1. Imithombo yamandla yamanzi
Imbali yophuhliso lwabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yombane wamanzi isukela kumaxesha amandulo. Ngokutsho kokutolikwa koMthetho waMandla aVuselelwayo weRiphabhliki yaseChina (ehlelwe yiKomiti eSebenzayo yoMthetho yeKomiti eSisigxina yeNkongolo yeSizwe yaBantu), inkcazo yamandla amanzi kukuba: ubushushu bomoya kunye nelanga bubangela ukuvela kwamanzi, umphunga wamanzi wenza imvula kunye nekhephu, ukuwa kwemvula kunye nekhephu kwenza imilambo kunye nemilambo, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi okubizwa ngokuba yi-energy.
Owona mxholo wophuhliso lwangoku lomthombo wombane owenziwe ngamanzi kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yombane wamanzi, ke ngoko abantu bahlala besebenzisa imithombo yamandla ombane, imithombo yamandla okwenziwa ngolwelwelwe ngamanzi, kunye nemithombo yombane oqhutywa ngamanzi njengezithethantonye. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenyani, imithombo yombane wamanzi ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lomxholo onje ngemithombo yamandla e-hydro thermal, imithombo yamandla e-hydro, imithombo yamandla ombane, kunye nemithombo yamandla olwandle.
(1) Amanzi kunye nemithombo yamandla e-thermal
Amanzi kunye nemithombo yamandla ashushu aziwa njengemithombo yendalo eshushu. Kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa amanzi kunye nobushushu bemithombo yendalo eshushu ukuze bakhe iibhafu, ukuhlamba, ukunyanga izifo kunye nokuzilolonga. Abantu banamhlanje basebenzisa amanzi kunye nemithombo yamandla ashushu ukwenza umbane kunye nokufudumeza. I-Iceland, umzekelo, ibinombane ovelisa umbane ozibhiliyoni ezisi-7.08 zeeyure ngo-2003, apho i-1.41 yebhiliyoni yeeyure zekilowatt zaveliswa kusetyenziswa amandla e-geothermal (okt imithombo yamandla obushushu bamanzi). I-86% yabemi beli lizwe basebenzise amandla e-geothermal (imithombo yamandla obushushu bamanzi) ukufudumeza. Isikhululo sombane saseYangbajing esinomthamo ofakelweyo wama-25000 kilowatts sakhiwe eXizang, ekwasebenzisa i-geothermal (amanzi kunye nemithombo yamandla obushushu) ukuvelisa umbane. Ngokoqikelelo lweengcali, amandla obushushu obuphantsi (ukusebenzisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba njengomthombo) anoqokelelwa ngumhlaba malunga ne-100 leemitha e-China minyaka le anokufikelela kwi-150 yebhiliyoni yeekilowatts. Okwangoku, umthamo ofakiweyo wokuvelisa amandla e-geothermal e-China yi-35300 kilowatts.
(2) Imithombo yamandla eHydraulic
Amandla e-hydraulic aquka i-kinetic kunye namandla anokubakho emanzini. Kwi-China yakudala, imithombo yamandla e-hydraulic yemilambo enesiphithiphithi, iingxangxasi, kunye neengxangxasi zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukwakha oomatshini abanje ngamavili amanzi, ii-mill zamanzi, kunye nezixhobo zokusila zamanzi zokunkcenkceshela amanzi, ukusetyenzwa kweenkozo, kunye ne-rice husking. Ngeminyaka yoo-1830, izikhululo zehydraulic zaphuhliswa zaze zasetyenziswa eYurophu ukubonelela ngamandla kumashishini amakhulu afana nezixhobo zokusila zomgubo, icotton Mills kunye nemigodi. Ii-injini zamanzi zanamhlanje eziqhuba ngokuthe ngqo iimpompo zamanzi ze-centrifugal ukuvelisa amandla e-centrifugal okunyusa amanzi kunye nokunkcenkceshela, kunye nezikhululo zempompo zehamile zamanzi ezisebenzisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuvelisa uxinzelelo lwehamile yamanzi kunye nokwenza uxinzelelo lwamanzi oluphakamileyo lokunyuswa kwamanzi kunye nokunkcenkceshela, zonke ziluphuhliso oluthe ngqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
(3) Izibonelelo zamandla ombane
Ngeminyaka yee-1880, xa umbane wabhaqwayo, iimoto zombane zenziwa ngokusekwe kwithiyori ye-electromagnetic, kunye nezityalo zamandla ombane zakhiwa ukuguqula amandla ombane wezikhululo zamandla ombane wamanzi abe ngamandla ombane kwaye ziwahambise kubasebenzisi, zingenisa ixesha lophuhliso olunamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla ombane.
Ubutyebi bombane esibhekisa kuwo ngoku budla ngokubizwa ngokuba yimithombo yombane owenziwe ngamanzi. Ukongeza kwimithombo yamanzi omlambo, ulwandle lukwanamanzi amakhulu, amaza, ityuwa kunye namandla obushushu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ubutyebi bamanzi olwandle lwehlabathi bungama-76 eebhiliyoni zeekhilowathi, nto leyo engaphezulu kwe-15 logcino lwethiyori yamandla ombane asekwe emhlabeni asemlanjeni. Phakathi kwazo, amandla amaza azibhiliyoni ezi-3 zeekilowatts, amandla amaza azibhiliyoni ezi-3 zeekhilowathi, amandla omahluko wobushushu aziibhiliyoni ezingama-40 zeekilowatts, kwaye amandla omahluko wetyuwa zii-kilowatts ezingama-30 eebhiliyoni. Okwangoku, kuphela uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yamandla olwandle efikelele kwinqanaba elisebenzayo elinokuthi liphuhliswe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwemithombo yombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngabantu. Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweminye imithombo yamandla kusafuna uphando olongezelelweyo ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezigqwesileyo kubuchule bobugcisa noqoqosho kunye nokuphumeza uphuhliso olusebenzayo kunye nokusetyenziswa. Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla olwandle esihlala sibhekisa kuwo ikakhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla olwandle. Umtsalane weNyanga kunye neLanga kumphezulu wolwandle woMhlaba kubangela ukuguquguquka kwamaxesha kwinqanaba lamanzi, okwaziwa njengamaza olwandle. Ukuguquguquka kwamanzi olwandle kwenza amandla olwandle. Ngokomgaqo, amandla olwandle ngamandla omatshini aveliswa kukuguquguquka kwamanqanaba olwandle.
Izingqusho zeTidal zavela ngenkulungwane ye-11, yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iJamani neFransi zaqalisa ukwakha izikhululo ezincinane zombane.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba amandla olwandle asebenzisekayo ehlabathi aphakathi kwebhiliyoni e-1 kunye ne-1.1 yebhiliyoni ye-kilowatts, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka malunga ne-1240 yebhiliyoni ye-kilowatt iiyure. Amandla olwandle aseTshayina asebenzisekayo anomthamo ofakelweyo ozizigidi ezingama-21.58 zeekilowathi kunye nokuveliswa kombane ngonyaka ozibhiliyoni ezingama-30 zeeyure zekilowatt.
Esona sikhululo samandla ombane sikhulu ehlabathini ngoku yiRennes tidal power station eFrance, enomthamo ofakelweyo wama-240000 kilowatts. Isikhululo sokuqala samandla ombane eTshayina, iJizhou Tidal Power Station eGuangdong, sakhiwa ngo-1958 sinomthamo ofakelweyo wama-40 kilowatts. Isikhululo saMandla saseZhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power, esakhiwa ngo-1985, sinomthamo ofakiweyo we-3200 kilowatts, kwindawo yesithathu kwihlabathi.
Ukongeza, kwiilwandle zaseTshayina, oovimba bamandla amaza bamalunga ne-12.85 yezigidi zeekilowatts, amandla olwandle amalunga ne-13.94 yezigidi zeekilowatts, amandla omahluko wetyuwa amalunga ne-125 yezigidi zeekilowatts, kwaye umahluko wobushushu umalunga ne-1.321 yebhiliyoni yeekilowatts. Isishwankathelo, amandla olwandle ewonke e-China amalunga ne-1.5 yebhiliyoni ye-kilowatts, engaphezulu kwe-ithiyori ephindwe kabini kuvimba we-694 yezigidi zeekilowatts zamandla ombane womlambo womhlaba, kwaye inamathemba abanzi ophuhliso nokusetyenziswa. Kule mihla, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela atyala imali eninzi ekuphandeni iindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuphuhlisa nokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu afihlwe elwandle.
I-2, izibonelelo zamandla ombane
Ubutyebi bamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngokuqhelekileyo bubhekisa kusetyenziso lwamandla anokubakho kunye nawekinetic wokuqukuqela kwamanzi omlambo ukukhupha umsebenzi kunye nokuqhuba ukujikeleziswa kweejenereyitha zombane wamanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Amalahle, i-oyile, irhasi yendalo, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamafutha engahlaziyekiyo, ngelixa umbane oveliswa ngamanzi ungawatyi amanzi, koko usebenzisa amandla okuqukuqela komlambo.
(1) iGlobal Hydroelectric Energy Resources
Oovimba bebonke bemithombo yombane wamanzi kwimilambo kwihlabathi jikelele yi-5.05 bhiliyoni yeekilowathi, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-44.28 yetriliyoni zeekilowatt iiyure; Amandla ombane anokusebenziseka ngokobuchule yi-2.26 billion yeekilowatts, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka kunokufikelela kwii-9.8 triliyoni zeekilowatt iiyure.
Ngo-1878, iFransi yakha isikhululo sombane sokuqala sombane emhlabeni esinomthamo ofakelweyo oziikilowathi ezingama-25. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umthamo wombane ofakwe emanzini ofakelweyo kwihlabathi jikelele udlule kwi-760 yezigidi zeekilowatts, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka kwii-3 trillion ze-kilowatt iiyure.
(2) imithombo yombane waseTshayina
I-China lelinye lamazwe anobutyebi bamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi ehlabathini. Ngokutsho kophando lwamva nje lwemithombo yombane wamanzi, oovimba bethiyori bamandla omlambo wamanzi e-China yi-694 yezigidi zeekilowatts, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla kwethiyori yonyaka yi-6.08 yetriliyoni yeeyure ze-kilowatt, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi ngokwemigaqo yogcino lwethiyori yombane; Umthamo osebenzisekayo ngokobuchwepheshe bemithombo yombane waseTshayina yi-542 yezigidi zeekilowathi, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka ezii-2.47 zetriliyoni zeekhilowathi zeeyure, kwaye umthamo osebenzisekayo ngokwezoqoqosho ziziikhilomitha ezingama-402 ezigidi, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla onyaka we-1.75 yetriliyoni yeekilowatt iiyure, zombini zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni.
NgoJulayi ka-1905, isikhululo sombane sokuqala sombane waseTshayina, iSikhululo soMbane waManzi eGuishan kwiPhondo laseTaiwan, sakhiwa ngomthamo ofakelweyo wama-500 kVA. Ngo-1912, isikhululo sombane sokuqala soveliso lwamanzi e-China Mainland, iShilongba Hydropower Station eKunming, kwiPhondo laseYunnan, sagqitywa ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kombane, nomthamo ofakelweyo wama-480 kilowatts. Ngo-1949, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi kweli lizwe wawuyi-163000 kilowatts; Ekupheleni kowe-1999, yayisele ikhule yaya kutsho kwi-72.97 yezigidi zeekilowatts, ikwindawo yesibini emva kwe-United States yaza yakwindawo yesibini ehlabathini; Ngo-2005, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane osetyenziswa ngamanzi e-China wawufikelele kwi-115 lezigidi zeekilowathi, ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni, uthatha i-14.4% yomthamo wombane osebenzisekayo kunye ne-20% yomthamo uwonke ofakelweyo kushishino lwamandla esizwe.
(3) Iimpawu zoMbane woMbane
Amandla ombane ahlaziywa ngokutsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nomjikelo we-hydrological wendalo, kwaye unokusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ngabantu. Abantu bahlala besebenzisa ibinzana elithi 'ukungenakuphela' ukuchaza ukuhlaziywa kwamandla ombane oqhutywa ngamanzi.
Amandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi awatyi amafutha okanye akhuphe izinto eziyingozi ngexesha lokuvelisa kunye nokusebenza. Iindleko zolawulo kunye nokusebenza kwayo, iindleko zokuvelisa umbane, kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo ziphantsi kakhulu kunezo zokuvelisa amandla ashushu, nto leyo eyenza ibe ngumthombo wamandla ohlaza onexabiso eliphantsi.
Amandla ombane we-Hydropower anolawulo olululo, ukuqalisa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye adlala indima ephezulu yokucheba ekusebenzeni kwegridi yamandla. Iyakhawuleza kwaye iyasebenza, inciphisa ilahleko yonikezelo lwamandla kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye neengozi, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lonikezelo lwamandla.
Amandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi kunye nezimbiwa zezamandla asekwe kwisiseko sobutyebi, athi ajike abe ngamandla ombane abizwe ngokuba ngamandla esibini. Uphuhliso lwamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngumthombo wamandla ogqibezela uphuhliso lwamandla angundoqo kunye nemveliso yamandla esibini ngaxeshanye, kunye nemisebenzi emibini yolwakhiwo lwamandla asisiseko kunye nokwakhiwa kwamandla esibini; Akukho mfuneko yokutsalwa kweeminerali enye, ukuthuthwa, kunye nenkqubo yokugcina, ukunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zepetroli.
Ukwakhiwa kwamadama ophuhliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kuya kutshintsha imeko yendalo yengingqi. Kwelinye icala, kufuna ukuntywiliselwa komhlaba othile, okukhokelela ekufudusweni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe; Kwelinye icala, inokubuyisela i-microclimate yommandla, idale indawo entsha yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, ikhuthaze ukuphila kwezinto eziphilayo, kwaye iququzelele ulawulo lwezandyondyo zabantu, ukunkcenkceshela, ukhenketho, kunye nophuhliso lweenqanawa. Ke ngoko, kucwangciso lweeprojekthi zombane, ingqwalasela epheleleyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ekucutheni ifuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye uphuhliso lombane wamanzi luneenzuzo ezininzi kunezingeloncedo.
Ngenxa yeenzuzo zamandla ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi, amazwe kwihlabathi jikelele ngoku amkela imigaqo-nkqubo ebeka phambili uphuhliso lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi wabalelwa kwi-93.2% yomthamo ofakiweyo eBrazil, ngelixa amazwe afana neNorway, iSwitzerland, iNew Zealand, neCanada ayenomlinganiselo wombane ongaphezu kwe-50%.
Ngowe-1990, umlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla ombane wamanzi kumbane oxhatshazwayo kwamanye amazwe ehlabathini 74% eFransi, 72% eSwitzerland, 66% eJapan, 61% eParaguay, 55% eUnited States, 54% eYiputa, 50% eKhanada, 17,3% eBrazil ngexesha elifanayo 6% eBrazil, 11% e-India, 16% e-India.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-24-2024
