Umbane wamanzi unembali ende yophuhliso kunye nochungechunge olupheleleyo lwemizi-mveliso
Amandla e-hydropower yiteknoloji yamandla avuselelekayo esebenzisa amandla e-kinetic amanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Ngamandla acocekileyo asetyenziswa kakhulu aneengenelo ezininzi, ezinje ngokuhlaziywa, ukukhutshwa okuphantsi, ukuzinza kunye nokulawulwa. Umgaqo wokusebenza kwamandla e-hydropower usekelwe kwingcamango elula: ukusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi ukuqhuba i-turbine, ethi emva koko ijike i-generator ivelise umbane. Amanyathelo okuvelisa amandla e-hydropower ngala: ukuphambuka kwamanzi kwidama okanye emlanjeni, okufuna umthombo wamanzi, ngesiqhelo i-reservoir (indawo yokugcina amanzi eyenziweyo) okanye umlambo wendalo, onika umbane; isikhokelo sokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi kukhokelwa kwiiblades ze-turbine nge-diversion channel. I-diversion channel inokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi ukulungisa amandla okuvelisa umbane; i-turbine iyasebenza, kwaye ukuhamba kwamanzi kubetha iiblades ze-turbine ukuze ijikeleze. I-turbine ifana nevili lomoya ekuveliseni umbane womoya; i-generator ivelisa umbane, kwaye ukusebenza kwe-turbine kujika i-generator, evelisa umbane ngomgaqo wokungenisa umbane nge-electromagnetic; ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, umbane ovelisiweyo udluliselwa kwi-power grid kwaye unikezelwa kwizixeko, kumashishini nakwimizi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamandla e-hydropower. Ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa, inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe kukuveliswa kwamandla omlambo, ukuveliswa kwamandla edama, ukuveliswa kwamandla olwandle kunye nolwandle, kunye nombane omncinci wamanzi. Umbane wamanzi unezibonelelo ezininzi, kodwa kukho nezinye iingxaki. Iingenelo zezi: umbane wamanzi ngumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Umbane wamanzi uxhomekeke ekujikelezeni kwamanzi, ngoko ke uvuseleleka kwaye awuyi kucinywa; ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo. Umbane wamanzi awuvelisi iigesi zegreenhouse kunye nongcoliseko lomoya, kwaye awunampembelelo ingako kwindalo esingqongileyo; unokulawulwa. Izitishi zamanzi zinokulungiswa ngokwemfuno ukuze zibonelele ngamandla omthwalo asisiseko anokuthenjwa. Iingxaki eziphambili zezi: iiprojekthi ezinkulu zamanzi zinokubangela umonakalo kwi-ecosystem, kunye neengxaki zentlalo ezifana nokufuduka kwabemi kunye nokuhluthwa komhlaba; umbane wamanzi uthintelwe kukufumaneka kwezixhobo zamanzi, kwaye ukoma okanye ukuncipha kokuhamba kwamanzi kunokuchaphazela amandla okuvelisa umbane.
Amandla ombane ahlaziyiweyo, njengohlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo, anembali ende. Iiturbine zamanzi zokuqala kunye namavili amanzi: Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-2 BC, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa iiturbine zamanzi kunye namavili amanzi ukuqhuba oomatshini abanjengeemill kunye neesawmill. Aba matshini basebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi ukuze basebenze. Ukufika kokuveliswa kombane: Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izityalo zamandla ombane wamanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngumbane. Isikhululo samandla ombane wamanzi sokuqala emhlabeni sakhiwa eWisconsin, e-USA ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye namadama okugcina amanzi: Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ubungakanani bamandla ombane wamanzi banda kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwamadama kunye namadama okugcina amanzi. Iiprojekthi zamadama ezidumileyo ziquka iHoover Dam eMelika kunye neThree Gorges Dam eTshayina. Inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe: Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iteknoloji yamandla ombane wamanzi iye yaphuculwa rhoqo, kubandakanya ukuqaliswa kweeturbines, iijenereyitha zeturbine kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezikrelekrele, eziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kwamandla ombane wamanzi.
Amandla ombane ahlaziyiweyo ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo nohlaziyekayo, kwaye uthotho lwawo lwemizi-mveliso lugubungela amakhonkco aliqela abalulekileyo, kuquka ukusuka kulawulo lwemithombo yamanzi ukuya ekudlulisweni kwamandla. Unxibelelwano lokuqala kuthotho lwamanzi kulawulo lwemithombo yamanzi. Oku kuquka ucwangciso, ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kokuhamba kwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi anokunikezelwa ngokuzinzileyo kwiiturbines ukuze kuveliswe umbane. Ulawulo lwemithombo yamanzi ludla ngokufuna ukujonga iiparameter ezifana nemvula, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nenqanaba lamanzi ukuze kwenziwe izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Ulawulo lwamanzi lwanamhlanje lukwagxila ekuzinzeni ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okuvelisa umbane anokugcinwa nakwiimeko ezinzima njengembalela. Amadama kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi zizinto ezibalulekileyo kuthotho lwamanzi. Amadama adla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa amanqanaba amanzi, ukudala uxinzelelo lwamanzi, kwaye ngaloo ndlela andise amandla okuhamba kwamanzi. Amadama asetyenziselwa ukugcina amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi okwaneleyo kunokubonelelwa ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu. Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamadama kufuneka kuqwalaselwe iimeko zejoloji, iimpawu zokuhamba kwamanzi, kunye nempembelelo yendalo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza. Iiturbines zezona zinto ziphambili kuthotho lwamanzi. Xa amanzi ehamba ngeeblades zeturbine, amandla ayo e-kinetic aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iturbine ijikeleze. Uyilo kunye nohlobo lweturbine lunokukhethwa ngokusekelwe kwisantya, isantya sokuhamba, kunye nokuphakama kokuhamba kwamanzi ukuze kufezekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Emva kokuba iturbine ijikeleze, iqhuba ijenereyitha edibeneyo ukuvelisa umbane. Ijenereyitha sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esiguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokubanzi, umgaqo wokusebenza wejenereyitha kukukhuthaza umbane ngokusebenzisa intsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo ukuvelisa umbane otshintshanayo. Uyilo kunye nomthamo wejenereyitha kufuneka kumiselwe ngokusekelwe kwimfuno yamandla kunye neempawu zokuhamba kwamanzi. Umbane oveliswa yijenereyitha ngumbane otshintshanayo, odla ngokufuna ukucutshungulwa ngesitishi esingaphantsi. Imisebenzi ephambili yesitishi esingaphantsi ibandakanya ukunyuka (ukunyusa umbane ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngexesha lokuhambisa umbane) kunye nokuguqulwa kweentlobo zamandla (ukuguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC okanye ngokuchaseneyo) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo yokuhambisa umbane. Ikhonkco lokugqibela kukuhambisa umbane. Umbane oveliswa sisitishi samandla udluliselwa kubasebenzisi bamandla kwizixeko, kwiindawo zoshishino okanye kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ngemigca yokuhambisa. Imigca yokudlulisa kufuneka icwangciswe, iyilwe kwaye igcinwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbane udluliselwa ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo ukuya kwindawo oya kuyo. Kwezinye iindawo, umbane unokufuna ukucutshungulwa kwakhona ngezikhululo ezingaphantsi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zevolthi ezahlukeneyo kunye neefrequencies.
Izixhobo zamandla ombane atyebileyo kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ombane okwaneleyo
I-China lelona lizwe likhulu kwihlabathi elivelisa umbane ngamanzi elinemithombo yamanzi emininzi kunye neeprojekthi ezinkulu zombane wamanzi. Ishishini lombane wamanzi lase-China lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni nemfuno yamandla asekhaya, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba, kunye nokuphucula ulwakhiwo lwamandla. Ukusetyenziswa kombane wentlalo luphawu oluphambili kwezoqoqosho olubonisa inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kombane kwilizwe okanye kummandla kwaye lubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganiseni imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ukunikezelwa kombane kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yi-National Energy Administration, ukusetyenziswa kombane kwelizwe lam kubonise ukukhula okuzinzileyo. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukusetyenziswa kombane kwelizwe lam bekuyi-863.72 yeebhiliyoni kWh, ukunyuka kwe-324.4 yeebhiliyoni kWh ukusuka ngo-2021, ukunyuka konyaka nonyaka kwe-3.9%.
Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yiBhunga loMbane laseTshayina, ukusetyenziswa kombane okukhulu kwilizwe lam kukwishishini lesibini, kulandele ishishini lesithathu. Ishishini eliphambili lisebenzise i-114.6 yeebhiliyoni zee-kWh zombane, ukunyuka kwe-10.4% kunyaka ophelileyo. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kombane kwezolimo, ukuloba, kunye nokufuya izilwanyana kunyuke nge-6.3%, 12.6%, kunye ne-16.3% ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukukhuthazwa okubanzi kwesicwangciso sokuvuselela amaphandle kunye nokuphuculwa okubalulekileyo kweemeko zombane zasemaphandleni kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwamanqanaba ombane kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuqhubele phambili ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kokusetyenziswa kombane kwishishini eliphambili. Ishishini lesibini lisebenzise i-5.70 trillion kWh yombane, ukunyuka kwe-1.2% kunyaka ophelileyo. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kombane konyaka kwimizi-mveliso yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo kunyuke nge-2.8%, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane ngonyaka kwimizi-mveliso yoomatshini bombane kunye nezixhobo, imveliso yamayeza, unxibelelwano lweekhompyutha kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunyuke ngaphezulu kwe-5%; ukusetyenziswa kombane kwimizi-mveliso yezithuthi ezintsha zamandla kunyuke kakhulu nge-71.1%. Ukusetyenziswa kombane kwishishini lemfundo ephakamileyo bekuyi-1.49 trillion kWh, ukunyuka kwe-4.4% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Okwesine, ukusetyenziswa kombane kubemi basezidolophini nasemaphandleni bekuyi-1.34 trillion kWh, ukunyuka kwe-13.8% kunonyaka ophelileyo.
Iiprojekthi zombane wamanzi zaseTshayina zisasazwa kulo lonke ilizwe, kuquka izitishi ezinkulu zombane wamanzi, izitishi ezincinci zombane wamanzi kunye neeprojekthi zombane wamanzi ezisasazwayo. Iiprojekthi zombane wamanzi ezidumileyo ziquka iThree Gorges Power Station, enye yezona zitishi zinkulu zombane wamanzi eTshayina nakwihlabathi, ezikwindawo yeThree Gorges kwiindawo eziphezulu zoMlambo iYangtze. Inamandla amakhulu okuvelisa umbane kwaye inika umbane kumashishini nakwizixeko; iXiangjiaba Power Station, iXiangjiaba Power Station ikwiPhondo laseSichuan kwaye yenye yezona zitishi zinkulu zombane wamanzi kumzantsi-ntshona weTshayina. IkwiMfula iJinsha kwaye inika umbane kulo mmandla; iSailimu Lake Power Station, iSailimu Lake Power Station ikwiMmandla oZimeleyo waseXinjiang Uygur kwaye yenye yeeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zombane wamanzi entshona yeTshayina. IkwiLake yaseSailimu kwaye inomsebenzi omkhulu wokubonelela umbane. Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yiNational Bureau of Statistics, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kwilizwe lam kuye kwanda rhoqo ngonyaka. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kwilizwe lam bekuyi-1,352.195 yeebhiliyoni kWh, ukwanda kwe-0.99% unyaka nonyaka. Ukusukela ngo-Agasti 2023, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kwilizwe lam bekuyi-718.74 yeebhiliyoni kWh, ukwehla okuncinci kwixesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka kwe-0.16%. Isizathu esiphambili kukuba ngenxa yempembelelo yemozulu, imvula ngo-2023 yehle kakhulu.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-19-2024
