanzini abonakala njengokhetho oluthembekileyo noluzinzileyo, olubonelela ngenxalenye enkulu yombane wehlabathi.
I-turbine kaFrancis, eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwizityalo zamanzi, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kolu tshintsho lwamandla acocekileyo. Olu hlobo lwe-turbine, olwaqanjwa nguJames B. Francis ngo-1849, ukususela ngoko lube lolunye lwezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukubaluleka kwayo kummandla wamanzi akunakugxininiswa kakhulu, njengoko ikwazi ukuguqula ngokufanelekileyo amandla amanzi aqukuqelayo abe ngamandla oomatshini, aze aguqulwe abe ngamandla ombane yijenereyitha. Ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka kwiiprojekthi zamanzi zasemaphandleni ezincinci ukuya kwizityalo zamandla zorhwebo ezinkulu, i-turbine kaFrancis ibonakalise ukuba sisisombululo esiguquguqukayo nesinokuthenjwa sokusebenzisa amandla amanzi.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwamandla
I-turbine kaFrancis yaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo kakuhle ekuguquleni amandla amanzi aqukuqelayo abe ngamandla oomatshini, aze aguqulwe abe ngamandla ombane yijenereyitha. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kungenxa yoyilo lwayo olwahlukileyo kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza.
1. Ukusetyenziswa kweKinetic kunye nePower Potential
Ii-turbines zikaFrancis zenzelwe ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla e-kinetic kunye ne-potential yamanzi. Xa amanzi engena kwi-turbine, aqala adlule kwi-spiral casing, esasaza amanzi ngokulinganayo ngeenxa zonke kwi-runner. Ii-runner blades zenziwe ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi kusebenzisana kakuhle nangokufanelekileyo nazo. Njengoko amanzi ehamba ukusuka kububanzi obungaphandle be-runner ukuya embindini (kwi-radial - axial flow pattern), amandla anokubakho amanzi ngenxa yentloko yawo (umahluko wokuphakama phakathi komthombo wamanzi kunye ne-turbine) aguqulwa kancinci kancinci abe ngamandla e-kinetic. La mandla e-kinetic emva koko adluliselwa kwi-runner, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ijikeleze. Indlela yokuhamba eyilwe kakuhle kunye nemilo yee-runner blades zenza i-turbine ikwazi ukukhupha amandla amaninzi emanzini, ifezekise ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenzayo okuphezulu.
2. Uthelekiso nezinye iintlobo zeTurbine
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zeeturbine zamanzi, ezifana nePelton turbine kunye neKaplan turbine, iFrancis turbine ineenzuzo ezahlukeneyo ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kakuhle ngaphakathi kweemeko ezithile zokusebenza.
I-Pelton Turbine: I-Pelton turbine ifaneleka kakhulu kwiindlela eziphezulu zokusebenzisa amanzi. Isebenza ngokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic e-water jet ekhawulezayo ukubetha iibhakethi kwi-runner. Nangona isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiimeko eziphezulu, ayisebenzi kakuhle njenge-Francis turbine kwiindlela eziphakathi zokusebenzisa amanzi. I-Francis turbine, enekhono layo lokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic kunye nalawo anokubakho kunye neempawu zayo zokuhamba kakuhle kwimithombo yamanzi ephakathi, inokufezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kolu luhlu. Umzekelo, kwisikhululo samandla esinomthombo wamanzi ophakathi (masithi, iimitha ezingama-50 ukuya kuma-200), i-Francis turbine inokuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini ngobuchule obumalunga ne-90% okanye ngaphezulu kwezinye iimeko eziyilwe kakuhle, ngelixa i-Pelton turbine esebenza phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zentloko inokuba nokusebenza okuphantsi.
I-Kaplan Turbine: I-Kaplan turbine yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa kokuhamba kwamanzi okuphantsi kunye nokuphezulu. Nangona isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiimeko ze-low-head, xa intloko inyuka iye kuluhlu lwe-medium-head, i-Francis turbine iyayidlula ngokwendlela esebenza ngayo. Iiblade ze-runner turbine ye-Kaplan ziyahlengahlengiswa ukuze zilungelelanise ukusebenza kwiimeko ze-low-head, ukuhamba kwamanzi okuphezulu, kodwa uyilo lwayo alufanelekanga ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenzayo kwiimeko ze-medium-head njenge-Francis turbine. Kwisikhululo samandla esinentloko yeemitha ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-50, i-Kaplan turbine isenokuba lolona khetho lufanelekileyo lokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa njengoko intloko idlula iimitha ezingama-50, i-Francis turbine iqala ukubonisa ubungangamsha bayo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamandla okuguqula amandla.
Ngamafutshane, uyilo lwe-turbine kaFrancis luvumela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amanzi ngendlela efanelekileyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo ze-medium-head, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olukhethwayo kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zamandla ombane emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zamanzi ezahlukeneyo
Enye yeempawu eziphawulekayo ze-turbine kaFrancis kukukwazi kwayo ukumelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zamanzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho oluguquguqukayo kwiiprojekthi zamandla ombane emhlabeni jikelele. Oku kukwazi kwayo ukumelana neemeko kubalulekile njengoko imithombo yamanzi yahluka kakhulu ngokwentloko (umgama othe nkqo amanzi awela kuwo) kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi.
1. Ukuguquguquka kweNqanaba lokuHamba kweNtloko kunye nokuPhela
Uluhlu lweeNtloko: Iiturbine zeFrancis zinokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lweentloko. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kusetyenziso oluphakathi ukuya phezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo iintloko ziqala kwiimitha ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-300. Nangona kunjalo, ngotshintsho olufanelekileyo loyilo, zingasetyenziswa nakwiimeko zeentloko ezisezantsi ukuya phezulu. Umzekelo, kwimeko yeentloko ezisezantsi, masithi malunga neemitha ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-50, iturbine yeFrancis inokuyilwa ngeemilo ezithile zeeblade ze-runner kunye nejometri yokuhamba ukuze kuphuculwe ukukhupha amandla. Iiblade ze-runner zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi, okunesantya esiphantsi ngenxa yentloko ephantsi, kusenokudlulisela amandla ayo kwi-runner ngempumelelo. Njengoko intloko isanda, uyilo lunokulungiswa ukuze luphathe ukuhamba kwamanzi okukhawulezayo okuphezulu. Kusetyenziso lweentloko eziphezulu ezisondela kwiimitha ezingama-300, izinto zeturbine zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zimelane namanzi axinezelekileyo aphezulu kwaye ziguqule inani elikhulu lamandla anokubakho abe ngamandla oomatshini ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuguquguquka kweNqanaba lokuhamba: I-turbine yeFrancis inokusingatha amazinga ahlukeneyo okuhamba. Ingasebenza kakuhle phantsi kweemeko zokuhamba rhoqo - ukuhamba kunye nokuguquguquka -. Kwezinye izityalo zamanzi, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi linokwahluka ngokwexesha lonyaka ngenxa yezinto ezifana neepateni zemvula okanye ukunyibilika kwekhephu. Uyilo lwe-turbine yeFrancis luyivumela ukuba igcine ukusebenza okuphezulu nangona izinga lokuhamba litshintsha. Umzekelo, xa izinga lokuhamba liphezulu, i-turbine inokuziqhelanisa nomthamo owandisiweyo wamanzi ngokukhokela amanzi ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo zawo. I-spiral casing kunye ne-guide vanes zenzelwe ukusasaza amanzi ngokulinganayo ngeenxa zonke kwi-runner, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-runner blades zinokusebenzisana ngokufanelekileyo namanzi, nokuba izinga lokuhamba liphantsi kangakanani na. Xa izinga lokuhamba lincipha, i-turbine isenokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo, nangona amandla aphumayo ngokwendalo aya kuncitshiswa ngokwendalo ngokulingana nokuncipha kokuhamba kwamanzi.
2. Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi
Iingingqi zeentaba: Kwiindawo ezineentaba, njengeeHimalayas eAsia okanye iiAndes eMzantsi Melika, kukho iiprojekthi ezininzi zamandla ombane ezisebenzisa ii-turbines zikaFrancis. Ezi ndawo zihlala zinemithombo yamanzi ephezulu ngenxa yomhlaba omxinwa. Umzekelo, iDama laseNurek eTajikistan, elikwiiNtaba zasePamir, linomthombo wamanzi ophezulu. Ii-turbines zikaFrancis ezifakwe kwiSitishi samandla ombane saseNurek zenzelwe ukujongana nomahluko omkhulu wentloko (idama linokuphakama okungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-300). Ii-turbines ziguqula ngokufanelekileyo amandla aphezulu amanzi abe ngamandla ombane, nto leyo enegalelo elikhulu kumbane welizwe. Utshintsho oluphezulu lweentaba lubonelela ngentloko efunekayo kwii-turbines zikaFrancis ukuze zisebenze ngokusebenza kakuhle, kwaye ukuziqhelanisa kwazo neemeko eziphezulu kwenza zibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwiiprojekthi ezinjalo.
AmaThafa oMlambo: Kwithafa elingasemlanjeni, apho intloko iphantsi kodwa isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi sinokuba sikhulu, ii-turbines zikaFrancis nazo zisetyenziswa kakhulu. IDama leeGorges ezintathu eTshayina ngumzekelo ophambili. Eli dama likwiMlambo iYangtze, linentloko engaphantsi koluhlu olufanelekileyo lwee-turbines zikaFrancis. Ii-turbines kwiSitishi sikagesi seThree Gorges Hydropower kufuneka ziphathe isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi esikhulu esivela kuMlambo iYangtze. Ii-turbines zikaFrancis zenzelwe ukuguqula ngokufanelekileyo amandla okuhamba kwamanzi amakhulu – umthamo, ophantsi – abe ngamandla ombane. Ukuziqhelanisa kwee-turbines zikaFrancis namazinga okuhamba kwamanzi ahlukeneyo kuvumela ukuba zisebenzise kakuhle imithombo yamanzi yomlambo, zivelise umbane omninzi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla zenxalenye enkulu yeTshayina.
Iindawo ezikwiZiqithi: Iziqithi zihlala zineempawu ezikhethekileyo zomthombo wamanzi. Umzekelo, kwezinye iziqithi zasePasifiki, apho kukho imilambo emincinci ukuya kwephakathi ngobukhulu enamazinga okuhamba atshintshayo ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lemvula nelomileyo, ii-turbines zikaFrancis zisetyenziswa kwizityalo zamanzi ezincinci. Ezi turbines zinokukwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zamanzi ezitshintshayo, zibonelela ngomthombo wombane othembekileyo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ngexesha lemvula, xa izinga lokuhamba liphezulu, ii-turbines zinokusebenza ngamandla aphezulu, kwaye ngexesha lemvula, zisenokusebenza ngokuhamba kwamanzi okunciphileyo, nangona kukwinqanaba lamandla eliphantsi, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kombane okuqhubekayo.
Ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza ixesha elide
I-turbine yeFrancis ixatyiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthembeka kwayo kunye nobuchule bokusebenza ixesha elide, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kwizakhiwo zokuvelisa umbane ezifuna ukugcina umbane ozinzileyo ixesha elide.
1. Uyilo lweZakhiwo oluQolileyo
I-turbine kaFrancis inesakhiwo esomeleleyo nesilungisiweyo kakuhle. I-runner, eyinxalenye ejikelezayo ephambili ye-turbine, idla ngokwenziwa ngezinto ezinamandla aphezulu ezifana nentsimbi engagqwaliyo okanye ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo. Ezi zinto zikhethwa ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezintle zoomatshini, kubandakanya amandla aphezulu okuxinana, ukumelana nokugqwala, kunye nokumelana nokudinwa. Umzekelo, kwii-turbine ezinkulu zikaFrancis ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo ezinkulu zamanzi, ii-runner blades zenzelwe ukumelana nokuhamba kwamanzi oxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye noxinzelelo loomatshini oluveliswa ngexesha lokujikeleza. Uyilo lwe-runner lwenziwe ngcono ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa koxinzelelo olufanayo, kunciphisa umngcipheko wamanqaku oxinzelelo anokubangela ukuqhekeka okanye ukusilela kwesakhiwo.
I-spiral casing, ekhokela amanzi ukuya kumdyarho, nayo yakhiwe kucingwa ngokuqina. Ihlala yenziwe ngeepleyiti zentsimbi eziqinileyo ezinokumelana nokuhamba kwamanzi oxinzelelo oluphezulu olungena kwi-turbine. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-spiral casing kunye nezinye izinto, ezifana ne-stay vanes kunye ne-guide vanes, luyilelwe ukuba lube lomelele kwaye luthembeke, luqinisekisa ukuba lonke ulwakhiwo lusebenza kakuhle phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
2. Iimfuno zoLondolozo oluPhantsi
Enye yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ze-turbine yeFrancis kukuba ifuna ukulungiswa okuphantsi. Ngenxa yoyilo lwayo olulula nolusebenzayo, zimbalwa iindawo ezishukumayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zee-turbine, nto leyo enciphisa amathuba okusilela kwezixhobo. Umzekelo, ii-vanes ezikhokelayo, ezilawula ukuhamba kwamanzi kwi-runner, zinenkqubo yokudibanisa oomatshini elula. Le nkqubo kulula ukuyifumana ukuze ihlolwe kwaye igcinwe. Imisebenzi yokulungisa rhoqo ibandakanya ukuthambisa iindawo ezishukumayo, ukuhlolwa kwezitywino ukuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi, kunye nokujonga imeko iyonke yemishini ye-turbine.
Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-turbine nazo zinegalelo kwiimfuno zayo zokugcinwa eziphantsi. Izixhobo ezimelana nokugqwala ezisetyenziselwa umgijimi kunye nezinye izinto ezivezwe emanzini zinciphisa isidingo sokutshintshwa rhoqo ngenxa yokugqwala. Ukongeza, ii-turbines zanamhlanje zeFrancis zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokubeka esweni eziphambili. Ezi nkqubo zinokuqhubeka nokujonga iiparameter ezifana nokungcangcazela, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo. Ngokuhlalutya le datha, abaqhubi banokubona iingxaki ezinokubakho kwangaphambili kwaye benze ulondolozo lokuthintela, ukunciphisa ngakumbi isidingo sokuvalwa okungalindelekanga kokulungiswa okukhulu.
3. Ubomi beNkonzo ende
Iiturbine zeFrancis zinobomi obude benkonzo, zihlala zithatha amashumi eminyaka. Kwizityalo ezininzi zamanzi kwihlabathi liphela, iiturbine zeFrancis ezafakelwa amashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo zisasebenza kwaye zivelisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ezinye zeeturbine zeFrancis ezifakelwe ekuqaleni eMelika naseYurophu bezisebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50. Ngokugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa ngamanye amaxesha, ezi turbine zinokuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuthembekileyo.
Ubomi benkonzo ende ye-turbine kaFrancis abuyonzuzo kuphela kwishishini lokuvelisa umbane ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweendleko kodwa nakwizinzo iyonke yokunikezelwa kombane. I-turbine ehlala ixesha elide ithetha ukuba izityalo zamandla zinokuphepha iindleko eziphezulu kunye nokuphazamiseka okunxulunyaniswa nokutshintshwa rhoqo kwe-turbine. Ikwanegalelo ekusebenzeni ixesha elide kombane wamanzi njengomthombo wamandla othembekileyo nozinzileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbane ococekileyo unokuveliswa rhoqo iminyaka emininzi.
Ixabiso- ukusebenza kakuhle kwixesha elide
Xa kujongwa ukusebenza kakuhle kweteknoloji yokuvelisa umbane ngexabiso elifanelekileyo, i-turbine kaFrancis ibonakalisa ukuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide kwezityalo zamanzi.
1. Utyalo-mali lokuqala kunye neendleko zokusebenza kwexesha elide
Utyalo-mali Lokuqala: Nangona utyalo-mali lokuqala kwiprojekthi yamandla ombane esekelwe kwi-turbine kaFrancis lunokuba phezulu kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela umbono wexesha elide. Iindleko ezinxulumene nokuthengwa, ukufakwa, kunye nokusekwa kokuqala kwe-turbine kaFrancis, kubandakanya i-runner, i-spiral casing, kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso lwe-power-plant, zibalulekile. Nangona kunjalo, le mali yokuqala ihlawulelwa ziinzuzo zexesha elide. Umzekelo, kwisityalo samandla ombane esiphakathi esinomthamo we-50 - 100 MW, utyalo-mali lokuqala lweseti yee-turbine zikaFrancis kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumene noko lunokuba kuluhlu lwamashumi ezigidi zeerandi. Kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiteknoloji zokuvelisa amandla, ezinje ngokwakha isityalo samandla ombane esitsha esisebenza ngamalahle esifuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo ekuthengweni kwamalahle kunye nezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zokukhusela okusingqongileyo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho yokukhupha umbane, isakhiwo seendleko zexesha elide seprojekthi yamandla ombane esekelwe kwi-turbine kaFrancis sizinzile ngakumbi.
Iindleko Zokusebenza Zexesha Elide: Iindleko zokusebenza kwe-turbine kaFrancis ziphantsi kakhulu. Nje ukuba i-turbine ifakiwe kwaye isikhululo samandla sisebenza, iindleko eziphambili eziqhubekayo zinxulumene nabasebenzi bokubeka esweni nokulungisa, kunye neendleko zokutshintsha ezinye izinto ezincinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-turbine kaFrancis kuthetha ukuba inokuvelisa umbane omninzi ngomthamo omncinci wamanzi angeniswayo. Oku kunciphisa iindleko ngeyunithi nganye yombane oveliswayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izikhululo zamandla obushushu, ezifana nezikhululo zamandla obushushu, ezisebenzisa amalahle okanye igesi, zineendleko ezinkulu zamafutha ezinyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yezinto ezinje ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli kunye nokuguquguquka kwimarike yamandla yehlabathi. Umzekelo, isikhululo samandla obushushu esisebenzisa amalahle sinokubona iindleko zaso zamafutha zinyuka ngepesenti ethile minyaka le njengoko amaxabiso amalahle exhomekeke kumandla okubonelela - kunye - neemfuno, iindleko zemigodi, kunye neendleko zothutho. Kwisikhululo samandla obushushu esisebenzisa i-turbine kaFrancis, iindleko zamanzi, "eziyi-fuel" ye-turbine, ngokusisiseko zisimahla, ngaphandle kweendleko ezinxulumene nolawulo lwamanzi - izixhobo kunye neentlawulo zamalungelo amanzi ezinokubakho, ezihlala ziphantsi kakhulu kuneendleko zamafutha zezikhululo zamandla obushushu.
2. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa umbane ngokubanzi ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kunye nokugcinwa okuphantsi
Ukusebenza kakuhle: Amandla okuguqula amandla aphezulu e-turbine yeFrancis anegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni iindleko. I-turbine esebenza kakuhle inokuvelisa umbane omninzi kwimithombo yamanzi efanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba i-turbine yeFrancis inamandla angama-90% ekuguquleni amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini (aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane), xa kuthelekiswa ne-turbine engasebenzi kakuhle ene-80%, kumjelo wamanzi kunye nentloko ethile, i-turbine yeFrancis esebenza kakuhle engama-90% iya kuvelisa umbane ongaphezulu nge-12.5%. Oku kunyuka kwamandla kuthetha ukuba iindleko ezizinzileyo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwesityalo samandla, njengeendleko zeziseko zophuhliso, ulawulo, kunye nabasebenzi, zisasazwa kumlinganiselo omkhulu wemveliso yombane. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko ngeyunithi nganye yombane (ixabiso lombane elilinganisiweyo, i-LCOE) liyancipha.
Ulondolozo Oluphantsi: Indlela ephantsi yokugcinwa kwe-turbine yeFrancis ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweendleko. Ngenxa yokuba iindawo ezimbalwa ezishukumayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezihlala ixesha elide, amaxesha okugcinwa okukhulu kunye nokutshintshwa kwamacandelo aphantsi. Imisebenzi yokugcinwa rhoqo, efana nokuthambisa nokuhlolwa, ayibizi kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ezinye iintlobo zee-turbines okanye izixhobo zokuvelisa umbane zinokufuna ukugcinwa rhoqo kwaye kubiza kakhulu. Umzekelo, i-turbine yomoya, nangona ingumthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo, inezixhobo ezifana nebhokisi yegiya ezidla ngokuguga kwaye zinokufuna ukuhlaziywa okubizayo okanye ukutshintshwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa. Kwisityalo samandla ombane esisekelwe kwi-turbine yeFrancis, amaxesha amade phakathi kwemisebenzi emikhulu yokugcinwa athetha ukuba iindleko zokugcinwa zizonke ngexesha lokuphila kwe-turbine ziphantsi kakhulu. Oku, kunye nobomi bayo obude benkonzo, kunciphisa ngakumbi iindleko zizonke zokuvelisa umbane ngokuhamba kwexesha, okwenza i-turbine yeFrancis ibe lukhetho olusebenzayo lweendleko zokuvelisa umbane ixesha elide.
Ubuhlobo kwiNdalo
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane asebenzisa i-turbine kaFrancis kunika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kokusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezininzi zokuvelisa amandla, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheleni kwikamva lamandla elizinzileyo.
1. Ukukhutshwa kweKhabhoni okuNciphisiweyo
Enye yezona ngenelo zibalaseleyo zokusingqongileyo zeeturbines zaseFrancis kukuba zincinci kakhulu kwikhabhoni. Ngokungafaniyo nokuveliswa kwamandla asekelwe kwifosili – kumafutha, njengezityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle kunye negesi, izityalo zamandla asebenzisa iiturbines zaseFrancis azitshisi amafutha efosili ngexesha lokusebenza. Izityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zizinto ezikhupha kakhulu ikhabhoni diokside (\(CO_2\)), apho isityalo esisetyenziswa ngamalahle esisetyenziswa ngamalahle esivelisa izigidi zeetoni ze-\(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Umzekelo, isityalo samandla asebenzisa amalahle esingama-500 – MW sinokukhupha malunga nezigidi ezi-3 zeetoni ze-\(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Xa kuthelekiswa, isityalo samandla asebenzisa amanzi esinomthamo ofanayo esixhotyiswe ngeeturbines zaseFrancis asivelisi phantse ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-\(CO_2\) ngexesha lokusebenza. Olu phawu lwezityalo zamandla asebenzisa amanzi ezisebenzisa i-turbine zaseFrancis ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimizamo yehlabathi yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Ngokutshintsha ukuveliswa kwamandla asekelwe kwifosili ngokuvelisa amandla asebenzisa amanzi, amazwe anokuba negalelo elikhulu ekufezekiseni iinjongo zawo zokunciphisa ikhabhoni. Umzekelo, amazwe afana neNorway, axhomekeke kakhulu kumandla ombane (kunye neeturbines zikaFrancis ezisetyenziswa kakhulu), anokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okuphantsi ngomntu ngamnye xa kuthelekiswa namazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yamandla esekelwe kwifosili-fuel.
2. Ukukhupha umoya ophantsi – ukungcola
Ukongeza kwi-carbon emissions, izitishi zamandla ezisebenzisa i-fossil – fuel zikhupha iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-air complexity, ezifana ne-sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), i-nitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), kunye ne-particulate matter. Ezi complexity zinefuthe elibi kakhulu kumgangatho womoya nakwimpilo yabantu. \(SO_2\) zinokubangela imvula ene-asidi, eyonakalisa amahlathi, amachibi, kunye nezakhiwo. \(NO_x\) inegalelo ekwakhiweni kwe-smog kwaye inokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla. I-particulate matter, ingakumbi i-fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inxulunyaniswa nemiba eyahlukeneyo yezempilo, kubandakanya izifo zentliziyo nemiphunga.
Kwelinye icala, izityalo zamanzi ezisebenzisa i-turbine ezisebenzisa i-Francis azikhuphi ezi zinto zingcolisayo zomoya ngexesha lokusebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuba iindawo ezinezityalo zamanzi zinokunandipha umoya ococekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuculeni impilo yoluntu. Kwiindawo apho amandla asebenzisa i-hydropower athathe indawo enkulu yokuveliswa kwamandla asebenzisa i-fossil-fuel, kubekho ukuphucuka okubonakalayo kumgangatho womoya. Umzekelo, kwezinye iindawo zaseTshayina apho iiprojekthi ezinkulu zamandla asebenzisa i-hydropower ezinee-turbine zikaFrancis ziye zaphuhliswa khona, amanqanaba e-(SO_2\), \(NO_x\), kunye nezinto ezincinci emoyeni aye ehla, nto leyo ebangele ukuba kubekho iimeko ezimbalwa zezifo zokuphefumla nezentliziyo phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni.
3. Impembelelo encinci kwinkqubo yendalo
Xa ziyilwe kwaye zilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, izityalo zamanzi ezisebenzisa i-turbine zaseFrancis zinokuba nefuthe elincinci kwi-ecosystem engqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiprojekthi zophuhliso lwamandla.
Indlela Yokuhamba Kweentlanzi: Izityalo ezininzi zanamhlanje zamanzi ezineeturbines zikaFrancis ziyilwe ngezixhobo zokungena kweentlanzi. Ezi zixhobo, ezifana neeleli zeentlanzi kunye neelifti zeentlanzi, zakhiwe ukunceda iintlanzi zifuduke ziye phezulu nasezantsi. Umzekelo, kuMlambo iColumbia eMntla Melika, izityalo zamanzi zifake iinkqubo zokungena kweentlanzi ezintsonkothileyo. Ezi nkqubo zivumela iisalmon kunye nezinye iintlobo zeentlanzi ezifudukayo ukuba zidlule amadama kunye neeturbine, nto leyo evumela ukuba zifikelele kwiindawo zazo zokuzalela. Uyilo lwezixhobo zokungena kweentlanzi luqwalasela ukuziphatha kunye nokukwazi ukudada kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinga lokusinda kweentlanzi ezifudukayo liphezulu.
Ukugcinwa koMgangatho waManzi: Ukusebenza kweeturbines zikaFrancis akusoloko kubangela utshintsho olukhulu kumgangatho wamanzi. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imisebenzi yemizi-mveliso okanye iintlobo ezithile zokuvelisa umbane ezinokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi, izityalo zamanzi ezisebenzisa iiturbines zikaFrancis zihlala zigcina umgangatho wendalo wamanzi. Amanzi adlula kwiiturbines akatshintshwa ngokweekhemikhali, kwaye utshintsho lobushushu ludla ngokuba luncinci. Oku kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo yeendawo eziphilayo zasemanzini, njengoko izinto ezininzi zasemanzini zinovelwano kutshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi kunye nobushushu. Kwimilambo apho kukho izityalo zamanzi ezineeturbines zikaFrancis, umgangatho wamanzi uhlala ufanelekile kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kubandakanya iintlanzi, izilwanyana ezingenamqolo, kunye nezityalo.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-21-2025
