I-Horizons eNtsha kuMbindi we-Asia yaMandla: UkuPhakamisa koMbane waManzi oMncinane
Njengoko imbonakalo yamandla ehlabathi ikhawulezisa ukutshintsha kwayo ekuzinzeni, i-Uzbekistan kunye ne-Kyrgyzstan kuMbindi we-Asiya zime kumdiboniso omtsha wophuhliso lwamandla. Ngokukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwezoqoqosho, umlinganiselo wemizi-mveliso waseUzbekistan uyanda, ulwakhiwo lwasezidolophini luhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza, yaye umgangatho wokuphila wabantu bayo uya uphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Emva kolu tshintsho lulungileyo kukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwimfuno yamandla. Ngokutsho kwengxelo evela kwi-International Energy Agency (IEA), imfuno yamandla e-Uzbekistan ikhule malunga ne-40% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba inyuke nge-50% ngo-2030. I-Kyrgyzstan nayo ijongene nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuno yamandla, ngakumbi kwiinyanga zasebusika, xa ukunqongophala kombane kubonakala, kwaye ukunqongophala kwamandla okusebenza njengokunciphisa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle.
Njengoko imithombo yamandla eqhelekileyo izama ukuhlangabezana nezi mfuno zikhulayo, imiba emininzi iya icaca. I-Uzbekistan, nangona inemithombo ethile yerhasi yendalo, kudala ixhomekeke kumafutha endalo, ijongene nemingcipheko yokuncipha kobutyebi kunye nongcoliseko oluqatha lokusingqongileyo. I-Kyrgyzstan, enesabelo esikhulu samandla ombane kumxube wayo wamandla, ijongene nengxaki yeziseko ezigugayo kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zombane. Ngokuchasene nale meko, i-micro hydropower (iMicro hydropower) iye yavela ngokuzolileyo njengesisombululo samandla esicocekileyo nesizinzileyo kuwo omabini la mazwe, ngesakhono esingafanelanga sijongelwe phantsi.
I-Uzbekistan: Umhlaba ongasetyenziswanga kuMbane waManzi amancinci
(1) Uhlalutyo lwesimo saMandla
Ubume bamandla e-Uzbekistan kudala bukwisinye, kwaye irhasi yendalo ithatha i-86% yobonelelo lwamandla. Oku kuthembela ngamandla kumthombo omnye wamandla kubeka ukhuseleko lwamandla elizwe emngciphekweni. Ukuba iimarike zerhasi yendalo zamazwe ngamazwe ziyaguquguquka okanye ukutsalwa kwerhasi yasekhaya kujongana nemiqobo, unikezelo lwamandla e-Uzbekistan luya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamafutha efosili kukhokelele kungcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside okunyuka ngokuthe chu kwaye kubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu kwi-ecosystem yendawo.
Njengoko ingqalelo yehlabathi kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo ikhula, i-Uzbekistan iye yaqaphela ukungxamiseka kwenguqu yamandla. Ilizwe liqulunqe uthotho lwezicwangciso eziliqili zophuhliso lwamandla, ngenjongo yokwandisa isabelo samandla ahlaziyekayo kumbane walo uwonke ukuya kuma-54% ngowama-2030. Le njongo ibonelela ngesithuba esaneleyo sophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi kunye neminye imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo.
(2) Ukuphonononga i-Micro Hydropower Potential
I-Uzbekistan inobutyebi bamanzi, ubukhulu becala igxile kwi-Amu Darya kunye ne-Syr Darya river baseins. Ngokweenkcukacha ezisemthethweni, ilizwe linamandla ombane anokubakho amalunga nama-22 eebhiliyoni ze-kWh, ukanti izinga lokusetyenziswa kombane li-15% kuphela. Oku kuthetha ukuba maninzi amathuba okuba kuphuhliswe umbane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi. Kweminye imimandla yeentaba, njengeendawo zePamir Plateau kunye neeNtaba zeTian Shan, indawo engumnqantsa kunye neendawo zokulahla ezinkulu zemilambo zibenza balungele ukwakha izikhululo zombane ezincinci. Le mimandla inemilambo equkuqela ngokukhawuleza, ibonelela ngomthombo wamandla ozinzileyo weenkqubo zombane ezincinci zamanzi.
Kwingingqi yaseNukus, kukho isikhululo sombane esikhulu samanzi esinomthamo ofakelweyo wama-480 MW, obonelela ngenkxaso yombane ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwasekhaya. Ukongeza kwizikhululo zombane ezikhulu, i-Uzbekistan ikwaphonononga ulwakhiwo lwezityalo ezincinci zombane. Ezinye izikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi sele zakhiwe kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikude, zibonelela ngobonelelo lombane oluzinzileyo kubahlali bengingqi kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo. Ezi zikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi azisebenzisi ngokupheleleyo kuphela izibonelelo zamanzi zasekhaya kodwa zinciphisa ukuthembela kwimithombo yamandla emveli, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
(3) Inkxaso kaRhulumente
Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo, urhulumente wase-Uzbek uye wazisa uluhlu lwamanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo. Ngokumalunga nenkxaso-mali, urhulumente unikezela ngenkxaso-mali kwiinkampani ezityala imali kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zombane owenziwe ngamanzi ukunciphisa iindleko zotyalo-mali. Kwiinkampani ezakha izikhululo zombane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi, urhulumente ubonelela ngenkxaso-mali esekelwe kumthamo ofakiweyo wesikhululo kunye nokuveliswa kombane, ekhuthaza kakhulu utyalo-mali kumbane omncinci wamanzi.
Urhulumente ukwaphumeze uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo ekhethwayo. Ngokweerhafu, iinkampani ezincinci zombane wamanzi zikonwabela ukucutha irhafu, zithomalalisa imithwalo yazo. Ngexesha lamanqanaba okuqala okusebenza, ezi nkampani zisenokungahlawuliswa irhafu kangangexesha elithile, kwaye kamva zinokonwabela irhafu ephantsi. Ngokubhekiselele kusetyenziso lomhlaba, urhulumente ubeka phambili ukubonelela ngomhlaba weeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi kwaye unikezela ngezaphulelo ezithile zokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Le migaqo-nkqubo idala imeko-bume efanelekileyo yophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi.
(4) Imingeni kunye nezisombululo
Nangona i-Uzbekistan inamandla amakhulu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo encomekayo yophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi, kusekho imingeni emininzi. Kwicala lobugcisa, itekhnoloji yombane omncinci wombane kweminye imimandla iphelelwe lixesha, inokusebenza okuphantsi. Ezinye izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezindala zinezixhobo ezigugayo, iindleko zokulondolozwa okuphezulu, kunye nokuveliswa kombane okungazinzanga. Ukujongana noku, i-Uzbekistan inokomeleza intsebenziswano kunye neenkampani zeteknoloji zamazwe ngamazwe, ukwazisa ubuchwephesha obuphambili bombane wamanzi kunye nezixhobo zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane. Intsebenziswano namazwe afana neTshayina kunye neJamani, anamava ahambele phambili kumbane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi, inokuzisa ubugcisa obutsha kunye nezixhobo, ukuphucula izikhululo zombane ezincinci zeli lizwe.
Ukunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali ngomnye umba omkhulu. Ukwakhiwa kweeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi kufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwemali, kwaye i-Uzbekistan ineendlela ezilinganiselweyo zenkxaso-mali yangaphakathi. Ukunyusa imali, urhulumente unokukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukutsala amaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkampani ukuba zityale imali kwiiprojekthi zoveliso lombane omncinci. Urhulumente unokuseka iimali ezikhethekileyo zokuxhasa ezi projekthi ngemali.
Iziseko zophuhliso ezingonelanga zikwangumba osisithintelo kuphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi. Eminye imimandla esemagqagaleni ayinayo igridi eyaneleyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuhambisa umbane oveliswa ngamandla amancinci ombane wamanzi kwiindawo ezinemfuno ephezulu. Ngoko ke, i-Uzbekistan idinga ukwandisa utyalo-mali ekwakhiweni nasekuphuculweni kweziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neegridi zamandla, ukuphucula umthamo wokuhanjiswa kwamandla. Urhulumente angakukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweegridi ngotyalo-mali nangokutsala inkunzi yentlalontle, eqinisekisa ukuba umbane oveliswa ngamandla amancinci ombane wamanzi unokuziswa ngokufanelekileyo kubathengi.
I-Kyrgyzstan: Isitiya esiKhulayo seMicro Hydropower
(1) Oovimba boMbane woMbane we-“Water Tower of Central Asia”
IKyrgyzstan yaziwa ngokuba “yiWater Tower of Central Asia,” ngenxa yejografi yayo ekhethekileyo, enemithombo yamanzi amaninzi. Ngama-93% ommandla welizwe oneentaba, imvula ehlala imvula, imikhenkce ethe gabalala, kunye nemilambo ehamba ngaphezu kwe-500,000 yeekhilomitha, iKyrgyzstan inomthombo wamanzi oqhelekileyo ngonyaka malunga ne-51 yeebhiliyoni zeemitha. Oku kwenza ukuba amandla ombane weli lizwe afumaneka kwi-1,335 yeebhiliyoni ze-kWh, anamandla obugcisa angama-719 eebhiliyoni zekWh kunye nomthamo onokwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho wama-427 eebhiliyoni zekWh. Phakathi kwamazwe e-CIS, iKyrgyzstan ikwindawo yesithathu, emva kweRashiya neTajikistan, ngokubhekiselele kumandla ombane.
Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba langoku lokusetyenziswa komthombo wombane wase-Kyrgyzstan limalunga ne-10% kuphela, umahluko ocacileyo kumandla ayo obutyebi bamanzi. Nangona ilizwe sele limisele izikhululo zombane ezikhulu ezifana nesikhululo sombane saseToktogul (esakhiwa ngo-1976, sinomthamo omkhulu ofakiweyo), izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi zisekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso, kwaye uninzi lwamandla ombane angekasetyenziswa.
(2) Inkqubela phambili yeProjekthi kunye neeMpumelelo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iKyrgyzstan yenze inkqubela ebonakalayo kulwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane ezincinci. Ngokutsho kwe-Arhente yeNdaba ye-Kabar, ngo-2024, ilizwe lasebenzisa i-batch yezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi ezinomthamo ofakiweyo we-48.3 MW, ezifana ne-Bala-Saruu kunye ne-Issyk-Ata-1 izikhululo zombane. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ilizwe linezikhululo zombane ezincinci ezisebenza ngamanzi ezingama-33 ezinomthamo ofakiweyo we-121.5 MW, kwaye ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezithandathu ezingakumbi ekulindeleke ukuba zisebenze.
Ukusekwa kwezi zikhululo zombane zincinci kuziphucule kakhulu iimeko zobonelelo lwamandla ombane. Kweminye imimandla esemagqagaleni esezintabeni, apho umbane wawungonelanga ngaphambili, ngoku abahlali banokufikelela ngokuzinzileyo kumbane. Umgangatho wobomi babantu basekuhlaleni uphucuke kakhulu, kwaye abasahlali ebumnyameni ebusuku, kunye nezixhobo zekhaya ezisebenza njengesiqhelo. Amanye amashishini amancinci osapho anokusebenza kakuhle, efaka amandla kuqoqosho lwendawo. Ukongeza, ezi projekthi zincinci zombane wamanzi zinciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yamandla emveli kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi, inegalelo eliqinisekileyo kukhuseleko lwendawo yendawo.
(3) Amandla eNtsebenziswano yaMazwe ngaMazwe
Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni umbane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi eKyrgyzstan. I-China, njengeqabane elibalulekileyo, lizibandakanye kwintsebenziswano ebanzi kunye neKyrgyzstan kwindawo encinci yombane wamanzi. Kwi-7th Issyk-Kul International Economic Forum ngo-2023, i-consortium yeenkampani zaseTshayina zisayine isivumelwano kunye ne-Kyrgyzstan ukutyala i-2 ukuya kwi-3 yeebhiliyoni ze-USD ekwakhiweni kwe-Kazarman Cascade Hydropower Station, eya kuba nezityalo ezine zombane kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo we-1,160 MW kwaye kulindeleke ukuba isebenze nge-2030.
Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana neBhanki yehlabathi kunye neBhanki yaseYurophu yoKwakha kwakhona kunye noPhuhliso (EBRD) nayo ibonelele ngenkxaso-mali kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi zaseKyrgyzstan. I-Kyrgyzstan ingenise iiprojekthi ezininzi zesikhululo sombane samanzi kwi-EBRD, kuquka nokwakhiwa kweDama lase-Upper Naryn. I-EBRD ibonise umdla wokuphumeza "iiprojekthi eziluhlaza" kweli lizwe, kubandakanywa ukuphuculwa kwecandelo lamandla kunye neeprojekthi zombane wamanzi. Le ntsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ayizisi nje kuphela inkxaso-mali efunekayo eKyrgyzstan, ukunciphisa imiqobo yezemali kulwakhiwo lweprojekthi, kodwa ikwazisa nobugcisa obuphambili nobuchule bolawulo, iphucula umgangatho wokwakha nokusebenza kweeprojekthi zombane ezincinci zeli lizwe.
(4) Imbono yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo
Ngokusekwe kubutyebi bamanzi amaninzi eKyrgyzstan kunye nentsingiselo yangoku yophuhliso, amandla ayo amancinci ombane wamanzi anethemba elibanzi lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo. Urhulumente ubeke iinjongo ezicacileyo zophuhliso lwamandla kunye nezicwangciso zokwandisa isabelo samandla ahlaziyekayo kubume bamandla esizwe ukuya kwi-10% ngowama-2030.
Kwixesha elizayo, ngenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yetekhnoloji kunye nokuqina kwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, i-Kyrgyzstan ilindeleke ukuba inyuse ngakumbi iinzame zayo zokuphuhlisa imithombo emincinci yombane wamanzi. Kuya kwakhiwa izikhululo zombane ezincinane ezingakumbi kwilizwe liphela, nto leyo engayi kukhawulelana nemfuno ekhulayo yamandla ombane wasekhaya kuphela, kodwa iza kwandisa nokuthunyelwa kombane kumazwe angaphandle kwaye ikhulise ukomelela kwezoqoqosho lwelizwe. Uphuhliso lwamandla ombane amancinane luza kuqhuba nophuhliso lwamashishini anxulumeneyo, afana nokwenziwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza, ulwakhiwo lobunjineli, ukusebenza kombane kunye nokugcinwa kombane, kudalwe amathuba engqesho amaninzi, nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho olwahlukeneyo.
Amathuba eMarike: Amathuba kunye neMiceli mngeni Ahlala kunye
(I) Amathuba aqhelekileyo
Ngokwembono yeemfuno zenguqu yamandla, i-Uzbekistan neKyrgyzstan zombini zijongene nomsebenzi ongxamisekileyo wokulungisa ubume bazo bamandla. Njengoko ingqalelo yehlabathi kukutshintsha kwemozulu iqhubeka isanda, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokuphuhlisa amandla acocekileyo kuye kwaba yimvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe. La mazwe mabini asabele ngokukhutheleyo kulo mkhwa, enika ithuba elihle lophuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi. Njengomthombo wamandla acocekileyo nohlaziyekayo, umbane omncinci wamanzi unokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuxhomekeka kumandla efosili kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, okuhambelana nesikhokelo sokuguqulwa kwamandla kumazwe amabini.
Ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo encomekayo, bobabini oorhulumente baye bazisa uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo. I-Uzbekistan ibeke iinjongo ezicacileyo zophuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo, icwangcisa ukwandisa umlinganiselo wamandla ahlaziyekayo kwi-total power generation ukuya kwi-54% ngo-2030, kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhethiweyo kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi. I-Kyrgyzstan iye yafaka kwakhona uphuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kwisicwangciso sayo sesizwe, isicwangciso sokwandisa isabelo samandla ahlaziyekayo kwisakhiwo samandla esizwe ukuya kwi-10% ngo-2030, kwaye inike inkxaso eqinile kulwakhiwo lweeprojekthi zombane omncinci wamanzi, ikhuthaze ngenkuthalo intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye idale imeko-bume yomgaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi.
Inkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha ikwabonelele ngenkxaso emandla kuphuhliso lombane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi kula mazwe mabini. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwephesha bombane obuncinci buye bakhula ngokukhula, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla kuye kwaphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye iindleko zezixhobo ziye zehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa obutsha obufana noyilo oluphuhlileyo lweinjini yomoya kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezikrelekrele zenze ulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kweeprojekthi zombane omncinci wombane wamanzi usebenze ngakumbi kwaye ulungele. Le nkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha iwucuthile umngcipheko wotyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi zombane ophehlwa ngamanzi amancinci, yaphucula inzuzo yezoqoqosho yeeprojekthi, kwaye yatsala abatyali-mali abaninzi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi zombane ezincinci ngamanzi.
(II) Uhlalutyo lwemingeni eyodwa
I-Uzbekistan ijongene nemingeni kwezobuchwepheshe, inkunzi kunye neziseko zophuhliso kuphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi. Itekhnoloji yombane omncinci wombane kwezinye iindawo isemva kwaye inoveliso lwamandla asezantsi, ifuna ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili kunye nezixhobo. Ukwakhiwa kweeprojekthi zombane omncinci wombane kufuna isixa esikhulu sotyalo-mali olukhulu, ngelixa i-Uzbekistan imijelo yenkxaso-mali yangaphakathi ilinganiselwe, kwaye ukunqongophala kwenkunzi kuthintele ukuqhubela phambili kweeprojekthi. Kwezinye iindawo ezisemagqagaleni, ukugutyungelwa kweegridi zamandla akonelanga, kwaye umbane oveliswa ngamandla amancinci ombane owenziwe ngamanzi kunzima ukuba udluliselwe kwiindawo eziyimfuneko. Iziseko ezingundoqo ezingafezekanga ziye zaba ngumqobo kuphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi.
Nangona iKyrgyzstan inobutyebi bamanzi, ikwajongene nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo. Ilizwe linemihlaba entsonkothileyo, iintaba ezininzi, kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwezothutho, nto leyo eye yazisa ubunzima obukhulu ekwakhiweni kwamaphulo amancinane ombane wamanzi kunye nokuthuthwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza. Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kusenokuchaphazela inkqubela yeeprojekthi ezincinci zombane owenziwe ngamanzi, kwaye kukho imingcipheko ethile kutyalo-mali nasekusebenzeni kweeprojekthi. Uqoqosho lwaseKyrgyzstan lusemva ngokwentelekiso, kwaye imarike yasekhaya inamandla alinganiselweyo okuthenga izixhobo zombane ophehlwa ngamanzi amancinci kunye neenkonzo, nto leyo ethintela isikali sophuhliso lweshishini elincinci lombane wamanzi.
Indlela eya empumelelweni yamashishini: amacebo kunye neengcebiso
(I) Ukusebenza kwendawo
Ukusebenza kwendawo kubalulekile kumashishini ukuba aphuhlise imakethi encinci yombane wamanzi e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan. Amashishini kufuneka abe nokuqonda okunzulu kwenkcubeko yendawo kwaye ahloniphe amasiko asekuhlaleni, iinkolelo zonqulo kunye neendlela zoshishino. EUzbekistan, inkcubeko yamaSilamsi ibalasele. Ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi, amashishini kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kumalungiselelo omsebenzi ngamaxesha akhethekileyo afana neRamadan ukuphepha ukungaqondani ngenxa yokungafani kwenkcubeko.
Ukuseka iqela lengingqi ngundoqo ekuphumezeni umsebenzi wendawo. Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni baqhelene nemeko yemarike yendawo, imithetho nemimiselo, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, kwaye banokunxibelelana ngcono nokusebenzisana noorhulumente basekhaya, amashishini kunye nabantu. Amagcisa asekuhlaleni, abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi bezentengiso banokufunwa ukwenza iqela elihlukeneyo. Intsebenziswano namashishini asekuhlaleni ikwayindlela esebenzayo yokuvula imakethi. Amashishini asekuhlaleni anezibonelelo ezityebileyo kunye noqhagamshelwano kwindawo yendawo. Ukusebenzisana nabo kunokunciphisa umda wokungena kwimarike kunye nokwandisa izinga lempumelelo yeprojekthi. Kuyenzeka ukusebenzisana neenkampani zokwakha zasekhaya ukwenza ukwakhiwa kweeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi kunye nokusebenzisana neenkampani zamandla zasekhaya ukuthengisa umbane.
(II) Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nokulungelelanisa
Ngokweemfuno zokwenyani zasekhaya, uphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha obufanelekileyo bombane wamanzi ngundoqo kumashishini ukuba afumane indawo yentengiso. EUzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, ezinye iindawo zinemihlaba entsonkothileyo kunye neemeko eziguquguqukayo zemilambo. Amashishini kufuneka aphuhlise izixhobo zombane ezincinci eziqhelana nomhlaba onzima kunye neemeko zokuhamba kwamanzi. Ngokujonga iimpawu zokuhla okukhulu kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi okumaxhaphetshu kwimilambo esezintabeni, ii-injini zomsinga ophezulu kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa umbane ezizinzileyo ziyaphuhliswa ukuze kuphuculwe ukuveliswa kombane kunye nokuzinza.
Amashishini nawo kufuneka agxininise ekusunguleni nasekuphuculeni iteknoloji. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesayensi kunye nethekhinoloji, itekhnoloji yombane omncinci wamanzi nayo ihlala iphucuka. Amashishini kufuneka angenise ubugcisa obuphambili kunye neengqiqo, ezifana neenkqubo zokulawula ezikrelekrele kunye nobuchwepheshe bokubeka iliso kude, ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nenqanaba lolawulo lweeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kunye nokulawulwa kude kwezixhobo ezincinci ze-hydropower kunokufumaneka, ukungaphumeleli kwezixhobo kunokufunyanwa kwaye kusonjululwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo kunokuphuculwa.
(III) Izicwangciso zokulawula umngcipheko
Ekwenzeni iiprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, amashishini kufuneka enze uvavanyo olubanzi kunye nokuphendula okusebenzayo kumgaqo-nkqubo, imarike, indalo kunye neminye imingcipheko. Ngokwemingcipheko yomgaqo-nkqubo, imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe amabini inokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Amashishini kufuneka anike ingqwalasela enkulu kwiintsingiselo zomgaqo-nkqubo wendawo kwaye ahlengahlengise izicwangciso zeprojekthi ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso karhulumente wasekhaya kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi uyatshintsha, amashishini kufuneka alungiselele kwangaphambili kwaye afumane enye imithombo yemali okanye anciphise iindleko zeprojekthi.
Umngcipheko wemarike ukwalugxininiso ekufuneka amashishini anikele ingqalelo kulo. Utshintsho kwimfuno yentengiso kunye nohlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo lwabakhuphisana nabo lunokuba nefuthe kwiiprojekthi zenkampani. Amashishini kufuneka omeleze uphando lwemarike, aqonde imfuno yemarike kunye nemeko yabakhuphisana nabo, kwaye aqulunqe amaqhinga orhwebo afanelekileyo. Ngophando lwemalike, qonda imfuno yombane kubahlali bengingqi kunye namashishini, kunye nemveliso kunye neenkonzo eziluncedo zabo bakhuphisana nabo, ukuze kuqulunqwe amaqhinga orhwebo olukhuphisanayo.
Imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo akufunekanga ingahoywa nayo. Ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kweeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi kunokuba neempembelelo ezithile kwindalo engqongileyo yendawo, efana notshintsho kwi-ikhosistim yomlambo kunye nokuhlala kobutyebi bomhlaba. Amashishini kufuneka enze uhlolo olubanzi lokusingqongileyo phambi kokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi kwaye enze amanyathelo ahambelanayo okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweprojekthi. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokwakhiwa kweprojekthi, thatha amanyathelo asebenzayo okulondoloza umhlaba kunye namanzi ukunciphisa umonakalo kwimithombo yomhlaba; ngexesha lenkqubo yokusebenza kweprojekthi, ukomeleza ukubekwa kweliso kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo yemilambo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso lwendalo ayonakaliswa.
Isiphelo: Umbane omncinci wombane ukhanyisa ikamva loMbindi Asia
Umbane omncinci wamanzi ubonisa amandla angazange abonwe ngaphambili kunye nokubakho kwinqanaba lamandla e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan. Nangona omabini la mazwe ejongene nemingeni yawo kwindlela yophuhliso, inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo eyomeleleyo, imithombo yamanzi amaninzi kunye nenkqubela phambili yethekhinoloji eqhubekayo ibonelele ngesiseko esiluqilima sophuhliso lombane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi. Ngokuqhubela phambili ngokuthe ngcembe kweeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi, ubume bamandla kula mazwe mabini buza kuqhubeka ukwenziwa ngcono, ukuxhomekeka kumandla efosili kuya kuncitshiswa ngakumbi, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuphendula kutshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi.
Uphuhliso lombane omncinci ophehlwa ngamanzi kwakhona luza kufaka amandla amatsha kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwala mazwe mabini. E-Uzbekistan, ulwakhiwo lweeprojekthi ezincinci zombane wamanzi luya kuqhuba uphuhliso lwamashishini anxulumeneyo kunye nokukhuthaza ukwahlukana kwezoqoqosho. E-Kyrgyzstan, umbane omncinci wamanzi awukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla asekhaya kuphela, kodwa ube yindawo entsha yokukhula koqoqosho kunye nokwandisa ingeniso yelizwe ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kombane. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kwixesha elizayo elingekude, iMicro hydropower iya kuba sisibane esikhanyisela indlela yophuhliso lwamandla e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, kwaye yenze igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamazwe amabini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-10-2025
