Izikhululo zamanzi zohlobo lwedama ezinezakhiwo zokugcina amanzi emilanjeni ezigxile kuyo yonke okanye uninzi lwentloko yokuvelisa umbane

Izitishi zamanzi zohlobo lwedama zibhekisa ikakhulu kwizitishi zamanzi ezakha izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi emilanjeni ukuze zenze amachibi, zigxininise amanzi angenayo endalo ukuphakamisa amanqanaba amanzi, kwaye zivelise umbane ngokusebenzisa umahluko weentloko. Uphawu oluphambili kukuba idama kunye nesityalo samanzi zixinene kwicandelo elinye elifutshane lomlambo.
Izitishi zamanzi zohlobo lwedama ngokubanzi ziquka izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi, imibhobho yoxinzelelo, izityalo zamandla, iiturbine, iijenereyitha, kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo. Uninzi lwezakhiwo zokugcina amanzi ezisetyenziswa ngamadama zizitishi zamanzi eziphakathi ukuya kweziphezulu, ngelixa ezo zisetyenziswa ngamasango ikakhulu zizitishi zamanzi eziphantsi. Xa intloko yamanzi ingekho phezulu kwaye umjelo womlambo ubanzi, izitishi zamandla zihlala zisetyenziswa njengenxalenye yesakhiwo sokugcina amanzi. Olu hlobo lwesitishi samanzi lwaziwa ngokuba sisitishi samanzi esisecaleni komlambo okanye isitishi samanzi esisedamini.
Izitishi zamandla ombane zohlobo lwedama zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini ngokusekelwe kwindawo ephakathi kwedama kunye nesityalo samandla ombane: idama emva kohlobo kunye nohlobo lomlambo. Indlu yamandla yesikhululo samandla ombane sohlobo lwedama ibekwe kwicala elisezantsi lomzimba wedama kwaye ivelisa umbane ngokujika amanzi ngemibhobho yoxinzelelo. Indlu yamandla ngokwayo ayithwali uxinzelelo lwamanzi oluphezulu. Indlu yamandla ombane, idama, indlela yokuchitheka kunye nezinye izakhiwo zesikhululo samandla ombane sohlobo lwedama zonke zakhiwe kumlambo kwaye ziyinxalenye yesakhiwo sokugcina amanzi, esithwala uxinzelelo lwamanzi oluphezulu. Olu lungiselelo luluncedo ekugcineni utyalo-mali olupheleleyo lweprojekthi.

Idama lesikhululo samandla ombane esifana nedama lidla ngokuba phezulu. Okokuqala, lisebenzisa intloko yamanzi aphezulu ukwandisa amandla afakiweyo esikhululo samandla ombane, anokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngempumelelo neemfuno zokucheba ezikumgangatho ophezulu zenkqubo yamandla; Okwesibini, kukho amandla amakhulu okugcina amanzi anokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokulawula izikhukula emilanjeni; Okwesithathu, iingenelo ezipheleleyo zibaluleke ngakumbi. Ingxaki kukulahlekelwa okukhulu okubangelwa kukugcwala kwamanzi kwindawo yedama kunye nobunzima bokufudusa nokuhlalisa abemi basezidolophini nasemaphandleni. Ke ngoko, izikhululo zamandla ombane ezifana nedama ezinamadama aphezulu kunye namachibi amakhulu zihlala zakhiwa kwiindawo ezineentaba eziphakamileyo, imingxunya, ukungena kwamanzi amaninzi, kunye nokugcwala kwamanzi amancinci.
Izikhululo zamandla ombane ezinkulu emhlabeni ezinje ngamadama ezakhiweyo zigxile kakhulu eTshayina, apho iThree Gorges Dam ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala enomthamo opheleleyo ofakelweyo wee-kilowatts ezingama-22.5 ezigidi. Ukongeza kwiingenelo zayo ezinkulu zokuvelisa umbane, iThree Gorges Dam ikwanazo neenzuzo ezibanzi ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo lwezikhukula, ukuphucula ukuhambahamba, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi kwiindawo eziphakathi nezisezantsi zoMlambo iYangtze, okwenza ukuba ibe "yingcebo yesizwe".
Ukususela kwiNgqungquthela yeSizwe ye-19 yeQela lamaKhomanisi laseTshayina, iTshayina yakhe izitishi ezininzi zamandla ombane ezidumileyo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngomhla wama-28 kuJuni 2021, iqela lokuqala leeyunithi kwiSitishi sikagesi iBaihetan Hydropower laqaliswa ukusebenza, elinomthamo opheleleyo ofakelweyo we-16 yezigidi zee-kilowatts; Ngomhla wama-29 kuJuni 2020, iqela lokuqala leeyunithi zeSitishi sikagesi iWudongde Hydropower laqaliswa ukusebenza ukuvelisa umbane, elinomthamo opheleleyo ofakelweyo we-10.2 yezigidi zee-kilowatts. Ezi zitishi zimbini zamandla ombane, kunye nezitishi zikagesi iXiluodu, iXiangjiaba, iThree Gorges, kunye nezitishi zikagesi iGezhouba, zakha eyona ndlela inkulu yamandla acocekileyo ehlabathini, enomthamo opheleleyo ofakelweyo we-71.695 yezigidi zee-kilowatts, ezimalunga ne-20% yamandla ombane ofakelweyo eTshayina. Zibonelela ngomqobo othembekileyo wokhuseleko lolawulo lwezikhukula, ukhuseleko lokuhambisa ngenqanawa, ukhuseleko lwendalo, ukhuseleko lwemithombo yamanzi, kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla kwiSitishi soMlambo iYangtze.
Ingxelo yeNgqungquthela yeSizwe yama-20 yeQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina icebise ukukhuthaza ngenkuthalo nangokuzinzileyo incopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni. Uphuhliso lwamandla ombane aphuma emanzini kunye nolwakhiwo luya kuvula amathuba amatsha ophuhliso, kwaye amandla ombane aphuma emanzini aya kudlala indima "yembombo" ekuguqulweni kwamandla kunye nophuhliso olusemgangathweni ophezulu.