Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi, njengomthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo, ongenangcoliseko kwaye ococekileyo, bekusoloko kuxatyiswa ngabantu. Kule mihla, izitishi zamandla ombane ezinkulu neziphakathi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zibuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo obuvuthiweyo kwihlabathi liphela. Umzekelo, isitishi samandla ombane eThree Gorges eTshayina sesona sikhululo samandla ombane emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, izitishi zamandla ombane ezinkulu neziphakathi zinempembelelo embi kwindalo esingqongileyo, njengamadama avala ukuhamba kakuhle kwemilambo yendalo, avale ukukhutshwa kwenkunkuma, kwaye atshintshe imeko-bume yendalo; Ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamandla ombane kufuna ukugcwala komhlaba okuninzi, okubangela inani elikhulu labafuduki.
Njengomthombo omtsha wamandla, amandla amancinci aphuma emanzini anempembelelo encinci kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko aya exatyiswa ngabantu. Izitishi zamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini, njengezikhululo zamandla amakhulu naphakathi, zombini zizitishi zamandla ombane ngamanzi. Okubizwa ngokuba “ngamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini” kubhekisa kwizitishi zamandla ombane okanye izitishi zamandla ombane aphuma emanzini kunye neenkqubo zamandla ezinomthamo omncinci kakhulu ofakweyo, kwaye umthamo wazo ofakweyo uyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zelizwe ngalinye.
ETshayina, “umbane omncinci wamanzi” ubhekisa kwizikhululo zamanzi ezixhasa iigridi zamandla zasekuhlaleni ezinomthamo ofakiweyo we-25MW okanye ngaphantsi, ezixhaswa kwaye ziqhutywa ziindawo zasekuhlaleni, ezidibeneyo, okanye ezizimeleyo. Umbane omncinci wamanzi ungowamandla acocekileyo angengowekhabhoni, angenangxaki yokuphelelwa zizixhobo kwaye angabangela ungcoliseko kwindalo esingqongileyo. Liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso sophuhliso oluzinzileyo saseTshayina.
Ukuphuhlisa amandla avuselelekayo afana nombane omncinci ophuma emanzini ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni kunye nokuguqula izixhobo zombane ophuma emanzini zibe ngumbane osemgangathweni ophezulu kudlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni uphuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo lukazwelonke, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu, ukusombulula ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kombane kwiindawo ezingenambane kunye nokunqongophala kombane, ukukhuthaza ulawulo lomlambo, ukuphuculwa kwendalo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni.
I-China inemithombo emininzi yombane omncinci ophuma emanzini, kunye nomlinganiselo oqikelelweyo we-150 yezigidi ze-kW kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo onokuba ngaphezulu kwe-70000 MW wophuhliso. Lukhetho olungenakuphepheka ukuphuhlisa ngamandla amandla amancinci okukhupha amanzi ukuphucula ulwakhiwo lwamandla kwimeko yokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo okungenakhabhoni eninzi, ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Ngokwesicwangciso seSebe leMithombo yamanzi, ngo-2020, i-China izakwakha amaphondo amancinci ali-10 okukhupha amanzi anomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-5 ze-kW, iziseko ezinkulu zamanzi ezincinci ezili-100 ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-200000 kW, kunye nezixeko ezincinci ezingama-300 zokukhupha amanzi ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-100000 kW. Ngo-2023, njengoko kucwangcisiwe yiSebe leMithombo yamanzi, ukuveliswa kwamandla amancinci okukhupha amanzi akuyi kufezekisa injongo ka-2020 kuphela, kodwa kuya kuba nophuhliso olukhulu kwesi siseko.
Isikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi yinkqubo yokuvelisa umbane eguqula amandla amanzi abe ngumbane nge-turbine yamanzi, kwaye iseti yejenereyitha ye-turbine yamanzi sisixhobo esiphambili sokufikelela ekuguqulweni kwamandla kwiinkqubo ezincinci zamandla ombane. Inkqubo yokuguqula amandla eseti yejenereyitha yombane ngamanzi yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amabini.
Inqanaba lokuqala liguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini e-turbine yamanzi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kunamandla anokubakho ahlukeneyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo nakwiindawo zomhlaba. Xa ukuhamba kwamanzi ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu kuchaphazela i-turbine kwindawo ephantsi, amandla anokubakho aveliswa kukutshintsha kwenqanaba lamanzi aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini e-turbine.
Kwinqanaba lesibini, amandla oomatshini e-turbine yamanzi aguqulwa kuqala abe ngamandla ombane, aze emva koko adluliselwe kwizixhobo zombane ngemigca yokudlulisa yegridi yamandla. Emva kokuba echaphazelekile kukuhamba kwamanzi, i-turbine yamanzi iqhuba ijenereyitha eqhagamshelwe yi-coaxial ukuba ijikeleze. I-rotor yejenereyitha ejikelezayo iqhuba intsimi yemagnethi yokuvuselela ukuba ijikeleze, kwaye ukujija kwe-stator yejenereyitha kunqumla imigca yentsimi yemagnethi yokuvuselela ukuvelisa amandla e-electromotive abangelwayo. Kwelinye icala, ikhupha amandla ombane, kwaye kwelinye icala, ivelisa i-torque ye-electromagnetic braking kwicala elichaseneyo lokujikeleza kwi-rotor. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuqhubeka kuchaphazela isixhobo se-turbine yamanzi, kwaye i-torque ejikelezayo efunyenwe yi-turbine yamanzi ukusuka ekuhambeni kwamanzi iyoyisa i-torque ye-electromagnetic braking eveliswa kwi-rotor yejenereyitha. Xa ezi zimbini zifikelela kumlinganiselo, iyunithi ye-turbine yamanzi iya kusebenza ngesantya esingaguqukiyo ukuvelisa umbane ngokuzinzileyo kunye nokuguqulwa ngokupheleleyo kwamandla.
Iseti yejenereyitha yamanzi sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuguqula amandla esiguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokubanzi iquka i-turbine yamanzi, ijenereyitha, isilawuli sesantya, inkqubo yokuvuselela, inkqubo yokupholisa, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula izityalo zamandla. Intshayelelo emfutshane kwiintlobo nemisebenzi yezixhobo eziphambili kwiseti yejenereyitha yamanzi eqhelekileyo yile ilandelayo:
1) I-turbine yamanzi. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zee-turbine zamanzi: i-impulse kunye ne-reactive.
2) Ijenereyitha. Uninzi lweejenereyitha zisebenzisa iijenereyitha ezisebenza ngombane ezivuselelweyo.
3) Inkqubo yokuvuselela. Ngenxa yokuba iijenereyitha zihlala ziyijenereyitha ezivuselela umbane ezihambelanayo, kuyimfuneko ukulawula inkqubo yokuvuselela i-DC ukuze kufezekiswe ulawulo lwe-voltage, ulawulo lwamandla asebenzayo nasebenzayo lwamandla ombane, ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wamandla ombane aphumayo.
4) Isixhobo sokulawula isantya kunye nesixhobo sokulawula (kubandakanya isixhobo sokulawula isantya kunye nesixhobo soxinzelelo lweoyile). I-governor isetyenziselwa ukulawula isantya se-turbine yamanzi, ukuze i-frequency yamandla ombane aphumayo ihlangabezane neemfuno zombane.
5) Inkqubo yokupholisa. Iijenereyitha ezincinci zamanzi zisebenzisa ikakhulu ukupholisa umoya, zisebenzisa inkqubo yokungenisa umoya ukunceda ukukhupha ubushushu nokupholisa umphezulu we-stator, i-rotor, kunye ne-iron core yejenereyitha.
6) Isixhobo sokuqhobosha. Iijenereyitha ze-hydraulic ezinomthamo olinganiselweyo odlula ixabiso elithile zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuqhobosha.
7) Izixhobo zokulawula izityalo zamandla. Uninzi lwezixhobo zokulawula izitishi zamandla zisebenzisa ulawulo lwedijithali lwekhompyutha ukufezekisa imisebenzi efana noqhagamshelo lwegridi, ulawulo lwamaza, ulawulo lwevolthi, ulawulo lwezinto zamandla, ukhuseleko, kunye nonxibelelwano lokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi.
Umbane omncinci wamanzi unokwahlulwa ube luhlobo lokuphambuka, uhlobo lwedama, kunye nohlobo lwe-hybrid ngokusekelwe kwindlela yentloko exineneyo. Uninzi lwezikhululo zamanzi ezincinci eTshayina zizikhululo zamanzi ezincinci zohlobo lokuphambuka olunoqoqosho.
Iimpawu zokuveliswa kombane omncinci ophuma emanzini ziindlela ezincinci zokwakha izitishi, ubunjineli obulula, ukuthengwa kwezixhobo lula, kunye nokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, ngaphandle kokuhambisa umbane kwiindawo ezikude nesitishi; Igridi yombane omncinci ophuma emanzini inomthamo omncinci, kwaye umthamo wokuvelisa umbane nawo mncinci. Ukungawamkeli umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini kuneempawu ezinamandla zasekuhlaleni nezobunzima.
Njengomthombo wamandla acocekileyo, umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini ube negalelo ekwakhiweni kweelali ezintsha zamandla zobuSoshalisti eTshayina. Sikholelwa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kombane omncinci ophuma emanzini kunye netekhnoloji yokugcina amandla kuya kwenza uphuhliso lombane omncinci ophuma emanzini lukhangeleke ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo!
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-11-2023
