Ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi, njengomthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo, ongangcolisekiyo nococekileyo, kudala kuxatyiswa ngabantu. Kule mihla, izikhululo zombane ezinkulu neziphakathi zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nobuchwephesha bamandla ahlaziyekayo obuvuthiweyo kwihlabathi liphela. Umzekelo, isikhululo soveliso sombane seThree Gorges eTshayina sesona sikhululo sombane sikhulu ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, izikhululo zombane ezinkulu neziphakathi zineempembelelo ezimbi ezininzi kwindalo esingqongileyo, ezinjengamadama avale imilambo yendalo engahamba kakuhle, athintele ukukhutshwa kwentlenga, nokutshintsha imekobume ye-ecosystem; Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane kwakhona kufuna umhlaba omninzi, okukhokelela kwinani elikhulu labaphambukeli.
Njengomthombo wamandla omtsha, amandla amancinci ombane aneempembelelo ezincinci kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye ke ngoko aya kuxatyiswa ngabantu. Izikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi, njengezikhululo zombane ezinkulu neziphakathi, zombini ziziziko zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekiselwa ku "hydropower encinci" ibhekiselele kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi okanye iplanti zombane wamanzi kunye neenkqubo zamandla ezinomthamo omncinci kakhulu ofakiweyo, kwaye umthamo wabo ofakelweyo uyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zelizwe ngalinye.
E-China, "i-hydropower encinci" ibhekisela kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi kunye nokuxhasa iigridi zamandla zasekhaya ezinomthamo ofakelweyo we-25MW okanye ngaphantsi, ezixhaswa ngemali kwaye ziqhutywe ngamaziko asekuhlaleni, ahlangeneyo, okanye azimeleyo. Umbane omncinci owenziwe ngamanzi ngowamandla angeyokhabhoni acocekileyo, angenayo ingxaki yokuncipha kobutyebi kwaye angabangeli ungcoliseko kokusingqongileyo. Licandelo eliyimfuneko ekuphunyezweni kweqhinga lophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwaseTshayina.
Ukuphuhlisa amandla ahlaziyekayo afana nombane omncinci owenziwe ngamanzi ngokweemeko zendawo kunye nokuguqula izibonelelo zombane zibe ngumbane okumgangatho ophezulu udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nentlalontle yesizwe, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu, ukusombulula ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kombane kwiindawo ezingenawo umbane kunye nokunqongophala kombane, ukukhuthaza ulawulo lomlambo, ukuphuculwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, kunye nentlalo-qoqosho yendawo.
I-China inovimba abaninzi bemithombo yombane omncinci wamanzi, enogcino oluqikelelwa kwi-150 lezigidi ze-kW kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwama-70000 MW wophuhliso. Kulukhetho olungenakuphepheka ukuphuhlisa ngamandla amandla amancinci ombane owenziwe ngamanzi ukuphucula ubume bamandla kumxholo wokukhuselwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi, ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Ngokwesicwangciso soMphathiswa weMithombo yaManzi, ngo-2020, i-China iya kwakha amaphondo ama-10 amancinane ombane wamanzi anomthamo ofakiweyo ongaphezulu kwe-5 yezigidi ze-kW, iziseko zombane ezincinci ezili-100 ezinkulu ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-200000 kW, kunye nemimandla emincinci engama-300 yombane wamanzi enomthamo ofakiweyo ongaphezulu kwe-100000 kW. Ngo-2023, njengoko kucwangciswe nguMphathiswa weMithombo yaManzi, ukuveliswa kombane omncinci wamanzi akuyi kufezekisa injongo ye-2020 kuphela, kodwa kuya kuba nophuhliso olukhulu kwesi siseko.
Isikhululo samandla ombane oveliswa ngamanzi yinkqubo yokuvelisa amandla eguqula amandla amanzi abe ngumbane ngokusebenzisa i-iturbine yamanzi, kwaye iseti yejenereyitha yeijinitha yamanzi sisixhobo esingundoqo sokuphumeza uguqulo lwamandla kwiinkqubo ezincinci zombane wamanzi. Inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla kwiseti yejenereyitha yombane wamanzi yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amabini.
Inqanaba lokuqala liguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla omatshini eijiniji yamanzi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kunamandla ahlukeneyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo. Xa ukuhamba kwamanzi ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu kuchaphazela i-iturbine kwindawo esezantsi, amandla anokubakho aveliswa lutshintsho lwenqanaba lamanzi aguqulwa abe ngamandla omatshini einjini yomoya.
Kwinqanaba lesibini, amandla omatshini eijini yamanzi aguqulwa kuqala abe ngamandla ombane, athi ke adluliselwe kwisixhobo sombane ngeentambo zothumelo lwegridi yamandla. Emva kokuchatshazelwa kukuhamba kwamanzi, i-iturbine yamanzi iqhubela i-coaxial generator edibeneyo ukuba ijikeleze. I-rotor yejeneretha ejikelezayo iqhuba intsimi yemagnethi evuselelayo ukuba ijikeleze, kwaye i-stator winding ye-generator inqumla imigca yemagnethi yokuvuselela ukuvelisa amandla e-electromotive. Kwelinye icala, ivelisa amandla ombane, kwaye kwelinye icala, ivelisa i-torque ye-electromagnetic braking kwicala elichaseneyo lokujikeleza kwirotor. Ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokuqhubekayo kuchaphazela isixhobo seijini yeinjini yamanzi, kunye netorque ejikelezayo efunyenwe yiijini yamanzi ukusuka kumpompozo wamanzi iyoyisa itorque yokuqhobosha ye-electromagnetic eveliswe kwirotha yejenereyitha. Xa ezi zimbini zifikelela kwi-equilibrium, iyunithi ye-injini yeinjini yamanzi iya kusebenza ngesantya esingaguqukiyo ukuvelisa umbane ngokuzinzileyo kunye noguqulo olupheleleyo lwamandla.
Iseti yejenereyitha yombane sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuguqula amandla esiguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-injini yomoya yamanzi, ijenereyitha, isilawuli sesantya, inkqubo yokuvuselela, inkqubo yokupholisa, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula umatshini wombane. Intshayelelo emfutshane kwiindidi kunye nemisebenzi yesixhobo esiphambili kwiseti yejenereyitha yombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ihamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1) I-injini yamanzi. Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iiinjini zamanzi: impulse kunye ne-reactive.
2) Ijenereyitha. Uninzi lweejenereyitha zisebenzisa iijenereyitha ezihambelana nombane.
3) Inkqubo yokuvuselela. Ngenxa yokuba iijenereyitha zidla ngokuba ziijenereyitha ezihambelanayo zombane, kuyafuneka ukuba kulawulwe inkqubo ye-DC excitation ukuze kuphunyezwe ulawulo lwamandla ombane, ukulawulwa kwamandla ombane asebenzayo kunye nokuvuselela amandla ombane, ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wemveliso yamandla ombane.
4) Ukulawulwa kwesantya kunye nesixhobo sokulawula (kubandakanya umlawuli wesantya kunye nesixhobo soxinzelelo lweoyile). Irhuluneli isetyenziselwa ukulawula isantya se-injini ye-injini yamanzi, ukwenzela ukuba i-frequency ye-output yamandla ombane ihlangabezane neemfuno zokunikezelwa kwamandla.
5) Inkqubo yokupholisa. Iijenereyitha ezincinci ze-hydro ikakhulu zisebenzisa ukupholisa komoya, zisebenzisa inkqubo yokungenisa umoya ukunceda ukukhupha ubushushu kunye nokupholisa umphezulu we-stator yejeneretha, i-rotor, kunye nombindi wentsimbi.
6) Isixhobo sokunyathela. Iijenereyitha zehydraulic ezinomthamo olinganisiweyo odlula ixabiso elithile zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuqhokra.
7) Izixhobo zokulawula iplanti yamandla. Uninzi lwezixhobo zolawulo lwesikhululo samandla zisebenzisa ulawulo lwedijithali lwekhompyuter ukuphumeza imisebenzi efana noqhagamshelo lwegridi, ukulawulwa kwamaza, ukulawulwa kwamandla ombane, ukulawulwa kwezinto zamandla, ukhuseleko, kunye nonxibelelwano lokuvelisa umbane oqhutywa ngamanzi.
Umbane omncinci wamanzi unokohlulwa ube luhlobo lophambuko, uhlobo lwedama, kunye nodidi oluxubileyo olusekwe kwindlela yentloko egxininisiweyo. Uninzi lwezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi e-China zihlobo loqoqosho lwezikhululo zombane ezincinci.
Iimpawu zokuvelisa umbane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi sisikali sokwakhiwa kwesikhululo esincinci, ubunjineli obulula, ukuthengwa lula kwezixhobo, kunye nokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, ngaphandle kokuhambisa umbane kwiindawo ezikude nesikhululo; Igridi yamandla ombane omncinci wamanzi inomthamo omncinci, kwaye umthamo wokuvelisa amandla nawo uncinci. Ukugatywa kwamandla amancinci ombane wamanzi kuneempawu ezinamandla zendawo kunye nobunzima.
Njengomthombo wamandla acocekileyo, umbane omncinci wamanzi ube negalelo kulwakhiwo lweelali zamandla amatsha e-socialist e-China. Sikholelwa ukuba indibaniselwano ye-hydropower encinci kunye neteknoloji yokugcina amandla iya kwenza uphuhliso lombane omncinci we-hydropower ukhangele amehlo ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo!
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-11-2023
