Uhlobo lwedama izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezinezakhiwo zokugcina amanzi kwimilambo ethi igxile kuzo zonke okanye uninzi lwentloko yokuvelisa umbane

Izikhululo zoveliso lombane oluhlobo lwamadama zibhekisa ikakhulu kwizikhululo zoveliso lwamanzi ezakha izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi kwimilambo ukuze zenze amadama, zigxininise kumanzi angenayo endalo ukunyusa umgangatho wamanzi, kunye nokuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa iiyantlukwano zentloko. Olona phawu luphambili kukuba idama kunye nomzi-mveliso woveliso lombane zixinaniswe kwicandelo elinye lomlambo omfutshane.
Uhlobo lweDama izikhululo zombane wamanzi ngokubanzi ziquka izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokulahla, imibhobho yoxinzelelo, oomatshini bombane, iiinjini zomoya, iijenereyitha, kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo. Uninzi lwezakhiwo ezigcina amanzi ezisetyenziswa ngamadama zizikhululo zombane ophehla umbane ophezulu ophakathi ukuya phezulu, ngelixa ezo zisetyenziswa ngamasango zizitishi zombane eziziintloko ezisezantsi. Xa intloko yamanzi ingekho phezulu kwaye umjelo womlambo ubanzi, indawo yombane isoloko isetyenziswa njengenxalenye yesakhiwo sokugcina amanzi. Olu hlobo lwesikhululo soveliso lombane lukwabizwa ngokuba sisikhululo sombane esisemlanjeni okanye isikhululo soveliso lombane edama.
Uhlobo lwezikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi zodidi lwedama zinokohlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini ngokusekwe kwindawo ezalanayo phakathi kwedama kunye nomzi-mveliso woveliso lombane: idama elisemva kohlobo kunye nodidi lomlambo. Indlu yombane yesikhululo sombane wohlobo lwedama icwangciswe kwicala elisezantsi lomzimba wedama kwaye ivelisa umbane ngokujika amanzi ngemibhobho yoxinzelelo. Indlu yamandla ngokwayo ayithwali uxinzelelo lwamanzi angasentla. Indlu yombane, idama, umzila wokuchitheka kunye nezinye izakhiwo zesikhululo sombane ophehlwa ngamanzi emfuleni zonke zakhiwe kumda womlambo kwaye ziyinxalenye yesakhiwo sokugcina amanzi, esithwala uxinzelelo lwamanzi asuka phezulu. La malungiselelo aluncedo ekongeni utyalo-mali lulonke lweprojekthi.

Idama lesikhululo sombane wohlobo lwedama lidla ngokuba phezulu. Okokuqala, isebenzisa intloko yamanzi aphakamileyo ukunyusa umthamo ofakelweyo wesikhululo samandla, esinokuziqhelanisa ngokufanelekileyo neemfuno zokutsheva kwincopho yenkqubo yamandla; Okwesibini, kukho umthamo omkhulu wokugcina onokulawula ukuhamba kwencopho yokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomlambo wokulawula izikhukhula; Okwesithathu, iinzuzo ezibanzi zibaluleke ngakumbi. Ukusilela kukwanda kwelahleko ebangelwe kukukhukuliswa kwamanzi kummandla wedama kunye nobunzima bokufuduswa nokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kwabahlali basezidolophini nabasemaphandleni. Ke ngoko, izikhululo zombane ohlobo lwedama ezinamadama aphezulu kunye namadama amakhulu ahlala akhiwa kwiindawo ezineentaba eziphakamileyo, imiwonyo, ukungena kwamanzi amakhulu, kunye nokungena kwamanzi amancinci.
Ezona zikhululo zombane zamanzi zikhulu ehlabathini zohlobo lwedama ezakhiweyo ubukhulu becala zigxile eTshayina, iDama lemiwonyo emithathu libekwe kwindawo yokuqala enomthamo ofakelweyo oziikilowathi ezizigidi ezingama-22.5. Ukongeza kwiingenelo zalo ezinkulu zokuvelisa umbane, iDama leeGorges eziNtathu lineenzuzo ezibanzi ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo lwezandyondyo, ukuphucula indlela yokuhamba, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi embindini nakwindawo esezantsi yoMlambo iYangtze, lenza “bubutyebi besizwe”.
Ukusukela kwiNkongolo yeSizwe ye-19 yeQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina, iTshayina iye yakha izikhululo zombane ezininzi ezaziwayo ehlabathini. Ngomhla wama-28 kweyeSilimela ngowama-2021, ibhetshi yokuqala yeeyunithi kwiSikhululo soMbane waManzi e-Baihetan ziye zasetyenziswa, ezinomthamo ofakiweyo we-16 yezigidi zeekhilowathi; Ngomhla wama-29 kuJuni, ngo-2020, ibhetshi yokuqala yeeyunithi zeWudongde Hydropower Station yafakwa ekusebenzeni ukuvelisa umbane, enomthamo ofakiweyo we-10.2 yezigidi zeekilowatts. Ezi zikhululo zibini zoveliso lombane, kunye ne-Xiluodu, i-Xiangjiaba, i-Three Gorges, kunye ne-Gezhouba hydropower stations, zenza eyona paseji yamandla ecocekileyo inkulu ehlabathini, enomthamo ofakiweyo we-71.695 million kilowatts, ebalwa malunga ne-20% yomthamo uwonke ofakwe emanzini e-China. Banikezela ngomqobo othembekileyo wokhuseleko lokulawula izikhukhula, ukhuseleko lokuthumela, ukhuseleko lwendalo, ukhuseleko lobutyebi bamanzi, kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla kwi-Yangtze River Basin.
Ingxelo yeNkongolo yeSizwe yama-20 yeQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina licebise ukukhuthaza ngokusebenzayo nangokucothayo ukukhuthaza incopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Uphuhliso lwamandla ombane kunye nolwakhiwo luya kuzisa amathuba amatsha ophuhliso, kwaye amandla ombane nawo aya kudlala indima “yekona” ekuguquleni amandla kunye nophuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu.