Ndinomhlobo wam okwinqanaba eliphezulu ebomini bakhe kwaye usempilweni kakhulu. Nangona ndingeva nto kuwe kangangeentsuku ezininzi, kulindeleke ukuba kulunge. Ngale mini ndadibana naye ngamathamsanqa, kodwa wayekhangeleka engazithembi. Khange ndikwazi ukuzibamba ndizikhathaza ngaye. Ndaya phambili ukuze ndibuze iinkcukacha.
Wancwina wathi kancinci, “Ndinentombazana mva nje.”. Kunokuthiwa “uncumo oluhle namehlo amahle” zishukumisa intliziyo yam. Nangona kunjalo, abazali basekhaya basesegumbini lokufundela kwaye bayathandabuza, ngoko ke abazange baqeshwe ixesha elide. "Ibhanti lam liya liba banzi kwaye andiyi kuzisola, kwaye ndiya kuba yi-Iraq", endenza ndizive ngolu hlobo namhlanje. Ndihlala ndisazi ukuba unolwazi oluninzi. Ngoku nimiselwe ukudibana namhlanje, ndingathanda ukukucela ukuba uncede abasebenzi. Ukuba isiphelo simiselwe ngokwemvelo, ekubeni i-Six Rites idibene, iifani ezimbini ziya kutshata kwaye zenze isivumelwano kwindlu enye. Ubudlelwane obuhle soze buphele, ukuhambelana negama elifanayo. Ngesithembiso sentloko emhlophe, bhalela eHongjian, ukuze umanyano lwamagqabi abomvu lubhalwe kumthi weMandarin. Ukuba kukho ukungavisisani, kwakhona sifanele “sicombulule isikhalazo size sikhulule iqhina, singasacaphukelani; omnye ahlukane aze omnye axolele, yaye ngamnye wonwabile.” Ngendlela, le ntombazana inegama eliphindwe kabini lokupompa amanzi kunye negama eliphindwe kabini lokugcina amandla.
Emva kokumamela oku, andicaphuki tu. Ngokucacileyo yinkokeli yakho ekucelile ukuba ugwebe ukuba isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo sinexabiso lotyalo-mali, kodwa uthe sisitsha kwaye sisulungekile. "Umtshato olungileyo wenziwa yindalo, kwaye isibini esilungileyo senziwe ngendalo". Andikwazi ukuthetha nantoni na malunga neemvakalelo. Kodwa xa kufikwa kwizikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo, ndisandul’ ukubuza umntu ophezulu malunga nenkqubo yovavanyo “yokudityaniswa kwe-five-dimensional” emva kwesenzo sokwakha iiprojekthi ezingaphezu kwe-100 zokugcinwa kwempompo. Ziyindawo yejografi, iimeko zokwakha, iimeko zangaphandle, uyilo lobunjineli kunye nezalathi zezoqoqosho. Ukuba uyafuna, vele undimamele kum ngenxa yakho.
1, Indawo yejografi
Kukho intetho yakudala kwishishini lezezindlu elithi "indawo, indawo, indawo" "yindawo, indawo, okanye indawo". Le ntetho idumileyo yaseWall Street yasasazwa ngokubanzi emva kokucatshulwa nguLi Ka-shing.
Kuvandlakanyo olubanzi lweeprojekthi zokugcina ezimponthiweyo, indawo yejografi ikwayeyokuqala. Uqhelaniso lomsebenzi wogcino olumponthiweyo lusebenza ikakhulu kwigridi yamandla okanye uphuhliso lweziseko ezinkulu zamandla amatsha. Ngoko ke, indawo yendawo yesikhululo samandla esipompeweyo ikakhulu ngamanqaku amabini: enye isondele kwiziko lomthwalo, kwaye enye isondele kwisiseko samandla esitsha.
Okwangoku, uninzi lwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo ezakhiweyo okanye ezisakhiwa eTshayina zibekwe kwiziko lomthwalo wegridi apho zikhoyo. Umzekelo, isikhululo samandla esipomped-store i-Guangzhou (i-2.4 yezigidi zeekilowatts) ikumgama weekhilomitha ezingama-90 ukusuka e-Guangzhou, isikhululo samandla esipomped-store iMing Tombs (0.8 million kilowatts) kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-40 ukusuka eBeijing, iTianhuangping pumped-storage power station (1.8 million kilowatts) kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-57 ukusuka kwisikhululo samandla eHangzhou (I-1.2 yezigidi zeekilowatts) ibekwe kwindawo yedolophu yaseShenzhen.
Ukongeza, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamandla amatsha, malunga nophuhliso oludibeneyo lwamanzi kunye nembonakalo kunye nophuhliso lwesiseko samandla amatsha entlango kunye nentlango yaseGobi, ibhetshi entsha yezikhululo zamandla ezipompelweyo nazo zinokucwangciswa kufutshane nesiseko samandla esitsha. Umzekelo, izikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo ezicwangcisiweyo ngoku e-Xinjiang, eGansu, eShaanxi, e-Inner Mongolia, e-Shanxi nakwezinye iindawo, ukongeza ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zegridi yamandla yasekhaya, ubukhulu becala ziinkonzo zesiseko samandla amatsha.
Ke inqaku lokuqala lovavanyo olubanzi lwesikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo kukubona apho wazalelwa khona kuqala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukugcinwa kwempompo kufuneka kulandele umgaqo wokusasazwa kweendawo, kugxininise ekusasazeni kufuphi neziko lomthwalo wegridi kunye nommandla omtsha wogxininiso lwamandla. Ukongeza, kwiindawo ezingenazo izitishi zokumpompa, kufuneka kunikwe ingqwalaselo ephambili xa kukho izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo.
2, Iimeko zokwakha
1. Iimeko zeTopographic
Uhlalutyo lweemeko zembonakalo yelizwe lubandakanya intloko yamanzi, umgama ukuya kumlinganiselo wobude, kunye nomthamo wogcino osebenzayo wendalo wamadama aphezulu nasezantsi. Amandla agcinwe kwindawo emponthiweyo ngamandla anamandla omxhuzulane alingana nemveliso yomahluko wobude kunye nomxhuzulane wamanzi akwidama. Ke ukuze ugcine amandla afanayo, mhlawumbi ukwandise umahluko wobude phakathi kwamadama aphezulu nangaphantsi, okanye wandise umthamo olawulwayo wogcino logcino olumpompelweyo oluphezulu nasezantsi.
Ukuba iimeko zihlangatyezwana nazo, zifaneleke ngakumbi ukuba zibe nomlinganiselo omkhulu wokuphakama phakathi kwamachibi aphezulu nangaphantsi, anokunciphisa ubungakanani bamanzi angaphezulu nangaphantsi kunye nobukhulu besityalo kunye nezixhobo ze-electromechanical, kunye nokunciphisa utyalo-mali lweprojekthi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenqanaba lokwenziwa langoku leeyunithi zogcino olumpontshiweyo, umahluko omkhulu kakhulu wobude nawo uya kukhokelela kubunzima obukhulu bokwenziwa kweyunithi, ngoko ke inkulu ingcono. Ngokwamava obunjineli, ukuhla ngokubanzi kuphakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-700m. Umzekelo, intloko elinganisiweyo ye-Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station yi-430m; Intloko elinganisiweyo yeSikhululo saMandla se-Xianju esiPumped Storage yi-447m; Intloko elinganisiweyo yeSikhululo soMbane se-Tianchi Pumped Storage yi-510m; Intloko elinganisiweyo yeSikhululo soMbane se-Tianhuangping Pumped Storage yi-526m; Intloko elinganisiweyo yeSikhululo saMandla se-Xilongchi Pumped Storage yi-640m; Intloko elinganisiweyo yeSikhululo saMandla esiPumped Storage saseDunhua yi-655m. Okwangoku, i-Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station ineyona ntloko iphezulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-710m, eyakhiwe e-China; Eyona ntloko iphezulu yokusetyenziswa kwesikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo esiphantsi kolwakhiwo sisikhululo samandla esimpompelwa saseTiantai, esinentloko ephakathi kwama-724m.
Umlinganiselo wobunzulu besithuba ngumlinganiselo phakathi komgama othe tye kunye nomahluko wokuphakama phakathi kwamadama aphezulu nasezantsi. Ngokubanzi, kufanelekile ukuba yincinci, enokunciphisa ubungakanani bobunjineli benkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi kunye nokugcina utyalo-mali lobunjineli. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kobunjineli bobunjineli, isithuba esincinci kakhulu kumlinganiselo wobude bunokubangela lula iingxaki ezifana nesakhiwo sobunjineli kunye nemithambeka ephezulu kunye nethambeka, ngoko ke ngokuqhelekileyo kufanelekile ukuba ube nesithuba sobude obuphakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-10. Umgama kumlinganiselo wobude besikhululo sogcino esimponthiweyo saseHuizhou yi-8.3.
Xa umhlaba weendawo eziphezulu kunye nezisezantsi ze-reservoir zivulekile, imfuno yokugcina amandla ingenziwa ngaphakathi kwendawo encinci ye-reservoir basin. Ngaphandle koko, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa indawo yesitya sokugcina amanzi okanye ukulungelelanisa umthamo we-reservoir ngokwandisa kunye nokwemba, kunye nokwandisa umsebenzi womhlaba kunye nobunjineli bobunjineli. Kwizikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo ezinomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.2 yesigidi seekilowatts kunye neeyure ezipheleleyo zokusetyenziswa kweeyure ezi-6, umthamo wokugcina ukulawulwa kokuveliswa kwamandla kufuneka malunga nezigidi ezisi-8 m3, 7 yezigidi zem3 kunye nezigidi ezi-6 m3 ngokulandelelanayo xa intloko yamanzi iku-400m, 500m kunye ne-600m. Ngesi siseko, kukwayimfuneko ukuqwalasela umthamo ongasekhoyo wogcino, umthamo wogcino lwelahleko yamanzi kunye nezinye izinto ukugqiba ubungakanani bomthamo opheleleyo wogcino lwedama. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zamandla okugcina amanzi, kufuneka wenziwe ngokugrunjwa okanye ngokunweba ukugrunjwa kwidama ngokudibanisa nomhlaba wendalo.
Ukongeza, indawo egcina amanzi kwidama eliphezulu incinci, kwaye ulawulo lwezandyondyo lweprojekthi lunokusonjululwa ngokwandisa umphakamo wedama ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, intlambo emxinwa ekuphumeni kwendawo yokugcina amanzi yindawo efanelekileyo yokwakhiwa kwedama, enokunciphisa kakhulu inani lokuzaliswa kwedama.
2. Iimeko zejoloji
Kuphela ziintaba eziluhlaza zifana neendonga xa zikhomba kwiSix Dynasties.
——UYuan Sadurah
Iimeko zejoloji ikakhulu zibandakanya uzinzo lwesakhiwo sommandla, iimeko zobunjineli zejoloji kumadama aphezulu nasezantsi kunye neendawo zawo ezidityanisiweyo, iimeko zobunjineli bejoloji yothumelo lwamanzi kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa umbane, kunye nemathiriyeli yokwakha yendalo.
Ugcino kunye nokukhutshwa kwezakhiwo zesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo kufuneka sithintele iimpazamo ezisebenzayo, kwaye indawo yokugcina amanzi akufuneki ibe nokudilika komhlaba okukhulu, ukudilika, ukuhamba kobutyobo kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi zejoloji. Imiqolomba yendlu yamandla engaphantsi komhlaba kufuneka ithintele ubuthathaka okanye ukuqhekeka kwamatye. Xa le miqathango ingenako ukuphetshwa ngoyilo lobunjineli, iimeko zejoloji ziya kuthintela ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo.
Nokuba isikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo siyayinqanda le miqobo ingentla, iimeko zejoloji nazo zichaphazela kakhulu iindleko zeprojekthi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, okukhona inyikima inqabile kwindawo yeprojekthi kwaye ngokukhona ilitye liqina, kokukhona kulungele ukunciphisa iindleko zokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo zokugcina.
Ngokweempawu zezakhiwo kunye neempawu zokusebenza kwisikhululo samandla esipompelweyo, iingxaki eziphambili zobunjineli zejoloji zinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
(1) Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zombane zesiqhelo, kukho indawo eyongezelelekileyo yokuthelekisa nokukhetha indawo yesikhululo kunye nesiza sogcino lwamandla olumpompelweyo. Iziza ezineemeko zejoloji ezimbi okanye unyango olunzima lobunjineli zinokujongwa ngomsebenzi wejoloji kwisaveyi yesiza sesikhululo kunye nenqanaba lokucwangcisa isikhululo. Indima yokuhlola umhlaba ibaluleke kakhulu kweli nqanaba.
Nangona kunjalo, imimangaliso kunye nemimangaliso yehlabathi idla ngokulala kwingozi kunye nomgama, kwaye yintoni eyona nto inqabileyo yabantu, ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba nabani na onqwenela ukufikelela kuyo.
——Ubukhosi beNgoma, uWang Anshi
UVavanyo lweNdawo yeDama eliPhezulu leSitishi saMandla seShitai esiPumped Storage kwiPhondo laseAnhui
(2) Kukho imiqolomba emininzi yobunjineli ephantsi komhlaba, amacandelo amade oxinzelelo oluphezulu lwetonela, uxinzelelo olukhulu lwangaphakathi lwamanzi, ukungcwatywa nzulu kunye nezinga elikhulu. Kuyimfuneko ukubonisa ngokupheleleyo ukuzinza kwelitye elijikelezileyo, kwaye unqume indlela yokwemba, inkxaso kunye nohlobo lwe-lining, ububanzi kunye nobunzulu betonela elijikeleze iliwa.
(3) Umthamo wokugcinwa kwendawo yokugcina amanzi emponthiweyo incinci, kwaye iindleko zokumpompa ziphezulu ngexesha lokusebenza, ngoko ke ixabiso lokuvuza kwedama eliphezulu kufuneka lilawulwe ngokungqongqo. Idama elingaphezulu libekwe ikakhulu encotsheni yentaba, kwaye kukho iintlambo eziphantsi ezimeleneyo eziwujikelezileyo. Inani elikhulu lezikhululo ezikhethiweyo kwiindawo ezinesimo somhlaba esibi sekarst ukuze kuthatyathwe ithuba lendawo enenzuzo. Iingxaki zokuvuza kwedama elikufuphi nentlambo kunye nokuvuza kwekarst zixhaphakile, ekufuneka kugxilwe kuzo kwaye umgangatho wokwakha kufuneka ulawulwe kakuhle.
(4) Ukusasazwa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuzaliswa kwedama kwisitya sogcino lwesikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo ngumba ophambili wokumisela isantya sokusetyenziswa komthombo wemathiriyeli. Xa oovimba bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwindawo yokwembiwa kwendawo yokugcina amanzi ngaphezu komgangatho wamanzi afileyo bahlangabezana neemfuno zokuzaliswa kwedama kwaye kungekho mathiriyeli yokuhlubula umphezulu, imeko efanelekileyo yokwembiwa komthombo wemathiriyeli kunye nokulinganisela kokuzaliswa kuyafikelelwa. Xa umphezulu wokuhlubula umphezulu ungqindilili, ingxaki yokusebenzisa izinto zokuhlubula edamini zinokusonjululwa ngokwahlula izinto zedama. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuseka imodeli yokwakheka komhlaba echanekileyo ngokwentelekiso yamadama aphezulu nasezantsi ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuhlola ezisebenzayo zoyilo lokwembiwa kunye nokuzalisa ibhalansi yedama lamanzi.
(5) Ngexesha lokusebenza kwedama, ukunyuka nokuhla ngequbuliso komphakamo wamanzi kuxhaphakile kwaye kukhulu, kwaye indlela yokusebenza yesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo sogcino sinempembelelo enkulu kuzinzo lwethambeka lebhanki ledama, elibeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zeemeko zejoloji kwithambeka lebhanki yedama. Xa iimfuno zokhuseleko lozinzo zingafezekiswanga, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa umlinganiselo we-slope yokomba okanye ukwandisa amandla okuxhasa, okubangela ukunyuka kweendleko zobunjineli.
(6) Isiseko se-anti-seepage reservoir basin yesikhululo samandla esimpompeweyo sineemfuno eziphezulu zokuguqulwa, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye nokufana, ngokukodwa kwisiseko se-anti-seepage reservoir basin kwiindawo ze-karst, ukuwa kwekarst kumazantsi echibi, ukuguqulwa okungalinganiyo kwesiseko, ukubuyisela umva ukukrazula kwamanzi karstrden, enye imiba ye-karst ye-depression, i-karst ehlawulweyo ye-depression, i-karst ehlawulweyo ye-depression. ingqalelo eyaneleyo.
(7) Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu womphakamo wesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo, iyunithi ebuyiselwa umva ineemfuno eziphezulu zolawulo lwesiqulatho sentlenga esidlula kwiinjini yomoya. Kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo kukhuseleko kunye nonyango lokukhupha amanzi omthombo oqinileyo womjelo kumphetho ongasemva wethambeka kwindawo yokungena nokuphuma nokugcinwa kweentlenga zexesha lezikhukula.
(8) Izikhululo zombane ezimpontshwayo aziyi kwenza amadama aphezulu kunye namadama amakhulu. Umphakamo wedama kunye namathambeka agrunjwe ngesandla kuninzi lwamadama aphezulu nasezantsi awadluli kwi-150m. Iingxaki zobunjineli bejoloji yesiseko sedama kunye namathambeka aphakamileyo kunzima ukujongana nawo kunamadama aphezulu kunye namadama amakhulu ezikhululo zamandla zesiqhelo.
3. Iimeko zokwenza isitora
Amadama aphezulu nasezantsi kufuneka abe neemeko zomhlaba ezilungele ukutshatyalaliswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intloko yokusetyenziswa malunga ne-400 ~ 500m ithathwa ngokusekwe kumthamo ofakiweyo we-1.2 yezigidi zeekilowathi kunye neeyure zokusetyenziswa kombane opheleleyo weeyure ezi-6, oko kukuthi, umthamo olawulwayo wokugcinwa kweendawo zokugcina ezimpontshwayo eziphezulu kunye nezisezantsi malunga nezigidi ezi-6 ~ 8 zezigidi ze-m3. Ezinye izikhululo ezimpompelweyo ngokwemvelo zine "isisu". Kulula ukwenza umthamo wedama ngokuthi udame. Kule meko, inokuthi ibanjwe ngokutshatyalaliswa. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izikhululo zokugcinwa kwempompo zinomthamo omncinci wokugcina wendalo kwaye kufuneka zigrunjwe ukwenza umthamo wokugcina. Oku kuya kuzisa iingxaki ezimbini, enye yindleko yophuhliso ephezulu, enye kukuba umthamo wokugcina kufuneka ugrunjwe ngobuninzi obukhulu, kwaye umthamo wokugcina amandla wesikhululo samandla akufanele ube mkhulu kakhulu.
Ukongeza kwiimfuno zamandla okugcina, iprojekthi yokumpontshwa kwendawo yokugcina amanzi kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo uthintelo lokuphuma kwamanzi, ukugrunjwa komhlaba kunye namatye kunye nokuzaliswa kwebhalansi, ukukhetha uhlobo lwedama, njl. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba i-reservoir ingenziwa ngokutshatyalaliswa, kunye nokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwendawo yendawo yamkelwe, iimeko zokwakhiwa kwe-reservoir zilungile (jonga umfanekiso 2.3-1); Ukuba "isitya" senziwe ngumlinganiselo omkhulu wokumba, kwaye lonke uhlobo lwe-basin anti-seepage luyamkelwa, iimeko zokubunjwa kwe-reservoir ziqhelekileyo (jonga i-Fig 2.3-2 kunye ne-2.3-3).
Ukuthatha isikhululo samandla esimpompe sase-Guangzhou esinezimo ezifanelekileyo zokwenza idama njengomzekelo, iimeko zokwenziwa kwedama eliphezulu nezisezantsi zilungile, kwaye iqula linokwenziwa ngokulima, elinomthamo wedama eliphezulu we-24.08 yezigidi ze-m3 kunye nomthamo wedama osezantsi ozizigidi ezingama-23.42 m3.
Ukongeza, isikhululo samandla esimpompelwe saseTianhuangping sithathwa njengomzekelo. Idama elingaphezulu likwindawo ekudakumba umjelo womsele wesebe kwicala lasekhohlo loMlambo iDaxi, ojikelezwe lidama elikhulu, amadama ancedisayo amane, indawo yokungena/indawo yokuphuma kunye neentaba ezijikeleze idama. Idama eliphambili licwangciswe ngokudakumba kwinqanaba elisezantsi le-reservoir, kwaye i-dam encedisayo ihlelwe kwiindawo ezine ezisempuma, ngasentla, entshonalanga nakumazantsi-ntshona. Iimeko zokugcina ziphakathi, kunye nomthamo wokugcina we-9.12 yezigidi ze-m3.
4. Iimeko zomthombo wamanzi
Izikhululo zombane ezimpontshwayo zahlukile kwizikhululo zombane zesiqhelo, oko kukuthi, “isitya” samanzi acwengileyo esigalelwa emva naphambili phakathi kwamadama aphezulu nasezantsi. Xa ukupompa amanzi, amanzi agalelwa ukusuka kwindawo engaphantsi ukuya kwi-reservoir ephezulu, kwaye xa uvelisa umbane, amanzi athotywa ukusuka kwi-reservoir ephezulu ukuya kwindawo engaphantsi. Ngoko ke, ingxaki yomthombo wamanzi wesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo kukukhawulelana nogcino lwamanzi lokuqala, oko kukuthi, ukugcina amanzi kwindawo yokuqala, kunye nokongeza umthamo wamanzi ocuthiweyo ngenxa yokuba ngumphunga kunye nokuvuza ngexesha lokusebenza kwemihla ngemihla. Umthamo wogcino olumpompelweyo uqhelekile kumyalelo we-10 million m3, kwaye iimfuno zomthamo wamanzi azikho phezulu. Iimeko zomthombo wamanzi kwiindawo ezinemvula enkulu kunye nothungelwano lwemilambo exineneyo aziyi kuba yimiqathango ethintela ulwakhiwo lwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimimandla eyomileyo enjengomntla-ntshona, imeko yomthombo wamanzi iye yaba sisithintelo esibalulekileyo. Ezinye iindawo zineemeko zemo yomhlaba kunye nezejoloji kulwakhiwo logcino olumpompelweyo, kodwa usenokungabikho umthombo wamanzi wokugcina amanzi amashumi eekhilomitha.
3. Iimeko zangaphandle
Undoqo wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo kukujongana nomba wokuhlaliswa kwezibonelelo zoluntu kunye nembuyekezo. Yinkqubo yokuwina kunye ne-multi-win.
1. Ukufunyanwa komhlaba kunye nokuhlaliswa ngokutsha ukuze kwakhiwe
Umda wokufunyanwa komhlaba wokwakhiwa kwesikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo ubandakanya indawo ephezulu nasezantsi yogcino lwamanzi kunye nommandla wolwakhiwo lweprojekthi yamanzi. Nangona kukho amadama amabini kwisikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo, ngenxa yokuba amadama amancinci, amanye asebenzisa amachibi endalo okanye amadama asele ekhona, umda wokufunyanwa komhlaba wokwakha udla ngokuba mncinane kakhulu kunoko kwizikhululo zombane zesiqhelo; Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezitya zamadama zombiwa, ummandla wokwakha we-hydroproject ukholisa ukuquka indawo yogcino lwamanzi, ngoko ke umyinge wendawo yolwakhiwo lwe-hydroproject kumhlaba wokufunyanwa komhlaba wolwakhiwo lweprojekthi mkhulu kakhulu kunolowo wesikhululo sombane esiqhelekileyo samanzi.
Indawo yokuntywila kweli dama ibandakanya ubukhulu becala ummandla wokhukuliseko ongaphantsi komgangatho wedama oqhelekileyo wedama, kwakunye nommandla wamanzi angasemva kwamanzi kunye nommandla ochatshazelwe leli dama.
Ummandla wolwakhiwo lweprojekthi ye-hydroproject ikakhulu ubandakanya izakhiwo ze-hydroproject kunye nommandla wolawulo olusisigxina lweprojekthi. Indawo yolwakhiwo lweprojekthi yehabhu ithathwa njengendawo yethutyana kunye nendawo esisigxina ngokwenjongo yesiza ngasinye. Umhlaba wexeshana ungabuyiselwa kusetyenziso lwawo lokuqala emva kokusetyenziswa.
Ubungakanani bokuthathwa komhlaba wokwakha sele bumiselwe, kwaye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokulandelela kukuqhuba uphando lwezalathisi ezibonakalayo zokuthathwa komhlaba wokwakha, ukuze "uzazi kwaye wazi omnye". Ikakhulu kukuphanda ubungakanani, umgangatho, ubunini kunye nezinye iimpawu zoluntu, umhlaba, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, iintsalela zenkcubeko kunye neziza zembali, iidiphozithi zezimbiwa, njl.
Ukwenziwa kwezigqibo, eyona nto ixhalabisayo kukuba ukufunyanwa komhlaba wokwakha kubandakanya imiba emikhulu enovakalelo, efana nesikali kunye nobungakanani bomhlaba weefama osisiseko osisigxina, amahlathi akwinqanaba lokuqala lentlalontle yoluntu, iilali needolophu ezibalulekileyo, izinto eziphambili zenkcubeko kunye neziza zembali, kunye needipozithi zezimbiwa.
2. Ukhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo
Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo kufuneka zihambelane nomgaqo "wokubaluleka kwendalo kunye nophuhliso lohlaza".
Ukuphepha iindawo ezibuthathaka kokusingqongileyo yimfuneko ebalulekileyo ukuze iprojekthi ibe nokwenzeka. Imimandla ebuthathaka ngokusingqongileyo ibhekisa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeendawo zokhuseleko kuwo onke amanqanaba asekwe ngokomthetho kunye neendawo ezinovakalelo ngokukodwa kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo yeprojekthi yokwakha. Xa ukhetha iziza, iindawo ezinovakalelo lokusingqongileyo kufuneka zihlolwe kwaye ziphetshwe kuqala, ikakhulu kubandakanywa imigca ebomvu yokhuseleko lwendalo, iipaki zelizwe, iindawo zolondolozo lwendalo, iindawo ezibukekayo, iindawo zenkcubeko nelifa lemveli lehlabathi, iindawo zokukhusela imithombo yamanzi okusela, iipaki zamahlathi, iipaki zejoloji, iipaki zemigxobhozo, indawo yokukhusela iintsholongwane zasemanzini, njl. indawo yomhlaba, ulwakhiwo lwasezidolophini nasezilalini, kunye “nemigca emithathu nomnye omnye”.
Amanyathelo okukhusela okusingqongileyo ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo okunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ukuba iprojekthi ayibandakanyi iindawo ezinobuzaza kokusingqongileyo, ngokusisiseko inokwenzeka ngokwembono yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo, kodwa ukwakhiwa kweprojekthi kuya kuba nefuthe elithile kumanzi, igesi, isandi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo, kunye nothotho lwamanyathelo ekujoliswe kuwo kufuneka kuthatyathwe ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi, ezifana nokunyangwa kwamanzi amdaka emveliso kunye nogutyulo lwasekhaya, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-ecological.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-landscape yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufezekisa uphuhliso oluphezulu lokupompa kunye nokugcinwa. Izikhululo zokumpompa nokugcina amandla zibekwe ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezineentaba neenduli ezinemo engqongileyo elungileyo. Emva kokugqitywa kweprojekthi, kuya kwenziwa amadama amabini. Emva kohlaziyo lwendalo kunye nokwakhiwa komhlaba, zinokubandakanywa kwiindawo ezibukekayo okanye umtsalane wabakhenkethi ukufikelela kuphuhliso oluhambelanayo lwesikhululo samandla kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuphunyezwa kombono othi "amanzi aluhlaza kunye neentaba eziluhlaza ziintaba zegolide kunye neentaba zesilivere". Umzekelo, iSikhululo saMandla esiPomped sokuGcina iZhejiang Changlongshan sibandakanyiwe kwindawo ephambili yembonakalo yeTianhuangping Provincial Scenic Spot – Jiangnan Tianchi, kunye neQujiang Pumped Storage Power Station ibandakanyiwe kwindawo yesithathu yokhuseleko yeLankeshan-Wuxijiang Provincial Scenic Spot.
4. Uyilo lobunjineli
Uyilo lobunjineli besikhululo samandla esipompelweyo sibandakanya isikali seprojekthi, izakhiwo zehydraulic, uyilo lombutho wokwakha, izakhiwo ze-electromechanical kunye nentsimbi, njl.
1. Isikali seprojekthi
Isikali sobunjineli sesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo sibandakanya umthamo ofakelweyo, inani leeyure ezipheleleyo eziqhubekayo, uphawu oluphambili lomgangatho wamanzi wedama kunye nezinye iiparamitha.
Ukukhethwa komthamo ofakelweyo kunye nenani leeyure eziqhubekayo ezipheleleyo zesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo imfuno kunye nokwenzeka. Isidingo sibhekisa kwimfuno yesixokelelwano samandla, kwaye sinokubhekisa kwiimeko zokwakha zesikhululo samandla ngokwaso. Indlela eqhelekileyo isekelwe kuhlalutyo lokumiswa okusebenzayo kweenkqubo zamandla ezahlukeneyo zezikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo kunye neemfuno zenkqubo yamandla ngenani leeyure ezipheleleyo eziqhubekayo, ukuzoba ngokufanelekileyo isicwangciso somthamo ofakiweyo kunye nenani leeyure eziqhubekayo ezipheleleyo, kunye nokukhetha umthamo ofakelweyo kunye nenani leeyure eziqhubekayo ezigcweleyo ngokulinganisa imveliso yamandla kunye nothelekiso olubanzi lobugcisa noqoqosho.
Ngokwenza, indlela elula yokuqalisa ukucwangcisa umthamo ofakiweyo kunye neeyure zokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kukuqala ukugqiba umthamo weyunithi ngokoluhlu lwentloko yamanzi, kwaye emva koko unqume umthamo ofakiweyo kunye neeyure ezipheleleyo zokusetyenziswa ngokuhambelana namandla okugcinwa kwendalo okugcinwa kwempompo. Okwangoku, kuluhlu lwe-300m ~ 500m ukwehla komgangatho wamanzi, uyilo kunye neteknoloji yokuvelisa yeyunithi enomthamo olinganisiweyo we-300000 kilowatts ikhulile, iimeko zokusebenza ezizinzileyo zilungile, kunye namava omsebenzi wobunjineli awona atyebileyo (kungenxa yoko umthamo ofakelweyo wezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo eziphantsi kolwakhiwo zidla kwiimfuno ze-300000000000000 i-decentralized layout, kwaye ekugqibeleni uninzi luyi-1.2 yezigidi zeekilowatts). Emva kokuba umthamo weyunithi ukhethiwe ekuqaleni, ukugcinwa kwamandla endalo kwisikhululo samandla esipompoweyo sihlalutywa ngokusekelwe kwimeko ye-topographical kunye ne-geological ye-reservoirs ephezulu nangaphantsi, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwentloko yokuvelisa amandla kunye neemeko zokumpompa. Umzekelo, ngohlalutyo lokuqala, ukuba i-avareji yomgangatho wamanzi wehla phakathi kwemithombo ephezulu nangaphantsi yesikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo esimalunga ne-450m, kufanelekile ukukhetha i-300000 ye-kilowatts yomthamo weyunithi; Amandla okugcinwa kwendalo kwiindawo eziphezulu kunye nezisezantsi malunga ne-6.6 yezigidi ze-kilowatt-iiyure, ngoko ke iiyunithi ezine zinokuthi ziqwalaselwe, oko kukuthi, umthamo ofakwe kwi-kilowatts ye-1.2 yezigidi; Idityaniswe nemfuno yenkqubo yamandla, emva kokwandiswa okuthile kunye nokugrunjwa kwe-reservoir ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zendalo, ugcino lwamandla lulonke luya kufikelela kwi-7.2 yezigidi ze-kilowatt-iiyure, ezihambelana neeyure eziqhubekayo zokuvelisa umbane weeyure ze-6.
Iqondo lophawu lwamanzi echibini libandakanya ubukhulu becala inqanaba lamanzi eliqhelekileyo, inqanaba lamanzi afileyo kunye nenqanaba lezandyondyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgangatho wamanzi wempawu kula madama ukhethwa emva kwenani leeyure ezipheleleyo eziqhubekayo kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo okhethiweyo.
2. Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic
Ngaphambi kwethu kukho umlambo oqengqelekayo, yaye emva kwethu kukho izibane eziqaqambileyo. Obu bunjalo ubomi bethu, ukulwa kunye nokubalekela phambili.
——INgoma Yabakhi Bokugcina Amanzi
Ulwakhiwo lwe-hydraulic logcino olumpompekayo ngokubanzi lubandakanya indawo yokugcina amanzi ephezulu, indawo yokugcina amanzi, inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, indlu yamandla engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nesikhululo sokutshintsha. Inqaku eliphambili loyilo lwemithombo yamanzi ephezulu nasezantsi kukufumana umthamo omkhulu wokugcina ngexabiso elincinci lobunjineli. Uninzi lwamadama aphezulu amkela indibaniselwano yokwembiwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa, kwaye uninzi lwawo ngamadama ajongene namatye. Ngokweemeko zejoloji, ukuvuza kwedama lesikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo kunokusombululeka ngothintelo lokuphuma kwamanzi kweli dama kunye nothintelo lokuphuma kwekhethini ejikeleze idama. Izinto zokuthintela ukungcola zingaba yi-asphalt concrete face plate, i-geomembrane, ingubo yodongwe, njl.
Idayagram ecwangcisiweyo yesikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo
Xa uthintelo olupheleleyo lwe-reservoir basin seepage kufuneka lwamkelwe kwi-reservoir yesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo, ifom yokukhusela i-dam seepage kunye nefom yokukhusela i-reservoir basin seepage ifomu kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme okanye unciphise unyango oludibeneyo phakathi kwezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwaye kuphuculwe ukuthembeka. Isitya esigcweleyo esigcwele amanzi angasemva siya kusetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukungena kwamanzi ezantsi kweli dama. Ulwakhiwo lokuthintela amanzi amdaka emazantsi echibi luya kulungeleka kwi-deformation enkulu okanye i-deformation engalinganiyo ebangelwa yi-backfill ephezulu.
Intloko yamanzi yesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo siphezulu, kwaye uxinzelelo oluqhutywa sisakhiwo somjelo wamanzi lukhulu. Ngokutsho kwentloko yamanzi, iimeko ze-geological zelitye elijikelezileyo, ubungakanani bombhobho owenziwe nge-bifurcated, njl.
Ukongeza, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lolawulo lwezandyondyo lwesikhululo samandla, isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo sikwafuna ukulungelelanisa izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi, njl.njl., ezingayi kuchazwa nzulu apha.
3. Uyilo lombutho wokwakha
Imisebenzi ephambili yoyilo lombutho wokwakha wesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo sibandakanya: funda iimeko zokwakha iprojekthi, ukuphambuka kolwakhiwo, ukucwangciswa komthombo wezinto eziphathekayo, ulwakhiwo oluphambili lweprojekthi, ukuthutha ulwakhiwo, izibonelelo zeplanti yokwakha, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo ngokubanzi, ishedyuli yokwakha ngokubanzi (ixesha lokwakha), njl.
Kumsebenzi woyilo, kufuneka sisebenzise ngokupheleleyo iimeko zokwakheka komhlaba kunye nejoloji yesiza sesikhululo, sidibanise iimeko zokwakha kunye nesicwangciso soyilo lobunjineli, kwaye ngokomgaqo wokusetyenziswa komhlaba okunzulu kunye noqoqosho, kwaqala ukuzoba isicwangciso sokwakha ubunjineli, ibhalansi yomsebenzi womhlaba kunye nesicwangciso soyilo lokwakhiwa ngokubanzi, ukuze kuncitshiswe ukusebenza komhlaba olimekayo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zeprojekthi.
Njengelizwe elikhulu lokwakha, ulawulo lolwakhiwo lwaseTshayina kunye nenqanaba lokwakha lidume kwihlabathi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ugcino olumpompelweyo lwaseTshayina lwenze uphando oluninzi kulwakhiwo oluluhlaza, iR&D kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphambili, kunye nolwakhiwo olukrelekrele. Obunye ubugcisa bokwakha bufikelele okanye buqhubele phambili kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Ibonakaliswa ikakhulu kubuchwepheshe obukhulayo bokwakha amadama, inkqubela-phambili entsha yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwetekhnoloji yokwakha umbhobho, inani elikhulu lezenzo eziyimpumelelo zokwembiwa kweqela lendlu yamandla engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nenkxaso yetekhnoloji phantsi kweemeko zejoloji ezintsonkothileyo, ukuveliswa okuqhubekayo kwetekhnoloji yolwakhiwo lweshaft etyekeleyo kunye nezixhobo, impumelelo ebalaseleyo yolwakhiwo olunoomatshini kunye nobukrelekrele beTBM yokwakha, kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-TBM.
4. Isakhiwo se-Electromechanical kunye nesinyithi
Ishafti ethe nkqo yenqanaba elinye lokuqukuqela okudityanisiweyo okubuyela umva iiyunithi zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo. Ngokumalunga nophuhliso lwe-hydraulic ye-pump-turbines, i-China inoyilo kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla epompo-injini kunye necandelo lentloko ye-700m kunye ne-400000 kilowatts ngomthamo weyunithi nganye, kunye noyilo, ukuveliswa, ukufakwa, ukuthunyelwa kunye nokuveliswa kweeyunithi ezininzi zokugcina kunye necandelo lentloko ye-100-700m kunye ne-400000 yeyunithi yeyunithi okanye ngaphantsi kwe-kilowatts nganye. Ngokubhekiselele kwintloko yamanzi yesikhululo samandla, iintloko zamanzi ezilinganisiweyo zikaJilin Dunhua, iGuangdong Yangjiang kunye neZhejiang Changlongshan izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo zokugcina eziphantsi kokwakhiwa zingaphezulu kwe-650m, eziphambi kwehlabathi; Intloko evunyiweyo evunyiweyo yeSikhululo saMandla esiPumped sokuGcina iZhejiang Tiantai yi-724m, eyona ntloko iphakamileyo kwisikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo emhlabeni. Uyilo lulonke kunye nobunzima bokwenza iyunithi ikwinqanaba eliphambili kwihlabathi. Kuphuhliso lweenjini zejenereyitha, iinjini ezinkulu zejenereyitha zezikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo ezakhiweyo kwaye ziphantsi kolwakhiwo eTshayina zithe nkqo ishafti, inqanaba lesithathu, i-air-cooled ngokupheleleyo, iimotor eziguquguqukayo zesynchronous. Kukho iiyunithi ezimbini ze-Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station enesantya esilinganiselwe se-600r / min kunye nomthamo olinganisiweyo we-350000 kW. Ezinye iiyunithi zeGuangdong Yangjiang Pumped Storage Power Station ziye zafakwa ekusebenzeni ngesantya esilinganiselwe se-500r / min kunye nomthamo olinganisiweyo we-400000 kW. Umthamo wemveliso yeenjini zejenereyitha uwonke ufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lehlabathi. Ukongezelela, izakhiwo ze-electromechanical kunye nesinyithi nazo zibandakanya oomatshini be-hydraulic, ubunjineli bombane, ukulawula kunye nokukhusela, izakhiwo zetsimbi kunye nezinye izinto, ezingayi kuphinda ziphindwe apha.
Ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zokwenziwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo e-China zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwicala lentloko yamanzi, umthamo omkhulu, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, uluhlu olubanzi, isantya esiguquguqukayo, kunye nokwasekhaya.
5. Iimpawu zezoqoqosho
Iimeko zokwakha kunye neempembelelo zangaphandle zeprojekthi yokugcina impompo, emva kokumisela iskimu soyilo lweprojekthi, ekugqibeleni iya kubonakaliswa ikakhulu kwisalathisi, oko kukuthi utyalo-mali olungatshintshiyo ngekilowatt nganye yeprojekthi. Okukhona usezantsi utyalo-mali olungatshintshiyo ngekilowathi nganye, kokukhona uqoqosho lweprojekthi lungcono.
Umahluko ngamnye kwiimeko zokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo ziyabonakala. Utyalo-mali olungatshintshiyo ngekilowathi nganye lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo neemeko zokwakha kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo weprojekthi. Ngo-2021, i-China yamkele izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezili-11, kunye notyalo-mali olusisigxina lwe-5367 yuan ngekilowatt; Iiprojekthi ezili-14 zilugqibile uphononongo lokwenzeka kwangaphambili, kwaye umyinge wotyalo-mali olungatshintshiyo ngekilowathi nganye ngama-5425 yuan/kilowatt.
Ngokweenkcukacha-manani zangaphambili, utyalo-mali olungaguqukiyo ngekilowatt nganye yeeprojekthi zogcino olumpompelweyo eziphantsi komsebenzi wokuqala ngo-2022 ziphakathi kwe-5000 kunye ne-7000 yeyuan/kilowatt. Ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zejoloji yengingqi, umyinge wenqanaba lotyalo-mali olungaguqukiyo ngekilowathi nganye yamandla amponthiweyo ogcino kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ahluka kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimeko zokwakha izikhululo zamandla emazantsi, empuma nakumbindi weTshayina zilungile, kwaye utyalo-mali olungaguqukiyo ngekilowatt nganye luphantsi. Ngenxa yobume bobunjineli obuhlwempuzekileyo kunye neemeko ezimbi zemithombo yamanzi, umgangatho wexabiso leyunithi kummandla womntla-ntshona uphezulu xa uthelekiswa neminye imimandla yaseTshayina.
Kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali, kufuneka sigxininise kwi-static investment per kilowatt yeprojekthi, kodwa asikwazi nje ukuthetha ngeqhawe lotyalo-mali olusisigxina nge-kilowatt nganye, ngaphandle koko kunokukhokelela kwimpembelelo yamashishini ukuba ikhulise ngokungaboniyo isikali. Ibonakaliswa ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo:
Okokuqala, ukwandisa umthamo ofakelweyo ocetywayo ekuqaleni kwinqanaba lokucwangcisa. Sifanele sibe nembono yolwimi ngale meko. Thatha iprojekthi enomthamo ocwangcisiweyo ofakwe kwi-1.2 yezigidi zeekilowatts ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokucwangcisa njengomzekelo, kwaye ukubunjwa kweyunithi yayo yiyunithi ezine ze-300000 ze-kilowatts. Ukuba uluhlu lwentloko yamanzi lufanelekile, kunye nenkqubela phambili yetheknoloji, iimeko zokukhetha i-350000kW yomatshini omnye ziyafumaneka, emva koko emva kothelekiso olubanzi lobugcisa kunye noqoqosho, i-1.4 yezigidi ze-kW inokucetyiswa njengeskimu sommeli kwisigaba sangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iiyunithi ezi-4 ezicwangcisiweyo zoqobo ze-300000 KW ngoku zithathwa njengokwandisa iiyunithi ezi-2 ukuya kwiiyunithi ezi-6 ze-300000 KW, oko kukuthi, umthamo ofakiweyo wesikhululo samandla unyuswa ukusuka kwi-1.2 yezigidi ze-KW ukuya kwi-1.8 yezigidi ze-KW, ngoko kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba olu tshintsho lutshintshile uqhelaniso olusebenzayo lweprojekthi, kwaye ludinga ukuthotyelwa kwenkqubo yokwakhiwa kweemeko, kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko zokwakhiwa kweprojekthi ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwanda kwenani leeyunithi kufuneka kuwele ngaphakathi kwendawo yohlengahlengiso locwangciso.
Okwesibini kukunciphisa iiyure zokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba i-pumped-storage energy ithelekiswa nebhanki yokutshaja. Emva koko umthamo ofakiweyo unokusetyenziswa njengamandla aphumayo, kwaye iiyure zokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kukuba ibhanki yamandla ingasetyenziswa ixesha elingakanani. Kwizikhululo zamandla ezimpompelweyo, xa amandla agciniweyo efana, iiyure zokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo unokuthelekiswa ngokubanzi. Okwangoku, ngokweemfuno zenkqubo yamandla, ukugcinwa kwempompo elawulwa imihla ngemihla yokusetyenziswa okupheleleyo kweeyure zithathwa njenge-6h. Ukuba iimeko zokwakha zesikhululo samandla zilungile, kuyafaneleka ukunyusa ngokufanelekileyo iiyure ezipheleleyo zokusetyenziswa kweyunithi ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ngotyalo-mali oluzinzileyo olufanayo ngekilowatt nganye, isikhululo samandla esineeyure zokusetyenziswa ezipheleleyo sinokudlala indima enkulu kwinkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwakho ingcamango yokuba umthamo ofakelweyo uya kwandiswa kakhulu (1.2 yezigidi ze-kW → 1.8 yezigidi zekW) kwaye iiyure zokusebenzisa umthamo opheleleyo ziya kuncitshiswa (6h → 4h). Ngaloo ndlela, nangona utyalo-mali olusisigxina nge-kilowatt nganye lunokuncitshiswa kakhulu, ngenxa yenkqubo, ixesha elifutshane lokusetyenziswa alikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo, kwaye indima yayo kwigridi yamandla nayo iya kuncitshiswa kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-08-2023
