Zeziphi iiparamitha zokusebenza zeinjini yomoya?
Iiparamitha ezisisiseko zokusebenza kwe-injini yamanzi ziquka intloko, izinga lokuhamba, isantya, imveliso, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Intloko yamanzi yeinjini yomoya ibhekiselele kumahluko kubunzima beyunithi yobunzima bokuhamba kwamanzi phakathi kwecandelo lokungena kunye necandelo lokuphuma leinjini yomoya, elichazwe ngo-H kwaye lilinganiswe ngeemitha.
Umyinge wokuhamba kweinjini yeinjini yamanzi ubhekiselele kumthamo wokuqukuqela kwamanzi adlula kwicandelo elinqamlezayo leinjini yomoya ngexesha leyunithi.
Isantya seinjini yomoya sibhekisa kwinani lamaxesha ishafu engundoqo ejikelezayo ngomzuzu.
Imveliso ye turbine yamanzi ibhekiselele kwimveliso yamandla ekupheleni kweshafti yeinjini yamanzi.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweiturbine kubhekiselele kumlinganiselo wemveliso yeinjini yokuphuma kwamanzi.
Zeziphi iindidi zeeinjini zamanzi?
Iiinjini zamanzi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: uhlobo lokuhlasela kunye nohlobo lwempembelelo. I-counterattack turbine iquka iindidi ezintandathu: i-mixed flow turbine (HL), i-axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZD), i-axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZZ), i-inclined flow turbine (XL), nge-flow fixed blade turbine (GD), kunye ne-flow fixed blade turbine (GZ).
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeeinjini ze-ipulse: uhlobo lwe-emele (uhlobo lwesisiki) iiturbines (CJ), ii-injini zohlobo oluthambekileyo (XJ), kunye nee-injini zohlobo lokucofa kabini (SJ).
3. Yintoni i-counterattack turbine kunye ne-impulse turbine?
I-injini yomoya yamanzi eguqula amandla anokubakho, amandla oxinzelelo, kunye ne-kinetic yamandla okuhamba kwamanzi ukuya kumandla omatshini aqinileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-counterattack water turbine.
Iturbine yamanzi eguqula amandla ekinetic okuhamba kwamanzi ukuya kumandla omatshini aqinileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-impulse turbine.
Zeziphi iimpawu kunye nobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kweeinjini zokuqukuqela ezixutyiweyo?
I-injini yomoya edityanisiweyo, ekwaziwa ngokuba yiinjini yomoya kaFrancis, inompompozo wamanzi ongena kwi-impeller radially kwaye ephuma ngokubanzi nge-axially. Ii-turbines ezixutywayo ezixutywayo zineendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kweentloko zamanzi, isakhiwo esilula, ukusebenza okuthembekileyo, kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Yenye yee turbines zamanzi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwixesha langoku. Uluhlu olusebenzayo lwentloko yamanzi luyi-50-700m.
Zeziphi iimpawu kunye nobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kweinjini yomoya ejikelezayo yamanzi?
I-Axial flow turbine, ukuhamba kwamanzi kwindawo ye-impeller ihamba nge-axially, kwaye ukuhamba kwamanzi kuyatshintsha ukusuka kwi-radial ukuya kwi-axial phakathi kwe-vanes yesikhokelo kunye ne-impeller.
Isakhiwo se-propeller esisisigxina silula, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuya kuncipha ngokukhawuleza xa kuphambuka kwiimeko zokuyila. Ifanelekile kwizityalo zamandla ezinamandla aphantsi kunye neenguqu ezincinci kwintloko yamanzi, ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-50 yeemitha. Ulwakhiwo lwepropeller ejikelezayo luntsokothile noko. Ifezekisa uhlengahlengiso oluphindwe kabini lwee-vanes zesikhokelo kunye neeblades ngokulungelelanisa ukujikeleza kwee-blades kunye ne-vanes yesikhokelo, ukwandisa uluhlu lwemveliso yendawo ephezulu yokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo kokusebenza. Okwangoku, uluhlu lwentloko yamanzi esetyenzisiweyo luvela kwiimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwi-50-70m.
Ziziphi iimpawu kunye nobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kweeinjini zamanzi zamabhakethi?
I-injini yohlobo lwebhakethi yohlobo lwe-injini yomoya, ekwaziwa ngokuba yiijini yeinjini ye-Petion, isebenza ngokuchaphazela iincakuba ze-emele zeinjini yomoya kwicala elidityanisiweyo lesangqa sesangqa seinjini yomoya kunye nejethi ephuma emlonyeni. I-bucket yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakethi isetyenziselwa iintloko zamanzi aphezulu, kunye neentlobo ezincinci zebhakethi ezisetyenziselwa iintloko zamanzi ze-40-250m kunye neentlobo ezinkulu zebhakethi ezisetyenziselwa iintloko zamanzi ze-400-4500m.
7. Zeziphi iimpawu kunye nobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kweinjini yeinjini ethambekele?
I-injini yamanzi ethambekeleyo ivelisa i-jet ukusuka kwi-nozzle eyenza i-angle (ngokuqhelekileyo i-22.5 degrees) kunye nendiza ye-impeller kwi-inlet. Olu hlobo lwe-injini yamanzi lusetyenziswa kwizikhululo zombane ezincinci kunye neziphakathi, ezinoluhlu olufanelekileyo lwentloko olungaphantsi kwe-400m.
Yintoni ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwe-emele yohlobo lwe-injini yeinjini yamanzi?
I-injini yohlobo lwebhakethi inala malungu alandelayo asebenza ngokugqithisileyo, awona msebenzi wawo ungundoqo ulandelayo:
(l) Umbhobho wenziwa ngumbhobho wamanzi ophuma kumbhobho woxinzelelo onyukayo odlula kumbhobho, wenze ijethi echaphazela isishukumisi. Amandla oxinzelelo lokuhamba kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwi-nozzle aguqulwa abe yi-kinetic energy yejethi.
(2) Inaliti itshintsha i-diameter yejethi etshizwe ukusuka kumbhobho ngokuhambisa inaliti, ngaloo ndlela itshintsha isantya sokungena kwe-injini yamanzi.
(3) Ivili lenziwe ngediski kunye neebhakethi ezininzi ezilungiselelwe kuyo. Ijethi igxalathelana ukuya kwiibhakethi kwaye idlulisele amandla ayo ekinetic kuzo, ngaloo ndlela iqhuba ivili ukujikeleza kwaye yenze umsebenzi.
(4) I-deflector iphakathi kombhobho kunye ne-impeller. Xa i-injini yomoya iwunciphisa ngesiquphe umthwalo, isiphambukisi sijikisa ngokukhawuleza ijethi siye kwibhakethi. Ngeli xesha, inaliti iya kuvala kancinci kwindawo efanelekileyo kumthwalo omtsha. Emva kokuba i-nozzle izinzile kwindawo entsha, i-deflector ibuyela kwindawo yokuqala yejethi kwaye ilungiselele isenzo esilandelayo.
(5) I-casing ivumela ukuhamba kwamanzi okugqityiweyo ukuba kukhutshwe ngokufanelekileyo ezantsi, kwaye uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwe-casing lulingana noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric. I-casing ikwasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iibheringi ze-injini yamanzi.
9. Ulufunda njani kwaye uluqonde njani uphawu lweinjini yamanzi?
Ngokutsho kwe-JBB84-74 "Imithetho yokutyunjwa kweemodeli ze-turbine" e-China, ukutyunjwa kwe-turbine kuqulethwe ngamacandelo amathathu, ahlulwe ngu "-" phakathi kwendawo nganye. Isimboli kwinxalenye yokuqala yileta yokuqala yePinyin yaseTshayina yohlobo lwe turbine yamanzi, kwaye amanani aseArabhu amele uphawu oluthile lwesantya se-injini yamanzi. Inxalenye yesibini iqulethe iileta ezimbini zePinyin zaseTshayina, eyokuqala imele ukucwangciswa kwe-shaft ephambili ye-injini yamanzi, kwaye le yokugqibela imele iimpawu zegumbi lokuthatha. Inxalenye yesithathu yi-diameter ye-nominal yevili ngeesentimitha.
Icaciswa njani iidayamitha eziziintlobo ngeentlobo zeeinjini zamanzi?
Idayamitha yesiqhelo ye-injini yokuqukuqela edibeneyo yobona bukhulu bedayamitha kwincam ye-inlet yeencakuba ze-impeller, obuyidayamitha ekudibaneni kweringi esezantsi ye-impeller kunye nomphetho wokungena wamaphiko.
Idayamitha ye-axial kunye ne-inclined flow turbines yidayamitha engaphakathi kwegumbi le-impeller ekudibaneni kwe-axis yeblade ye-impeller kunye negumbi le-impeller.
Idayamitha yohlobo lwe-emele yohlobo lwe-iturbine yamanzi yidayamitha yesangqa sepitshi apho imbaleki i-tangente kumgca ongundoqo wejethi.
Ziziphi izizathu eziphambili ze-cavitation kwii-injini zamanzi?
Izizathu ze-cavitation kwii-injini zamanzi zinzima kakhulu. Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwimbaleki yeinjini yomoya ayilingani. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umgijimi ufakwe phezulu kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lamanzi asezantsi, ukuhamba kwamanzi okuhamba ngokukhawuleza okudlula kwindawo yoxinzelelo oluphantsi kuxhomekeke ekufikeleleni uxinzelelo lwe-vaporization kunye nokuvelisa ama-bubbles. Xa amanzi egeleza kwindawo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngenxa yokunyuka koxinzelelo, amaqamza ayajiya, kwaye amasuntswana okuhamba kwamanzi angqubana ngesantya esiphezulu ukuya embindini wamaqamza ukuze azalise izithuba eziveliswe yi-condensation, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa impembelelo enkulu yehydraulic kunye neziphumo ze-electrochemical, ezibangela ukuba ii-blades zikhukuliswe, okukhokelela ekuthandeni i-honeycom kunye ne-honeycom.
Ziziphi iindlela eziphambili zokuthintela i-cavitation kwii-injini zamanzi?
Isiphumo se-cavitation kwii-turbines zamanzi kukuveliswa kwengxolo, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokuncipha okubukhali ekusebenzeni kakuhle, okukhokelela ekukhukulisekeni kwe-blade, ukubunjwa kwe-pitting kunye ne-honeycomb njengama-pores, kunye nokubunjwa kwemingxuma ngokungena, kubangele umonakalo kwiyunithi kunye nokungakwazi ukusebenza. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kwenziwe imizamo yokuphepha i-cavitation ngexesha lokusebenza. Okwangoku, amanyathelo aphambili okuthintela kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo we-cavitation kubandakanya:
(l) Yila ngokufanelekileyo umgijimi we-injini yokunciphisa i-coefficient ye-cavitation ye-turbine.
(2) Ukuphucula umgangatho wokuvelisa, qinisekisa ubume bejometri echanekileyo kunye nendawo ehambelanayo yeeblades, kwaye ubeke ingqalelo kwindawo egudileyo kunye nepolishiwe.
(3) Ukusebenzisa izinto ezichasene ne-cavitation ukunciphisa umonakalo we-cavitation, njengamavili ensimbi engenasici.
(4) Qinisekisa ngokuchanekileyo umphakamo wofakelo lweinjini yomoya yamanzi.
(5) Ukuphucula iimeko zokusebenza ukukhusela i-turbine ekusebenzeni kwintloko ephantsi kunye nomthwalo ophantsi ixesha elide. Ngokuqhelekileyo akuvumelekanga ukuba ii-iturbines zamanzi zisebenze kwimveliso ephantsi (enje ngaphantsi kwe-50% yemveliso elinganisiweyo). Kwizikhululo zombane ezininzi zamanzi, umthamo ophantsi wexesha elide kunye nokusebenza okugqithisileyo kweyunithi enye kufuneka kuphetshwe.
(6) Ukugcinwa kwexesha kunye nokuqwalaselwa kufuneka kuhlawulwe kumgangatho wokupolisha wokulungisa i-welding ukuphepha uphuhliso olubi lomonakalo we-cavitation.
(7) Ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokubonelela ngomoya, umoya ungeniswa kumbhobho wamanzi omsila ukuze uphelise i-vacuum eninzi enokubangela i-cavitation.
Zihlelwa njani izikhululo zamandla ezikhulu, eziphakathi, nezincinane?
Ngokwemigangatho yangoku yesebe, abo banomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphantsi kwe-50000 kW babonwa bancinci; Izixhobo zobukhulu obuphakathi ezinomthamo ofakelweyo wama-50000 ukuya kuma-250000 kW; Umthamo ofakiweyo ongaphezulu kwe-250000 kW uthathwa njengomkhulu.
Ngowuphi umthetho-siseko osisiseko wokwenziwa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi?
Uveliso lwamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi kusetyenziso lwamandla okwenziwa ngolwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi (ngentloko yamanzi) ukuqhuba oomatshini bokwenza umbane (iiturbine) ukujikeleza, ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla omatshini. Ukuba olunye uhlobo lomatshini (ijenereyitha) luqhagamshelwe kwiinjini yomoya ukuvelisa umbane njengoko ijikeleza, amandla omatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane. Ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi, ngandlel’ ithile, yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla omatshini emva koko abe ngamandla ombane.
Zeziphi iindlela zophuhliso lwezibonelelo ze-hydraulic kunye neentlobo ezisisiseko zezikhululo zombane wamanzi?
Iindlela zophuhliso lwemithombo ye-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokokwehla okugxininisiweyo, kwaye kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko: uhlobo lwedama, uhlobo lokuguqula, kunye nodidi oluxubileyo.
(1) Isikhululo sombane sohlobo lwedama sibhekiselele kwisikhululo sombane esiveliswa ngamanzi esakhiwe kumjelo womlambo, esinethontsi enzulu kunye nomthamo othile wedama, kwaye sibekwe kufutshane nedama.
(2) Isikhululo sombane ophambukiswe ngamanzi sibhekiselele kwisikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi esisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ithontsi lendalo lomlambo ukuphambukisa amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umbane, ngaphandle kwedama okanye umthamo olawulayo, kwaye sibekwe kumlambo okude kumazantsi omlambo.
(3) Isikhululo sombane owenziwe ngamanzi ongumhlanganiselwa sibhekiselele kwisikhululo sombane sombane esisebenzisa ithontsi lamanzi, inxenye eyenziwe ngokwakhiwa kwedama kunye nokusebenzisa ngokuyinxenye ithontsi lendalo lomjelo womlambo, nomthamo othile wokugcina. Isikhululo samandla simi kumjelo womlambo ongezantsi.
Yintoni ukuhamba, ukubaleka iyonke, kunye nomyinge wokuhamba ngonyaka?
Umyinge wokuqukuqela ubhekisa kumthamo wamanzi adlula kwindawo enqamlezileyo yomlambo (okanye ubume behydraulic) ngexesha leyunithi, ebonakaliswa ngeecubic metres ngesekhondi;
Itotali yamanzi abalekayo ibhekiselele kwisimbuku sokuqukuqela kwamanzi ewonke kwicandelo lomlambo kunyaka wezifundo zamanzi, ezichazwe kwi-104m3 okanye 108m3;
Umyinge wesantya sokuqukuqela sonyaka ubhekiselele kumyinge wonyaka wokuqukuqela kwe-Q3/S yecandelo lomlambo elibalwe ngokusekwe kuthotho olukhoyo lwe-hydrological.
Ngawaphi amacandelo aphambili eprojekthi encinci ye-hydropower hub?
Ubukhulu becala iqulathe izahlulo ezine: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi (amadama), izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi (iindlela zokuchitheka okanye amasango), izakhiwo zokuguqula amanzi (imijelo yokuphambukisa okanye itonela, kubandakanywa iishafti ezilawula uxinzelelo), kunye nezakhiwo zeplanti yombane (kubandakanywa nemijelo yamanzi asemva kunye nezikhululo zokunyusa).
18. Yintoni isikhululo sombane esibalekayo? Ziziphi iimpawu zayo?
Isikhululo sombane esingenaziko elilawulayo sibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo sombane esibalekayo. Olu hlobo lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi sikhetha umthamo waso ofakiweyo ngokusekelwe kumyinge wonyaka wokuhamba komjelo womlambo kunye nentloko yamanzi enokuthi ifumaneke. Ukuveliswa kombane ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo kuncipha kabukhali, ngaphantsi kwe-50%, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha awukwazi ukuvelisa umbane, othintelwa kukuhamba kwendalo komlambo, ngelixa kukho isixa esikhulu samanzi ashiywe ngexesha leemvula.
19. Yintoni imveliso? Indlela yokuqikelela imveliso nokubala ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi?
Kwisikhululo sombane (iplanti), amandla aveliswa yiyunithi yejenereyitha ye-hydro kuthiwa yimveliso, kwaye imveliso yecandelo elithile lokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni imele imithombo yamandla yamanzi yelo candelo. Isiphumo sokuhamba kwamanzi sibhekisa kumthamo wamandla amanzi ngexesha leyunithi. Kwi-equation N=9.81 η QH, Q ngumyinge wokuhamba (m3/S); H yintloko yamanzi (m); N sisiphumo sesikhululo sombane wamanzi (W); η yi-coefficient esebenzayo ye-hydroelectric generator. Ifomula eqikelelweyo yokukhutshwa kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi ngu-N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Ifomula yokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka yi-E=NT, apho i-N ingumndilili wemveliso; T ziiyure zokusetyenziswa zonyaka.
Zithini iiyure zonyaka zokusetyenziswa kwesakhono esifakelweyo?
Ibhekisa kumndilili wexesha lokusebenza komthwalo ogcweleyo weyunithi yokuvelisa umbane wamanzi kwisithuba sonyaka. Sisalathiso esibalulekileyo sokulinganisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho yezikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi, kwaye izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi kufuneka zibe neyure yosetyenziso yonyaka engaphezu kweeyure ezingama-3000.
21. Yintoni uhlengahlengiso lwemihla ngemihla, uhlengahlengiso lweveki, uhlengahlengiso lonyaka, kunye nohlengahlengiso lweminyaka emininzi?
(1) Ummiselo wemihla ngemihla: ubhekiselele ekwabiweni kwakhona kwamanzi ahambayo phakathi kwemini nobusuku, kunye nexesha lokulawula iiyure ezingama-24.
(2) Uhlengahlengiso lweveki: Ixesha lohlengahlengiso yiveki enye (iintsuku ezisi-7).
(3) Ummiselo wonyaka: Ulwabiwo ngokutsha lwamanzi abalekayo kwisithuba sonyaka omnye, apho kuphela inxenye yamanzi angaphaya kwamandla onyaka anokugcinwa khona, kubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo ongagqitywanga wonyaka (okanye ummiselo wamaxesha onyaka); Ukukwazi ukusasaza ngokupheleleyo amanzi angenayo enyakeni ngokweemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulahlwa kwamanzi kubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo wonyaka.
(4) Ulawulo lweminyaka emininzi: Xa umthamo wedama umkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungagcina amanzi agqithisileyo ngexesha leminyaka emininzi kwidama, uze uwabele kwiminyaka eliqela eyomileyo yommiselo wonyaka, ubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo weminyaka emininzi.
22. Yintoni ithontsi lomlambo?
Umahluko womphakamo phakathi kweenxalenye ezimbini ezinqumlayo zecandelo lomlambo osetyenziswayo ubizwa ngokuba kukuhla; Umahluko womphakamo phakathi komphezulu wamanzi kumthombo kunye nomlomo womlambo ubizwa ngokuba yithontsi iyonke.
23. Yintoni imvula, ixesha lemvula, ubungakanani bemvula, ummandla wemvula, iziko lezantyalantyala zemvula?
Imvula lixabiso lilonke lamanzi awela kwindawo ethile okanye kwindawo ethile ngexesha elithile, ebonakaliswa ngeemilimitha.
Ubude bexesha lemvula bubhekiselele kwixesha lemvula.
Amandla emvula abhekiselele kumyinge wemvula ngexesha leyunithi nganye, ebonakaliswa nge-mm/h.
Ummandla wemvula ubhekiselele kwindawo ethe tye egqunywe yimvula, echazwe kwi-km2.
Iziko lesiphango libhekisa kwindawo encinci yendawo apho isiphango sigxininise.
24. Yintoni uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli? Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lobunjineli?
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lobunjineli luxwebhu lobugcisa noqoqosho oluhlanganisa zonke iimali zokwakha eziyimfuneko kwiprojekthi ngokwemali. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali loyilo lokuqala licandelo elibalulekileyo lamaxwebhu oyilo lokuqala kunye nesiseko esiphambili sokuvavanya uqikelelo lwezoqoqosho. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluvunyiweyo lulonke luphawu olubalulekileyo oluvunyiweyo ngurhulumente kutyalo-mali olusisiseko kulwakhiwo, kwaye lusisiseko sokulungiselela izicwangciso zokwakha ezisisiseko kunye noyilo lwebhidi. Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali kwezobuNjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali olwenziwe ngexesha lenqanaba lophononongo lokwenyani. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lobunjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali olwenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sokwakha.
Zeziphi iimpawu eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zombane wamanzi?
(1) Iyunithi yotyalo-mali yekhilowathi ibhekisa kutyalo-mali olufunekayo ngekhilowathi yomthamo ofakelweyo.
(2) Utyalo-mali lwamandla eyunithi lubhekiselele kutyalo-mali olufunekayo ngekilowathi yeyure yombane.
(3) Iindleko zombane yintlawulo ehlawulwa ngekilowatt ngeyure yombane.
(4) Iiyure zonyaka zokusetyenziswa komthamo ofakelweyo ngumlinganiselo womgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesikhululo sombane.
(5) Ixabiso lokuthengisa lombane lixabiso ngekhilowathi yeyure yombane othengiswe kwigridi.
Indlela yokubala izibonakaliso eziphambili zezoqoqosho zezikhululo zombane wamanzi?
Ezona zalathisi zoqoqosho eziphambili zezikhululo zombane wamanzi zibalwa ngokwe fomula ilandelayo:
(1) Utyalo-mali lweyunithi yekilowathi=utyalo-mali lulonke kulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi/umthamo uwonke ofakelweyo wesikhululo sombane
(2) Utyalo-mali lwamandla eyunithi=utyalo-mali lulonke kulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi/umndilili wonyaka wokuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo sombane
(3) Iiyure zonyaka zokusetyenziswa komthamo ofakelweyo=umndilili wonyaka wokuveliswa kwamandla/umthamo uwonke ofakelweyo
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-28-2024
