Zithini iiparameter zokusebenza kwe-turbine yamanzi?
Iiparameters ezisisiseko zokusebenza kwe-turbine yamanzi ziquka intloko, isantya sokuhamba, isantya, imveliso, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Intloko yamanzi ye-turbine ibhekisa kumahluko kubunzima beyunithi yamandla okuhamba kwamanzi phakathi kwecandelo lokungena kunye necandelo lokuphuma le-turbine, elichazwe kwi-H kwaye lilinganiswa ngeemitha.
Isantya sokuhamba kwe-turbine yamanzi sibhekisa kumthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi odlula kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo le-turbine ngexesha ngalinye.
Isantya se-turbine sibhekisa kwinani lezihlandlo apho i-shaft ephambili ye-turbine ijikeleza ngomzuzu.
Imveliso ye-turbine yamanzi ibhekisa kwimveliso yamandla ekupheleni kwe-shaft ye-turbine yamanzi.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweturbine kubhekisa kumlinganiselo wemveliso yeturbine kunye nemveliso yokuhamba kwamanzi.
Ziziphi iintlobo zeeturbine zamanzi?
Iiturbine zamanzi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: uhlobo lohlaselo oluchaseneyo kunye nohlobo lwe-impulse. Iturbine yohlaselo oluchaseneyo iquka iintlobo ezintandathu: i-mixed flow turbine (HL), i-axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZD), i-axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZZ), i-inclined flow turbine (XL), i-through flow fixed blade turbine (GD), kunye ne-through flow fixed blade turbine (GZ).
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeeturbines ze-impulse: uhlobo lwebhakethi (uhlobo lwe-cutter) iiturbines (CJ), iiturbines ze-inclined type (XJ), kunye neeturbines ze-double tap type (SJ).
3. Yintoni i-turbine yokuhlasela kunye ne-turbine ye-impulse?
I-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla anokubakho, amandla oxinzelelo, kunye namandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini aqinileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-turbine yamanzi ehlaselayo.
I-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini aqinileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-impulse turbine.
Zithini iimpawu kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwee-turbines ezixutyiweyo zokuhamba kwamanzi?
I-turbine exutyiweyo yokuhamba kwamanzi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-turbine kaFrancis, inendawo yokugeleza kwamanzi engena kwi-impeller nge-radially kwaye iphuma ngokubanzi ngokwe-axial. Ii-turbine ezixutyiweyo zokuhamba kwamanzi zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zeentloko zamanzi, ulwakhiwo olulula, ukusebenza okuthembekileyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Yenye yee-turbine zamanzi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kule mihla. Uluhlu olusebenzayo lweentloko zamanzi yi-50-700m.
Zithini iimpawu kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwe-turbine yamanzi ejikelezayo?
I-turbine yokuhamba kwe-axial, ukuhamba kwamanzi kwindawo ye-impeller kuhamba ngokwe-axial, kwaye ukuhamba kwamanzi kuyatshintsha ukusuka kwi-radial ukuya kwi-axial phakathi kwe-guide vanes kunye ne-impeller.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-propeller oluzinzileyo lulula, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuya kuncipha kakhulu xa iphambuka kwiimeko zoyilo. Ifanelekile kwizityalo zamandla ezinamandla aphantsi kunye notshintsho oluncinci kwintloko yamanzi, ngokubanzi ukusuka kwiimitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezingama-50. Ulwakhiwo lwe-propeller olujikelezayo luyinkimbinkimbi. Lufezekisa uhlengahlengiso oluphindwe kabini lwee-vanes zesikhokelo kunye neeblades ngokulungelelanisa ukujikeleza kwee-blades kunye nee-vanes zesikhokelo, ukwandisa uluhlu lwemveliso yendawo esebenza kakuhle kwaye ibe nozinzo oluhle lokusebenza. Okwangoku, uluhlu lweentloko zamanzi ezisetyenzisiweyo luqala kwiimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwi-50-70m.
Zithini iimpawu kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kweeturbine zamanzi zebhakethi?
I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakethi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Petion turbine, isebenza ngokubetha iiblade zebhakethi ze-turbine kwicala elithe tyaba le-turbine circumference kunye ne-jet evela kwi-nozzle. I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakethi isetyenziselwa iintloko zamanzi eziphezulu, kunye neentlobo zebhakethi ezincinci ezisetyenziselwa iintloko zamanzi ezingama-40-250m kunye neentlobo zebhakethi ezinkulu ezisetyenziselwa iintloko zamanzi ezingama-400-4500m.
7. Zithini iimpawu kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwe-turbine ethambekileyo?
I-turbine yamanzi ethambekileyo ivelisa i-jet evela kwi-nozzle eyenza i-engile (ngesiqhelo i-22.5 degrees) kunye ne-plane ye-impeller kwindawo yokungena. Olu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi lusetyenziswa kwizikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci neziphakathi, ezinomgama ofanelekileyo wentloko ongaphantsi kwe-400m.
Yintoni isakhiwo esisisiseko se-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakethi?
I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakethi inamacandelo alandelayo asebenzisa umbane ogqithisileyo, anemisebenzi ephambili ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
(l) I-nozzle yenziwe kukugeleza kwamanzi ukusuka kumbhobho woxinzelelo ongaphezulu odlula kwi-nozzle, okwenza i-jet echaphazela i-impeller. Amandla oxinzelelo okugeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwi-nozzle aguqulwa abe ngamandla e-kinetic e-jet.
(2) Inaliti itshintsha ububanzi bejethi etshizwayo esuka kwimpumlo ngokushukumisa inaliti, ngaloo ndlela itshintsha nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kwiturbine yamanzi.
(3) Ivili lenziwe yidiski kwaye kukho iibhakethi ezininzi ezixhonywe kuyo. Ijethi ikhawuleza isiya kwiibhakethi ize idlulisele amandla ayo entshukumo kuzo, ngaloo ndlela iqhuba ivili ukuba lijikeleze kwaye lenze umsebenzi.
(4) I-deflector ifumaneka phakathi kwe-nozzle kunye ne-impeller. Xa i-turbine inciphisa umthwalo ngequbuliso, i-deflector ijika ngokukhawuleza i-jet iye kwi-bucket. Kule ndawo, inaliti iya kusondela kancinci kwindawo efanelekileyo yomthwalo omtsha. Emva kokuba i-nozzle izinze kwindawo entsha, i-deflector ibuyela kwindawo yokuqala ye-jet kwaye ilungiselele isenzo esilandelayo.
(5) I-casing ivumela ukuhamba kwamanzi okugqityiweyo ukuba kukhutshwe kakuhle ngezantsi, kwaye uxinzelelo olungaphakathi kwi-casing lulingana noxinzelelo lomoya. I-casing ikwasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iibheringi ze-turbine yamanzi.
9. Ungalufunda njani kwaye uluqonde njani uphawu lwe-turbine yamanzi?
Ngokutsho kwe-JBB84-74 “Imithetho yokutyunjwa kweemodeli zeturbine” eTshayina, ukutyunjwa kweturbine kuqulathe iindawo ezintathu, ezahlulwe ngo-“-” phakathi kwenxalenye nganye. Uphawu olukwinxalenye yokuqala lunobumba wokuqala wePinyin yaseTshayina wohlobo lweturbine yamanzi, kwaye amanani esiArabhu amele isantya esithile seturbine yamanzi. Inxalenye yesibini iqulathe oonobumba ababini bePinyin yaseTshayina, eyokuqala imele ulwakhiwo lweshaft ephambili yeturbine yamanzi, kwaye eyesibini imele iimpawu zegumbi lokungenisa. Inxalenye yesithathu bububanzi obuqhelekileyo bevili ngeesentimitha.
Zichazwa njani iidayamitha eziqhelekileyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeturbine zamanzi?
Ububanzi obuqhelekileyo beturbine exutyiweyo bububanzi obuphezulu kumphetho wokungena weeblade ze-impeller, obu bububanzi kwindawo ekudibana kuyo indandatho esezantsi ye-impeller kunye nomphetho wokungena weeblade.
Ububanzi obuqhelekileyo bee-axial kunye nee-intensible flow turbines bububanzi obungaphakathi kwegumbi le-impeller kwindawo edibana kuyo i-impeller blade axis kunye negumbi le-impeller.
Ububanzi obuqhelekileyo be-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakethi bububanzi besangqa sepitch apho umgijimi ehambelana nomgca oyintloko kwijethi.
Ziziphi izizathu eziphambili ze-cavitation kwiiturbine zamanzi?
Izizathu zokutsalwa kwe-cavitation kwiiturbine zamanzi zintsonkothile. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ukusasazwa koxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwi-turbine runner akulunganga. Umzekelo, ukuba i-runner ifakwe phezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namanzi asezantsi, ukuhamba kwamanzi ngesantya esiphezulu okudlula kwindawo enoxinzelelo oluphantsi kuthambekele ekufikeleleni kuxinzelelo lokufuma kwaye kuvelise amaqamza. Xa amanzi engena kwindawo enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngenxa yokwanda koxinzelelo, amaqamza ayaqina, kwaye amaqhekeza okuhamba kwamanzi ayangqubana ngesantya esiphezulu ukuya embindini wamaqamza ukuze azalise izithuba eziveliswa kukuxinana, ngaloo ndlela evelisa impembelelo enkulu ye-hydraulic kunye neziphumo ze-electrochemical, okubangela ukuba amaqamza akhukuliswe, okubangela ukuba iimbobo kunye nee-honeycomb zifane nee-pores, kwaye zide zingene ukuze zenze imingxunya.
Ngawaphi amanyathelo aphambili okuthintela ukugabha kwamanzi kwiiturbine zamanzi?
Isiphumo sokugalela amanzi kwiiturbine zamanzi kukuvelisa ingxolo, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokwehla okukhulu kokusebenza kakuhle, okukhokelela ekukhukulisekeni kweeblade, ukwakheka kwemingxuma efana ne-honeycomb kunye nee-pore, kunye nokwakheka kwemingxuma ngokungena, okubangela umonakalo kwiyunithi kunye nokungakwazi ukusebenza. Ke ngoko, kufuneka kwenziwe imizamo yokuphepha ukugalela amanzi ngexesha lokusebenza. Okwangoku, amanyathelo aphambili okuthintela nokunciphisa umonakalo wokugalela amanzi aquka:
(l) Yila ngokufanelekileyo isibambi seturbine ukuze unciphise i-cavitation coefficient yeturbine.
(2) Ukuphucula umgangatho wokwenziwa kwemveliso, ukuqinisekisa imo yejometri echanekileyo kunye nendawo ehambelanayo yeeblayidi, kunye nokuqwalasela iindawo ezigudileyo nezikhazimlisiweyo.
(3) Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezithintela ukucandeka kwesisu ukunciphisa umonakalo wokucandeka kwesisu, njengamavili entsimbi engagqwaliyo.
(4) Misela ngokuchanekileyo ukuphakama kofakelo lwe-turbine yamanzi.
(5) Phucula iimeko zokusebenza ukuze uthintele i-turbine ukuba isebenze ngentloko ephantsi kunye nomthwalo ophantsi ixesha elide. Akuvumelekanga ukuba ii-turbine zamanzi zisebenze ngemveliso ephantsi (njengokuba ngaphantsi kwe-50% yemveliso elinganisiweyo). Kwizikhululo zamandla ombane ezisebenzisa iiyunithi ezininzi, kufuneka kuthintelwe ukusebenza komthwalo ophantsi ixesha elide kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo kweyunithi enye.
(6) Ukugcinwa kunye nengqalelo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kufuneka kunikwe umgangatho wokupholisha welding yokulungisa ukuze kuthintelwe uphuhliso olubi lomonakalo we-cavitation.
(7) Kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokuhambisa umoya, umoya ufakwa kumbhobho wamanzi angasemva ukuze kususwe i-vacuum eninzi enokubangela ukubola kwesisu.
Izikhululo zamandla ezinkulu, eziphakathi nezincinci zahlulwahlulwa njani?
Ngokwemigangatho yangoku yamasebe, abo banomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphantsi kwe-50000 kW bathathwa njengabancinci; Izixhobo eziphakathi ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ophakathi kwe-50000 ukuya kwi-250000 kW; Umthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-250000 kW uthathwa njengomkhulu.
Yintoni umgaqo osisiseko wokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi?
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi kukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-hydraulic (enentloko yamanzi) ukuqhuba oomatshini be-hydraulic (i-turbine) ukuba bajikeleze, beguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Ukuba olunye uhlobo loomatshini (ijenereyitha) luqhagamshelwe kwi-turbine ukuvelisa umbane njengoko ijikeleza, amandla oomatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane. Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi, ngandlela ithile, yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini aze abe ngamandla ombane.
Ziziphi iindlela zophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-hydraulic kunye neentlobo ezisisiseko zezikhululo zamandla ombane?
Iindlela zophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokwe-concentrated drop, kwaye ngokubanzi kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko: uhlobo lwedama, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kunye nohlobo oluxutyiweyo.
(1) Isikhululo samandla ombane esiluhlobo lwedama sibhekisa kwisikhululo samandla ombane esakhiwe kumjelo womlambo, esinomjelo oxinanisiweyo kunye nomthamo othile wedama, kwaye sikufutshane nedama.
(2) Isikhululo samandla ombane esiguqula amanzi sibhekisa kwisikhululo samandla ombane esisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ithontsi lendalo lomlambo ukujika amanzi nokuvelisa umbane, ngaphandle kwedama okanye amandla okulawula, kwaye sikwicala elikude lomlambo ongezantsi.
(3) Isikhululo samandla ombane esidityanisiweyo sibhekisa kwisikhululo samandla ombane esisebenzisa ithontsi lamanzi, elenziwe ngokuyinxenye ngokwakhiwa kwedama kwaye lisebenzisa ngokuyinxenye ithontsi lendalo lomjelo womlambo, elinomthamo othile wokugcina. Isikhululo samandla sikwimjelo yomlambo esezantsi.
Yintoni ukuhamba kwamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi apheleleyo, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi okuqhelekileyo ngonyaka?
Izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi libhekisa kumthamo wamanzi adlula kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo lomlambo (okanye isakhiwo se-hydraulic) ngexesha leyunithi, elichazwa ngee-cubic metres ngomzuzwana;
Ukugeleza kwamanzi kubhekiselele kwinani elipheleleyo lamanzi ahambayo kwicandelo lomlambo kunyaka wamanzi, ochazwa kwi-104m3 okanye i-108m3;
Isantya sokuhamba komlambo esiqhelekileyo sibhekisa kwisantya sokuhamba komlambo esiqhelekileyo se-Q3/S secandelo lomlambo esibalwe ngokusekelwe kuthotho lwamanzi olukhoyo.
Ziziphi izinto eziphambili zeprojekthi yesikhungo sesikhululo samandla ombane esincinci?
Iquka ikakhulu iindawo ezine: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi (amadama), izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi ezikhukulayo (iindlela zokuchitha amanzi okanye iigeyithi), izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi (iindlela zokuphambukisa amanzi okanye iitonela, kuquka imijelo elawula uxinzelelo), kunye nezakhiwo zezikhululo zamandla (kubandakanya imijelo yamanzi angasemva kunye nezikhululo zokunyusa amanzi).
18. Yintoni isikhululo samandla ombane esichitha amanzi? Zithini iimpawu zaso?
Isikhululo samandla esingenalo idama elilawulayo sibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo samandla ombane esiphuma emanzini. Olu hlobo lwesikhululo samandla ombane lukhetha umthamo walo ofakiweyo ngokusekelwe kwisantya sokuhamba kwamanzi sonyaka somjelo womlambo kunye nentloko yamanzi enokubakho esinokuyifumana. Ukuveliswa kombane ngexesha lemvula kuncipha kakhulu, ngaphantsi kwama-50%, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha akunakukwazi ukuvelisa umbane, nto leyo ethintelwa kukuhamba kwendalo komlambo, ngelixa kukho amanzi amaninzi ashiywe lixesha lemvula.
19. Yintoni imveliso? Ungawuqikelela njani umkhiqizo kwaye ubale ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo samandla ombane?
Kwisikhululo samandla ombane (isityalo), amandla aveliswa yiyunithi yejenereyitha yamanzi abizwa ngokuba yi-output, kwaye i-output yecandelo elithile lokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni imele izixhobo zamandla amanzi zelo candelo. I-output yokuhamba kwamanzi ibhekisa kubungakanani bamandla amanzi ngexesha leyunithi nganye. Kwi-equation N=9.81 η QH, u-Q lizinga lokuhamba (m3/S); u-H yintloko yamanzi (m); u-N lixabiso lesikhululo samandla ombane (W); u-η lixabiso lokusebenza kakuhle kwejenereyitha yombane wamanzi. Ifomula eqikelelweyo yemveliso yezikhululo zamandla ombane amancinci yi-N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Ifomula yokuvelisa umbane waminyaka le yi-E=NT, apho u-N lixabiso eliphakathi; u-T ziiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka.
Zithini iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo?
Ibhekisa kwixesha eliqhelekileyo lokusebenza komthwalo opheleleyo weyunithi yokuvelisa umbane ngaphakathi konyaka. Luphawu olubalulekileyo lokulinganisa iingenelo zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamanzi, kwaye izikhululo zamanzi ezincinci kufuneka zibe neyure yokusetyenziswa yonyaka engaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-3000.
21. Yintoni uhlengahlengiso lwemihla ngemihla, uhlengahlengiso lweveki nganye, uhlengahlengiso lonyaka, kunye nohlengahlengiso lweminyaka emininzi?
(1) Ummiselo wemihla ngemihla: ubhekisa ekusasazweni ngokutsha kwamanzi agelezayo ngaphakathi kwemini nobusuku, kunye nexesha lommiselo leeyure ezingama-24.
(2) Uhlengahlengiso lweveki: Ixesha lohlengahlengiso yiveki enye (iintsuku ezisi-7).
(3) Ummiselo wonyaka: Ukusasazwa kwakhona kwamanzi aphumayo kungekapheli unyaka omnye, apho kuphela inxalenye yamanzi angaphezulu ngexesha lezikhukula enokugcinwa, kuthiwa ngummiselo wonyaka ongaphelelanga (okanye ummiselo wonyaka); Ukukwazi ukusasaza ngokupheleleyo amanzi angenayo kungekapheli unyaka ngokweemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushiywa kwamanzi kubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo wonyaka.
(4) Ulawulo lweminyaka emininzi: Xa umthamo wedama elikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukugcina amanzi angaphezulu kwiminyaka emininzi edama, uze ulibeke kwiminyaka eliqela eyomileyo ukuze lilawulwe minyaka le, libizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo weminyaka emininzi.
22. Yintoni ithontsi lomlambo?
Umahluko wokuphakama phakathi kwamacandelo amabini anqamlezileyo kwicandelo lomlambo elisetyenziswayo ubizwa ngokuba yidrophu; Umahluko wokuphakama phakathi kwemiphezulu yamanzi kumthombo nomlomo womlambo ubizwa ngokuba yidrophu iyonke.
23. Ingakanani imvula, ubude bexesha lemvula, ubunzulu bemvula, indawo yemvula, iziko lemvula?
Imvula yinani lilonke lamanzi awela kwindawo ethile okanye kwindawo ethile ngexesha elithile, elibonakaliswa ngeemilimitha.
Ubude bexesha lemvula bubhekisela kwixesha lemvula.
Ubunzulu bemvula bubhekisa kubungakanani bemvula ngexesha ngalinye, ebonakaliswa nge-mm/h.
Indawo yemvula ibhekisa kwindawo ethe tye egutyungelwe yimvula, ebonakaliswa kwi-km2.
Iziko lemvula libhekisa kwindawo encinci yasekuhlaleni apho imvula ixinene khona.
24. Yintoni uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli? Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lobunjineli?
Ibhajethi yobunjineli luxwebhu lobuchwephesha nolwezoqoqosho oluhlanganisa zonke iimali zokwakha ezifunekayo kwiprojekthi ngendlela yemali. Ibhajethi yoyilo lokuqala yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yamaxwebhu oyilo lokuqala kwaye isisiseko esiphambili sokuvavanya ingqiqo yezoqoqosho. Ibhajethi iyonke evunyiweyo sisalathisi esibalulekileyo esiqatshelwa ngurhulumente njengotyalo-mali olusisiseko lokwakha, kwaye ikwasisiseko sokulungiselela izicwangciso zokwakha ezisisiseko kunye noyilo lokubhida. Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali esenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sophando lokwenzeka. Ibhajethi yobunjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali esenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sokwakha.
Ziziphi izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamandla ombane ngamanzi?
(1) Utyalo-mali lweyunithi ye-kilowatt lubhekisa kutyalo-mali olufunekayo nge-kilowatt nganye yomthamo ofakiweyo.
(2) Utyalo-mali lwamandla kwiyunithi lubhekisa kutyalo-mali olufunekayo nge-kilowatt nganye ngeyure yombane.
(3) Ixabiso lombane ngumrhumo ohlawulwa nge-kilowatt ngeyure yombane.
(4) Iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo zilinganisa inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesikhululo samandla ombane.
(5) Ixabiso lokuthengisa umbane lixabiso nge-kilowatt ngeyure yombane othengiswa kwigridi.
Indlela yokubala izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamandla ombane?
Izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamandla ombane zibalwa ngokwendlela elandelayo:
(1) Utyalo-mali lweyunithi ye-kilowatt= utyalo-mali lulonke ekwakhiweni kwesikhululo samandla ombane/umthamo uwonke wokufakelwa kwesikhululo samandla ombane
(2) Utyalo-mali lwamandla kwiyunithi = utyalo-mali olupheleleyo ekwakhiweni kwesikhululo samandla ombane/ukuveliswa kombane okuqhelekileyo ngonyaka kwesikhululo samandla ombane ombane ombane
(3) Iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo=umyinge wokuveliswa kombane ngonyaka/umthamo uwonke ofakiweyo
Ixesha leposi: Okthobha-28-2024
