Kwimeko ehlala iguquka yecandelo lezamandla, ukufuna amandla asebenzayo - ubugcisa bokuvelisa sele bubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Njengoko ihlabathi lizamazamana nemingeni emibini yokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo iye yaphambili. Phakathi kwezi, umbane oqhutywa ngamanzi ubalasele njengokhetho oluthembekileyo noluzinzileyo, olubonelela ngenxalenye ebalulekileyo yombane wehlabathi.
I-injini yomoya kaFrancis, icandelo eliphambili kwizityalo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kolu tshintsho lucocekileyo- lwamandla. Yaqanjwa nguJames B. Francis ngowe-1849, olu hlobo lweinjini yomoya ukususela ngoko luye lwaba lolona lusetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwi-hydropower domain ayikwazi ukugqithiswa, njengoko ikwazi ukuguqula ngokufanelekileyo amandla okuqukuqela kwamanzi abe ngamandla omatshini, athi ke aguqulwe abe ngamandla ombane yijenereyitha. Ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi wasemaphandleni ukuya kwizikhululo zamandla amakhulu orhwebo, i-Francis turbine ibonakalise ukuba sisisombululo esisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi nesithembekileyo sokusebenzisa amandla amanzi.
UkuSebenza okuPhezulu ekuGuqulweni kwamandla
I-injini yomoya kaFrancis idume ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ekuguquleni amandla amanzi aqukuqelayo abe ngamandla omatshini, athi ke aguqulwe abe ngamandla ombane yijenereyitha. Lo msebenzi uphezulu-ukusebenza kakuhle yisiphumo soyilo olukhethekileyo kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza.
1. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Kinetic kunye namandla anokwenzeka
Iiinjini zomoya zikaFrancis ziyilelwe ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla ekinetic kunye namandla anokubakho amanzi. Xa amanzi engena kwi-injini yomoya, aqala adlule kwi-spiral casing, ethi isasaze amanzi ngokulinganayo kwimbaleki. Iibhulethi zomgijimi zenziwe ngokucokisekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi kunonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kunye nolusebenzayo kunye nabo. Njengoko amanzi eshukuma ukusuka kwidayamitha engaphandle yembaleki esiya embindini (kwi-radial – axial flow pattern), amandla anokubakho emanzini ngenxa yentloko yawo (umahluko wobude phakathi komthombo wamanzi kunye neinjini yomoya) aguqulwa ngokuthe ngcembe abe ngamandla ekinetic. La mandla e-kinetic adluliselwa kwimbaleki, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ijikeleze. Indlela yokuhamba eyilwe kakuhle kunye nokumila kweeblades ezibalekayo yenza ukuba i-turbine ikhuphe umthamo omkhulu wamandla emanzini, ifezekise ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle.
2. Ukuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo ze-turbine
Xa kuthelekiswa nolunye uhlobo lwee-injini zamanzi, ezifana ne-Pelton turbine kunye ne-Kaplan turbine, i-Francis turbine ineenzuzo ezihlukeneyo malunga nokusebenza kakuhle phakathi koluhlu oluthile lweemeko zokusebenza.
I-Pelton Turbine: I-turbine ye-Pelton ifanelekile kakhulu kwizicelo eziphezulu zentloko. Isebenza ngokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic yejethi yamanzi esantya esiphezulu ukubetha amabhakethi kwimbaleki. Ngelixa lisebenza kakhulu kwiimeko eziphezulu-ezintloko, ayisebenzi njenge-Francis turbine kwi-medium-head applications. I-Francis turbine, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukusebenzisa zombini amandla e-kinetic kunye namandla anokubakho kunye neempawu zayo ezingcono zokuhamba ezifanelekileyo kwimithombo yamanzi ephakathi-entloko, inokufikelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kolu luhlu. Ngokomzekelo, kwisityalo samandla esinomthombo wamanzi ophakathi (uthi, i-50 - 200 yeemitha), i-Francis turbine inokuguqula amandla amanzi kumandla omatshini kunye nokusebenza kakuhle malunga ne-90% okanye nangaphezulu kwezinye iimeko eziyilwe kakuhle, ngelixa i-Pelton turbine esebenza phantsi kweemeko zentloko efanayo ingaba nokusebenza okuphantsi.
I-Kaplan Turbine: I-Kaplan turbine yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-low-head and high-flow flow. Nangona iphumelela kakhulu kwiimeko eziphantsi-entloko, xa intloko inyuka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphakathi-intloko, i-Francis turbine iyayidlula ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kakuhle. I-Kaplan turbine's runners blades iyakwazi ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwi-low-head, high-flow flow, kodwa uyilo lwayo aluhambisani nokuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenzayo kwimeko ephakathi-entloko njenge-Francis turbine. Kwisityalo samandla esinentloko ye-30 - 50 yeemitha, i-turbine ye-Kaplan ingaba yinto efanelekileyo yokukhetha ukusebenza kakuhle, kodwa njengoko intloko idlula i-50 yeemitha, i-Francis turbine iqala ukubonisa ukuphakama kwayo kumandla - ukuguqulwa kokusebenza kakuhle.
Ngamafutshane, uyilo lweinjini yomoya kaFrancis ivumela ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwamanzi kuluhlu olubanzi oluphakathi - usetyenziso lwentloko, oko kuyenza ibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zombane wamanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ukuziqhelanisa neeMeko zaManzi ezahlukeneyo
Enye yezinto eziphawulekayo ze-injini yomoya kaFrancis kukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa noluhlu olubanzi lweemeko zamanzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho oluguquguqukayo lweeprojekthi zombane wamanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Oku kuziqhelanisa kubalulekile njengoko ubutyebi bamanzi bohluka kakhulu ngokwentloko (umgama othe nkqo amanzi awa ngawo) kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi.
1. Ukuguquguquka kweNtloko kunye nesantya sokuhamba
Uluhlu lwentloko: Iiinjini zeFrancis zinokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuluhlu lwentloko olubanzi ngokwentelekiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kwi-medium - izicelo zentloko, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neentloko ezisuka kwi-20 ukuya kwi-300 yeemitha. Nangona kunjalo, ngohlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo loyilo, lunokusetyenziswa nakwizinto eziphantsi-entloko okanye phezulu-intloko. Umzekelo, kwimeko ephantsi-entloko, yithi malunga neemitha ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-50, i-injini yomoya kaFrancis inokuyilwa ngeemilo ezithile zeblade blade kunye nokuhamba-ukuhamba kweejiyometri ukwenza ngcono ukutsalwa kwamandla. Iibhulethi zomgijimi zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi, okunesantya esisezantsi ngenxa yentloko ephantsi, kusenokudlulisela ngempumelelo amandla ayo kumgijimi. Njengoko intloko isanda, idizayini inokulungiswa ukuze iphathe i-high-velocity water flow. Kusetyenziso oluphezulu olufikelela kuma-300 eemitha, iinxalenye zeinjini yomoya zenziwe ukuba zimelane noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamanzi kunye nokuguqula umthamo omkhulu wamandla anokubakho kumandla oomatshini ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuguquguquka kweqondo lokuqukuqela: I-injini yomoya kaFrancis inokujongana namazinga okuqukuqela ahlukeneyo. Iyakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle phantsi kweemeko zombini - ukuhamba kunye nokuguquguquka - ukuhamba kweemeko. Kwezinye iiplanti zombane, isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi sinokwahluka ngamaxesha onyaka ngenxa yezinto ezifana neepateni zokuna kwemvula okanye ukunyibilika kwekhephu. Uyilo lweinjini yomoya kaFrancis luyivumela ukuba igcine ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu naxa izinga lokuhamba litshintsha. Ngokomzekelo, xa isantya sokuhamba siphezulu, i-injini yomoya inokulungelelanisa umthamo owongezelelweyo wamanzi ngokukhokela ngokufanelekileyo amanzi ngokusebenzisa amacandelo awo. I-spiral casing kunye ne-vanes yesikhokelo yenzelwe ukusabalalisa amanzi ngokulinganayo malunga nomgijimi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-blades zembaleki zinokusebenzisana ngokufanelekileyo namanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi isantya sokuhamba. Xa isantya sokuhamba sihla, i-injini yomoya isenokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo, nangona ukukhutshwa kwamandla kuya kuncitshiswa ngokwendalo ngokomlinganiselo wokuhla kwamanzi.
2. Imizekelo yokuSebenza kwiiNdawo ezahlukeneyo zeJografi
Imimandla yeentaba: Kwiindawo ezisezintabeni, njengeeHimalaya eAsia okanye iAndes eMzantsi Melika, kukho iiprojekthi ezininzi zombane wamanzi ezisebenzisa iiinjini zomoya zaseFrancis. Le mimandla ikholisa ukuba nemithombo ephezulu yamanzi entloko ngenxa yendawo engumnqantsa. Ngokomzekelo, iDama laseNurek eTajikistan, elikwiiNtaba zePamir, linomthombo wamanzi aphezulu. Ii turbines zaseFrancis ezifakwe kwiSikhululo soMbane waManzi eNurek ziyilelwe ukuphatha umahluko omkhulu wentloko (idama linobude obungaphezu kweemitha ezingama-300). Oomatshini bomoya baguqula ngokufanelekileyo amandla aphezulu – anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla ombane, nto leyo enegalelo elikhulu kunikezelo lwamandla ombane welizwe. Iinguqu eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo kwiintaba zibonelela ngentloko efunekayo kwii-injini ze-Francis ukuba zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ukulungelelaniswa kwazo kwiimeko eziphakamileyo zentloko kubenza babe ukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiiprojekthi ezinjalo.
Amathafa omlambo: Kumathafa omlambo, apho intloko iphantsi kakhulu kodwa umyinge wokuhamba unokuba mkhulu, iiinjini zomoya zeFrancis nazo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Idama lemiwonyo emithathu eTshayina ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Ime kuMlambo iYangtze, idama linentloko ewela phakathi koluhlu olulungele iiinjini zomoya zeFrancis. Oomatshini bomoya kwiSikhululo soMbane woMbane weeGorha ezintathu kufuneka bajongane nesantya esikhulu sokuhamba kwamanzi ukusuka kuMlambo iYangtze. Iiinjini ze-Francis zenzelwe ukuguqula ngokufanelekileyo amandla omthamo omkhulu, ophantsi kakhulu - ukuhamba kwamanzi entloko kumandla ombane. Ukulungelelaniswa kwee-injini ze-Francis kumazinga ahlukeneyo okuhamba kuvumela ukuba benze uninzi lwemithombo yamanzi yomlambo, ukuvelisa umthamo omkhulu wombane ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla zenxalenye enkulu yaseChina.
Ubume beSiqithi: Iziqithi zihlala zineempawu ezizodwa zobutyebi bamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iziqithi zePasifiki, apho kukho imilambo emincinci ukuya kwephakathi-ephakathi kunye namazinga okuhamba okuguquguqukayo ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lemvula kunye nelomileyo, ii-Francis turbines zisetyenziswa kwizityalo ezincinci zombane wamanzi. Ezi turbines ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zamanzi eziguqukayo, zibonelela ngomthombo othembekileyo wombane kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ngexesha leemvula, xa isantya sokuhamba siphezulu, ii-injini zomoya zingasebenza kwimveliso yamandla ephezulu, kwaye ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo, zisenokuthi zisebenze kunye nokuncitshiswa kokuhamba kwamanzi, nangona kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo.
Ukuthembeka kunye nokuSebenza kwexesha elide
I-injini yomoya kaFrancis ibonwa kakhulu ngokuthembeka kwayo kunye nobuchule bayo bokusebenza bexesha elide, ezibaluleke kakhulu kumandla-amaziko okuvelisa afuna ukugcina unikezelo lwamandla oluzinzileyo kwixesha elongeziweyo.
1. Uyilo loLwakhiwo olomeleleyo
I-injini yomoya kaFrancis inesakhiwo esomeleleyo nesiyilwe kakuhle. Imbaleki, eyona nxalenye ejikelezayo ye-turbine, ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngezinto eziphakamileyo-ezinamandla ezifana nensimbi engenasici okanye i-alloys ekhethekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zikhethwa ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezigqwesileyo zoomatshini, kubandakanya ukomelela okuphezulu, ukuxhathisa umhlwa, kunye nokumelana nokudinwa. Ngokomzekelo, ubukhulu becala ii-Francis turbines ezisetyenziselwa izityalo ezinkulu zombane wamanzi, ii-blades ze-runner zenzelwe ukujamelana nokuhamba kwamanzi oxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwemishini eyenziwa ngexesha lokujikeleza. Uyilo lwembaleki luphuculwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okufanayo koxinzelelo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuxinzelela amanqaku angakhokelela kwiintanda okanye ukusilela kwesakhiwo.
I-spiral casing, ekhokelela amanzi kwimbaleki, nayo yakhiwe ngengqondo yokuqina. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngeentsimbi ezishinyeneyo ezinodonga ezinokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuhamba kwamanzi angena kwi-injini yomoya. Ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-spiral casing kunye namanye amacandelo, afana ne-vanes yokuhlala kunye ne-guides yesikhokelo, yenzelwe ukuba yomelele kwaye ithembeke, iqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo sonke sinokusebenza kakuhle phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
2. IiMfuno zoLondolozo oluphantsi
Enye yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zeinjini yomoya kaFrancis ziimfuno zayo zolondolozo eziphantsi. Ngombulelo kuyilo lwayo olulula nolusebenzayo, kukho iindawo ezihambayo ezimbalwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi zeeinjini zomoya, ezinciphisa ukubakho kokusilela kwecandelo. Ngokomzekelo, i-vanes yesikhokelo, elawula ukuhamba kwamanzi kwimbaleki, inesistim echanekileyo yokudibanisa. Le nkqubo kulula ukufikelela kuyo ukuze ihlolwe kwaye igcinwe. Imisebenzi yogcino lwarhoqo ikakhulu ibandakanya ukuthanjiswa kwamalungu ashukumayo, ukuhlolwa kwezitywina ukuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi, kunye nokubeka esweni imeko yomatshini iyonke yeinjini yomoya.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-injini yomoya nazo zinegalelo kwiimfuno zayo eziphantsi zogcino. I-corrosion - izinto ezixhathisayo ezisetyenziselwa umgijimi kunye nezinye izinto ezivezwe emanzini zinciphisa isidingo sokutshintshwa rhoqo ngenxa yokubola. Ukongeza, ii turbines zangoku zeFrancis zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokubeka iliso eziphambili. Ezi nkqubo zinokuhlala zibeke iliso kwiiparamitha ezinje ngokungcangcazela, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngokuhlalutya ezi datha, abaqhubi banokubona iingxaki ezinokwenzeka kwangaphambili kwaye baqhube ukugcinwa kokuthintela, ukunciphisa ngakumbi imfuno yokuvalwa okungalindelekanga ukulungiswa okukhulu.
3. Ubomi obude beNkonzo
Iiinjini zomoya zikaFrancis zinobomi obude benkonzo, zihlala zithatha amashumi eminyaka. Kwimizi-mveliso emininzi yombane owenziwe ngamanzi kwihlabathi jikelele, iiinjini zomoya zaseFrancis ezafakelwa kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo zisasebenza kwaye zivelisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye zee-injini zomoya zeFrancis zangaphambili ezifakwe eUnited States naseYurophu zisebenza ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50. Ngokulungiswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokuphuculwa kwamathuba athile, ezi turbines zinokuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuthembekileyo.
Ubomi benkonzo ende ye-injini yomoya kaFrancis ayiyoncedo kuphela kumashishini okuvelisa amandla ngokwexabiso-ukusebenza kodwa kunye nokuzinza ngokubanzi kobonelelo lwamandla. I-injini yomoya ehlala ixesha elide ithetha ukuba oomatshini bombane banokunqanda iindleko eziphezulu kunye nokuphazamiseka okuhambelana nokutshintshwa rhoqo kweeinjini zomoya. Ikwanegalelo kwixesha elide lokusebenza kwamandla ombane njengomthombo wamandla othembekileyo nozinzileyo, oqinisekisa ukuba umbane ococekileyo unokuveliswa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka emininzi.
Iindleko - ukusebenza kwi-Long Run
Xa kuqwalaselwa iindleko-ukusebenza kombane-ubugcisa bokuvelisa, i-injini yomoya kaFrancis ingqina ukuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide kwezityalo zombane wamanzi.
1. Utyalo-mali lokuqala kunye neNdleko yokuSebenza yexesha elide
Utyalo-mali lokuqala: Nangona utyalo-mali lokuqala kwi-Francis turbine-based hydropower project lunokuba phezulu, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imbono yexesha elide. Iindleko ezinxulumene nokuthengwa, ukufakwa, kunye nokusekwa kokuqala kwe-Francis turbine, kubandakanywa umgijimi, i-spiral casing, kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nokwakhiwa kwamandla - iziseko zezityalo, zibalulekile. Nangona kunjalo, eli xabiso lokuqala lihlawulelwa ziinzuzo zexesha elide. Umzekelo, kumzi-mveliso woveliso lwamanzi ophakathi kunye nomthamo wama-50 – 100 MW, utyalo-mali lokuqala lweseti yee turbines ze-Francis kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumeneyo lunokuba kuluhlu lwamashumi ezigidi zeedola. Kodwa xa kuthelekiswa namanye amandla-ubugcisa bokuvelisa, njengokwakha isityalo esitsha samalahle - esifuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo ekuthengeni amalahle kunye nezixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusingqongileyo - izixhobo zokukhusela ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhupha, i-long-term cost structure ye-Francis - i-turbine-based based hydropower project izinzile.
Iindleko zokuSebenza zexesha elide: Iindleko zokusebenza kweinjini yomoya kaFrancis ziphantsi kakhulu. Nje ukuba i-injini yomoya ifakelwe kwaye umzi-mveliso wamandla uyasebenza, iindleko eziphambili eziqhubekayo zinxulumene nabasebenzi ukubeka iliso nokugcinwa, kunye neendleko zokutshintsha amanye amacandelo amancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-injini ye-Francis kuthetha ukuba inokuvelisa umthamo omkhulu wombane kunye nexabiso elincinci lokufaka amanzi. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zeyunithi nganye yombane owenziweyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiplanti zamandla obushushu, njengamalahle - atshiswe ngegesi okanye igesi, zineendleko ezinkulu zepetroli ezonyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli kunye nokuguquguquka kwintengiso yamandla ehlabathi. Umzekelo, iziko lombane elibaselwe ngamalahle lingabona iindleko zepetroli zonyuka ngepesenti ethile ngonyaka njengoko amaxabiso amalahle exhomekeke ekuboneleleni - kunye - neenguqu zemfuno, iindleko zemigodi, kunye neendleko zothutho. Kwi-Francis - i-turbine-powered hydropower plant, ixabiso lamanzi, "i-fuel" ye-turbine, ikhululekile ngokuyimfuneko, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi iindleko ezinxulumene namanzi - ukulawulwa kobutyebi kunye namanzi anokubakho - imirhumo yamalungelo, ehlala iphantsi kakhulu kuneendleko zepetroli zezityalo zamandla ashushu.
2. Ukuncitshiswa koMbane ngokuPheleleyo – iiNdleko zokuvelisa ngokuSebenza okuPhakamileyo kunye noLondolozo oluphantsi
I-High-effective Operation: Amandla aphezulu - amandla okuguqula i-Francis turbine igalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni iindleko. I-injini yomoya esebenza ngakumbi inokuvelisa umbane othe chatha ukusuka kumyinge ofanayo wobutyebi bamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-injini ye-Francis inokusebenza kakuhle kwe-90% ekuguquleni amandla amanzi kumandla omatshini (othi ke aguqulelwe kumandla ombane), xa kuthelekiswa ne-turbine engaphantsi-esebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-80%, ngenxa yokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nentloko, i-90% - i-Francis turbine esebenzayo iya kuvelisa i-12.5% yombane ongaphezulu. Oku kuphuma kombane kwandisiweyo kuthetha ukuba iindleko ezizinzileyo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kombane - umatshini, njengeendleko zeziseko ezingundoqo, ulawulo, kunye nabasebenzi, zisasazwa kwisixa esikhulu semveliso yombane. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso leyunithi yombane (ixabiso elilinganisiweyo lombane, i-LCOE) liyancitshiswa.
Isondlo esiPhantsi: Ubume obuphantsi-ukugcinwa kweinjini yomoya kaFrancis nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindleko - ukusebenza kakuhle. Ngeendawo ezincinci ezihambayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala khona. Imisebenzi yokulungiswa rhoqo, njengokuthambisa nokuhlola, ayibizi kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ezinye iindidi zeeinjini zomoya okanye izixhobo zokuvelisa amandla zinokufuna ukulondolozwa rhoqo kunye neendleko. Umzekelo, i-injini yomoya, nangona inokuhlaziywa - umthombo wamandla, inamalungu afana nebhokisi yegiya ethanda ukugqojozwa kwaye inokufuna ukulungiswa kwexabiso eliphezulu okanye ukutshintshwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa. Kwisikhululo sombane kaFrancis – iturbine – esekwe ngamanzi, amaxesha amade phakathi kwemisebenzi yolondolozo engundoqo athetha ukuba iindleko zokugcinwa kwazo zonke kubomi beinjini yomoya ziphantsi kakhulu. Oku, kudibaniswa nobomi bayo benkonzo ende, kunciphisa ngakumbi iindleko ezipheleleyo zokuvelisa umbane ngokuhamba kwexesha, okwenza i-Francis turbine ibe yindleko - ukhetho olusebenzayo kwixesha elide - ukuvelisa amandla.
Ubuhlobo bendalo
I-Francis turbine-based hydropower generation ibonelela ngezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezininzi zokuvelisa amandla, oko kuyenza ibe licandelo elibalulekileyo kutshintsho olusingise kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo.
1. UkuNcitshiswa kokukhutshwa kweCarbon
Olona ncedo lubalaseleyo lokusingqongileyo lwee-injini zomoya zaseFrancis bubuncinci babo bekhabhoni. Ngokuchasene ne-fossil - i-fuel-based power generation, efana namalahle - avuthayo kunye negesi - i-powered power plant, i-hydropower plant ezisebenzisa i-Francis turbines ayitshisi i-fuel fuels ngexesha lokusebenza. Amalahle – amaziko ombane abaswayo zezona zikhupha ikharbon diokside (\(CO_2\)), ezineziko eliqhelekileyo elikhulu – elibaswa ngamalahle elikhupha izigidi zeetoni \(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Umzekelo, umzi-mveliso wombane wamalahle ongama-500 – MW – unokukhupha malunga nezigidi ezi-3 zeetoni ze- \(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Xa kuthelekiswa, umzi-mveliso wombane wombane womthamo ofanayo oxhotyiswe ngee turbines zikaFrancis uvelisa phantse ngokuthe ngqo \(CO_2\) izinto ezikhutshwayo ngexesha lokusebenza. Le zero - emission character character kaFrancis - turbine - powered hydropower plant idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinzame zehlabathi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Ngokutshintsha ifosili - ukuveliswa kwamandla asekelwe kumafutha kunye nombane wamanzi, amazwe anokuba negalelo elibonakalayo ekuhlangabezaneni nokujoliswe kuko kokunciphisa ikhabhoni. Umzekelo, amazwe afana neNorway, athembele kakhulu kumandla ombane (kunye nee turbines zeFrancis zisetyenziswa kakhulu), anemveliso esezantsi ngokwe-capita yekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa namazwe axhomekeke ngakumbi kwifosili - imithombo yamandla esekwe kwi-fuel.
2. Umoya ophantsi – Ukukhutshwa kongcoliseko
Ukongeza ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni, ifosili – amafutha – amaziko ombane asekelwe kumandla nawo akhupha iintlobo ngeentlobo zongcoliseko lomoya, njengesulphur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), iinitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), kunye neparticulate matter. Ezi zingcolisi zineempembelelo ezimbi kakhulu kumgangatho womoya kunye nempilo yabantu. \(SO_2\) inokubangela imvula eneasidi, eyonakalisa amahlathi, amachibi, kunye nezakhiwo. \(NO_x\) inegalelo ekwakhekeni komsi kwaye inokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla. I-particulate matter, ingakumbi i-fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inyanyaniswa noluhlu lwemiba yezempilo, kubandakanywa izifo zentliziyo nemiphunga.
UFrancis - i-turbine-based hydropower plants, ngakolunye uhlangothi, musa ukukhupha ezi zingcolisi zomoya eziyingozi ngexesha lokusebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuba imimandla enezityalo zokuvelisa amandla ombane inako ukonwabela umoya ococekileyo, okukhokelela kuphuculo lwempilo yoluntu. Kwiindawo apho amandla ombane athathe indawo yenxalenye ebalulekileyo yefosili - ukuveliswa kwamandla asekelwe kumafutha, kubekho ukuphucuka okubonakalayo kumgangatho womoya. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iindawo zaseTshayina apho iiprojekthi ezinkulu zombane we-hydropower kunye ne-Francis turbines ziye zaphuhliswa, amanqanaba e- \ (SO_2 \), \ (NO_x \), kunye ne-particulate matter emoyeni ziye zancipha, okubangelwa kwiimeko ezimbalwa zokuphefumula kunye nezifo zenhliziyo phakathi kwabemi bendawo.
3. Impembelelo encinci kwi-Ecosystem
Xa iyilwe kwaye ilawulwe ngokufanelekileyo, i-Francis - i-turbine-based hydropower plant ingaba nempembelelo encinci kwi-ecosystem engqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa namanye amandla - iiprojekthi zophuhliso.
I-Fish Passage: Uninzi lwezityalo zala maxesha zombane wamanzi ezinee-injini zomoya ze-Francis ziyilwe ngeentlanzi-indawo yokudlula. Ezi ndawo, ezifana neeleli zeentlanzi kunye nezinyusi zeentlanzi, zakhiwe ukuze zincede iintlanzi zifuduke zinyuke nomsinga. Ngokomzekelo, kuMlambo wase-Columbia eNyakatho Melika, izityalo zombane zamanzi zifake iintlanzi ezinobunzima - iinkqubo zokuhamba. Ezi nkqubo zivumela isalmon kunye nezinye iintlobo zeentlanzi ezifudukayo ukuba zidlule kumadama kunye nee turbines, zikwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo zazo zokuzalela. Uyilo lwezi ntlanzi - iindawo zokuhamba zithathela ingqalelo indlela yokuziphatha kunye namandla okuqubha eentlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi, eqinisekisa ukuba izinga lokusinda kweentlanzi ezifudukayo liyanyuswa.
Amanzi - Ukugcinwa Komgangatho: Ukusebenza kwee-injini ze-Francis akubangeli utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumgangatho wamanzi. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imisebenzi yefektri okanye iintlobo ezithile zokuvelisa umbane ezinokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi, izityalo zombane osebenzisa amanzi ombane ezisebenzisa iiinjini zomoya zikaFrancis zigcina umgangatho wendalo wamanzi ngokubanzi. Amanzi adlula kwii turbines akatshintshwanga ngokwekhemikhali, kwaye notshintsho lobushushu ludla ngokuba luncinci. Oku kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo yendalo yasemanzini, njengoko izinto ezininzi eziphila emanzini zinovakalelo kutshintsho kubulunga bamanzi kunye nobushushu. Kwimilambo apho izityalo zombane wamanzi ezinee-Francis turbines zikhoyo, umgangatho wamanzi uhlala ufanelekile kuluhlu olwahlukeneyo lobomi basemanzini, kuquka iintlanzi, ii-invertebrates, kunye nezityalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-21-2025
