1. Intshayelelo I-Hydropower kudala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-energy landscape kwiiBalkans. Ngobutyebi bawo obuninzi bamanzi, lo mmandla unako ukusebenzisa amandla ombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ukuvelisa amandla azinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso kunye nokusebenza kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwiiBalkans kuchatshazelwa kukudibana kwezinto ezintsonkothileyo, eziquka ijografi, indalo, uqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko. Eli nqaku lijolise ekunikeni isishwankathelo esipheleleyo semeko yangoku yombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwiiBalkans, ithemba lawo ngekamva, kunye nemiqobo enokuthintela uphuhliso lwawo olungakumbi. 2. Imeko yangoku yoMbane we-Hydropower kwiiBalkans 2.1 UFakelo lwe-Hydropower esele lukhona Ii-Balkans sele zinenani elikhulu lemizi-mveliso yombane osebenza ngamanzi. Ukusukela [kwidatha ekhoyo yamva nje], isixa esibalulekileyo somthamo wombane ofakwe emanzini ufakwe kuwo wonke ummandla. Umzekelo, amazwe afana neAlbania athembele phantse ngokupheleleyo kumbane owenziwe ngamanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Ngapha koko, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ugalela phantse i-100% kubonelelo lombane e-Albania, iqaqambisa indima yayo ebalulekileyo kumxube wamandla welizwe. Namanye amazwe akwiiBalkans, anjengeBosnia neHerzegovina, iCroatia, iMontenegro, iSerbia, noMntla Macedonia, nawo anesabelo esikhulu sombane ekuveliseni amandla awo. EBosnia naseHerzegovina, amandla ombane amalunga nesinye kwisithathu sombane uwonke, ngelixa eMontenegro, umalunga nama-50%, eSerbia malunga nama-28%, kwaye eMntla Macedonia phantse ama-25%. Ezi zityalo zombane ziyohluka ngobukhulu kunye nomthamo. Kukho iiprojekthi ezinkulu zombane owenziwe ngamanzi asele zisebenza amashumi eminyaka, zihlala zakhiwa ngexesha lobusoshiyali kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia. Ezi zityalo zinomthamo ophezulu wokufakelwa kwaye zidlala indima enkulu ekuhlangabezaneni nesiseko - imfuno yombane wokulayisha. Ukongeza, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho ukwanda kwenani lemizi-mveliso yombane owenziwe ngamanzi amancinci (ii-SHP), ingakumbi ezo zinesakhono esifakelweyo esingaphantsi kweemegawathi ezili-10 (MW). Enyanisweni, ukusukela [ngonyaka wedatha], ama-92% eeprojekthi zombane ezicetywayo zombane kwiiBalkans zazincinci, nangona uninzi lwezi projekthi zincinci zicetyiweyo zisaza kwenziwa. 2.2 IiProjekthi zoMbane wamanzi phantsi koLwakhiwo Ngaphandle kweziseko ezingundoqo ezikhoyo zombane, kusekho iiprojekthi ezininzi zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ngoku ekusakhiwayo kwiiBalkans. Ukusukela [kwidatha yakutsha nje], malunga [X] neeprojekthi zombane wamanzi zikwisigaba sokwakha. Ezi projekthi ziqhubayo zijolise ekwandiseni ngakumbi amandla ombane oqhutywa ngamanzi kummandla. Umzekelo, e-Albania, iiprojekthi ezininzi zombane owenziwe ngamanzi ziyakhiwa ukuze kuphuculwe amandla okwaneleyo elizwe kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle kombane oshiyekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwakhiwa kwezi projekthi akukho mingeni. Ezinye zeeprojekthi zijongene nokulibaziseka ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neenkqubo zemvume ezintsonkothileyo, iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo eziphakanyiswe luluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho yokusingqongileyo, kunye nemiqobo yemali. Umzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, abaphuhlisi beprojekthi bayasokola ukufumana inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo yolwakhiwo lwezityalo ezinkulu zombane wamanzi, ngakumbi kwimeko yezoqoqosho yangoku apho ukufikelela kwinkunzi kunokuba nzima. 2.3 IiProjekthi zoMbane wamanzi kwiiNdawo eziKhuselweyo Umba ophathelele kuphuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi kwii-Balkans linani eliphezulu leeprojekthi ezicwangcisiweyo okanye ezisakhiwayo kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo. Malunga ne-50% yazo zonke iiprojekthi zombane (zombini ezicetyiweyo nezisakhiwayo) zikwindawo esele ikho okanye ekhuselweyo ecetyiweyo. Oku kuquka iindawo ezifana neepaki zelizwe kunye neendawo zeNatura 2000. Ngokomzekelo, eBosnia naseHerzegovina, uMlambo iNeretva, ohamba kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo, usongelwa inani elikhulu leeprojekthi zombane ezincinci kunye nezinkulu. Ezi projekthi zibeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kwizinto eziphilayo ezikhethekileyo kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezo ndawo ezikhuselweyo zenzelwe ukukhuselwa. Ubukho beprojekthi zombane kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo bukhokelele kwiingxoxo ezishushu phakathi kwabacebi bophuhliso lwamandla kunye nabalondolozi bendalo esingqongileyo. Ngelixa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi uthathwa njengomthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo, ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamadama kunye nezityalo zombane kwiindawo ezinovakalelo lwe-ikholoji kunokuba neempembelelo ezimbi kubomi bomlambo, inani leentlanzi, kunye neendawo ezihlala izilwanyana zasendle. 3. Amathuba oMbane we-Hydropower kwii-Balkans 3.1 IiNjongo zoTshintsho kuMandla kunye neMozulu Uxinzelelo lwehlabathi lwenguqu yamandla kunye nesidingo sokuhlangabezana neenjongo zemozulu zibonakalisa amathuba abalulekileyo ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwiiBalkans. Njengoko amazwe akummandla ezama ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kunye nokutshintshela kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, amandla ombane angadlala indima ebalulekileyo. I-Hydropower yinto ehlaziyekayo kwaye iphantsi kakhulu - umthombo wamandla wekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa namafutha efosili. Ngokwandisa isabelo sombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kumxube wamandla, amazwe e-Balkan anokuba negalelo kwizibophelelo zawo zemozulu zesizwe nezamazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, amalinge e-European Union's Green Deal akhuthaza amazwe angamalungu kunye namazwe angabamelwane ukuba akhawulezise ukutshintshela kuqoqosho oluphantsi lwekhabhoni. I-Balkans, njengommandla omelene ne-EU, inokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo yayo yamandla kunye nezi njongo kwaye itsale utyalo-mali kuphuhliso lombane ngamanzi. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuphuculweni kwemizi-mveliso ekhoyo yokuphehla umbane ngamanzi, iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwayo kunye nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo 3.2 Inkqubela phambili yeTekhnoloji Inkqubela-phambili kubuchwepheshe bombane wombane ibonelela ngethemba elithembisayo kwiiBalkans. Ubugcisa obutsha buyaphuhliswa ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwezityalo zombane, ukunciphisa ifuthe lazo lokusingqongileyo, nokwenza ukuba kuphuhliswe iiprojekthi zombane ezincinci kunye nezinatyisiweyo zombane. Umzekelo, uphuhliso lweentlanzi - uyilo lwe-iturbine enobuhlobo lunokunceda ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga zezityalo zombane wamanzi kubuninzi beentlanzi, ukuvumela uhlobo oluzinzileyo lophuhliso lombane ngamanzi. Ukongeza, ubuchwephesha obumpontshelweyo bokugcina amandla ombane wamanzi bunamandla okudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiiBalkans. I-Pumped - izityalo zokugcina zingagcina amandla ngexesha leemfuno eziphantsi zombane (ngokumpompa amanzi ukusuka kwidama elisezantsi ukuya kwelinye eliphezulu) kwaye likhulule ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu. Oku kunokunceda ukulungelelanisa ubume bexeshana beminye imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo efana namandla elanga nawomoya, nawo aphuhliswa ngokwandayo kulo mmandla. Ngokukhula okulindelekileyo kufakelo lwamandla elanga nawomoya kwii-Balkans, umbane ompontshiweyo-ugcino lwamanzi unokuphucula uzinzo kunye nokuthembeka kwegridi yombane. 3.3 Ukudityaniswa kweMarike yeNgingqi yaMandla Ukudityaniswa kweemarike zamandla eBalkan kwimarike yamandla yaseYurophu ngokubanzi kuzisa amathuba ophuhliso lombane ngamanzi. Njengoko iimarike zamandla kulo mmandla zisiya ziqhagamshelwa ngakumbi, kukho amandla amakhulu okuthunyelwa kombane oveliswa ngamanzi kumazwe angaphandle – umbane oveliswayo. Umzekelo, ngamaxesha okufumaneka kwamanzi amaninzi kunye nokuveliswa kombane ogqithisileyo ngombane, amazwe aseBalkan anokuthumela umbane kumazwe angabamelwane, ngaloo ndlela enyusa ingeniso yawo kwaye enegalelo kukhuseleko lwamandla ommandla. Ngaphaya koko, ukudityaniswa kwemarike yamandla ommandla kunokukhokelela ekwabelweni kweendlela ezilungileyo zophuhliso lombane wamanzi, ukusebenza, kunye nolawulo. Isenokutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwiiprojekthi zombane owenziwe ngamanzi, njengoko abatyali-mali bamazwe ngamazwe bebona ukubakho kwembuyekezo kwimarike yamandla ehlangeneyo nezinzileyo. 4. Imiqobo kuPhuhliso loMbane we-Hydropower kwii-Balkans 4.1 Ukutshintsha kweMozulu Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngumqobo obalulekileyo kuphuhliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwiiBalkans. Lo mmandla sele ujongene neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kubandakanywa imbalela ethe kratya kunye nembi kakhulu, utshintsho kwiipatheni zemvula, kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufumaneka kobutyebi bamanzi, nto leyo iyimfuneko ekuveliseni umbane owenziwe ngamanzi Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe afana neAlbania, uMntla weMakedoniya, neSerbia aye ajongana nembalela ethe yakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwamanzi emilanjeni nakwimithombo yamanzi, nto leyo enyanzelela amaziko ombane ukuba anciphise ukuvelisa kwawo umbane. Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu luqhubela phambili, ezi meko zembalela kulindeleke ukuba ziphindaphindeke kwaye zibe qatha, nto leyo ebeka isoyikiso esimandla kubomi bexesha elide lweeprojekthi zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi kulo mmandla. Ukongeza, utshintsho kwiipatheni zemvula kunokukhokelela ekuqukuqeleni kwemilambo engaqhelekanga, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukucwangcisa nokusebenzisa izityalo zombane ngokufanelekileyo. 4.2 IiNgxaki zokusiNgqongileyo Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo zophuhliso lombane wamanzi ziye zaba yinkxalabo enkulu kwiiBalkans. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye nezixhobo zombane kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-ikhosistim yomlambo. Amadama anokuphazamisa ukuhamba kwendalo kwemilambo, aguqule ukuthuthwa kwentlenga, kwaye abeke iintlanzi zodwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwehleni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukongeza, ukukhukula kwemimandla emikhulu yomhlaba ukudala amadama kunokutshabalalisa iindawo zokuhlala zezilwanyana zasendle kwaye kushenxise uluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Inani eliphezulu leeprojekthi zombane kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo libangele ukugxekwa okukodwa kwimibutho yokusingqongileyo. Ezi projekthi zihlala zibonwa njengokwaphulwa kweenjongo zolondolozo lweendawo ezikhuselweyo. Ngenxa yoko, kukho inkcaso eyandisiweyo yoluntu kwiiprojekthi zombane owenziwe ngamanzi kwezinye iindawo zeBalkans, ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekulibazisekeni okanye nasekucinyweni kweeprojekthi. Ngokomzekelo, eAlbania, amaphulo acetywayo okuvelisa umbane kuMlambo iVjosa, owawusikelwe ukuba ube yipaki yesizwe yokuqala yomlambo wasendle eYurophu, ajamelene nenkcaso ephawulekayo evela kwizazi ngemekobume nasekuhlaleni. 4.3 Izithintelo zezeMali nezobuGcisa Uphuhliso lombane wamanzi lufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwemali, olunokuba ngumqobo omkhulu kwiiBalkans. Ukwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso emikhulu yokuvelisa umbane, ngokukodwa, kubandakanya iindleko eziphezulu zophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo, ukuthengwa kwezixhobo, kunye nokucwangciswa kweprojekthi. Amazwe amaninzi eBalkan, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba sele ejamelene nocelomngeni lwezoqoqosho, asokola ukufumana inkxaso-mali efunekayo yeeprojekthi ezinkulu ngolo hlobo. Ukongeza, kukho imingeni yobugcisa eyayanyaniswa nophuhliso lombane wamanzi. Iziseko ezingundoqo ezigugayo zezinye iiplanti zombane ezikhoyo kwiiBalkans zifuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo ukuze ziphuculwe kwaye ziphuculwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yangoku yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala kobuchule bobugcisa kunye nemithombo kwamanye amazwe kunokuthintela le migudu. Ngaphaya koko, uphuhliso lweeprojekthi ezintsha zombane wamanzi, ngakumbi ezo zikwiindawo ezikude okanye ezisezintabeni, zinokujongana nobunzima bobugcisa malunga nolwakhiwo, ukusebenza nokugcinwa kwazo. 5. Isiphelo Umbane ngoku ubambe indawo ebalulekileyo kumhlaba we-eneji kwiiBalkans, nomthamo okhoyo okhoyo kunye neeprojekthi zolwakhiwo eziqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ikamva lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kummandla yintsebenziswano entsonkothileyo yamathemba athembisayo kunye nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. Iphulo elisingise kwinguqu yamandla kunye neenjongo zemozulu, kunye nenkqubela phambili yobuchwepheshe kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweemarike zamandla kwingingqi, ibonelela ngamathuba ophuhliso olongezelelweyo kunye nokuphuculwa kombane wamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, iinkxalabo zemekobume, imiqobo yemali neyobugcisa ibangela ucelomngeni olukhulu. Ukoyisa le mingeni, amazwe e-Balkan kufuneka amkele indlela ezinzileyo nehlangeneyo yophuhliso lombane ngamanzi. Oku kuquka utyalo-mali kwimozulu – kwiziseko zophuhliso lombane okwazi ukumelana nombane, ukujongana neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo ngocwangciso olungcono nobugcisa, kunye nokufumana izisombululo ezintsha zemali. Ngokwenza oko, ii-Balkans zinokwandisa amandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi njengomthombo wamandla ococekileyo nohlaziyekayo ngelixa unciphisa iimpembelelo zawo ezingalunganga kokusingqongileyo kunye noluntu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-03-2025
