I-Hydropower inembali ende yophuhliso kunye nekhonkco elipheleleyo lemizi-mveliso
I-Hydropower bubuchwepheshe bamandla ahlaziyekayo obusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic emanzini ukwenza umbane. Ngamandla acocekileyo asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye neenzuzo ezininzi, ezifana nokuhlaziywa, ukukhutshwa okuphantsi, ukuzinza kunye nokulawula. Umgaqo wokusebenza kwamandla ombane usekwe kwingqikelelo elula: ukusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi ukuqhuba i-iturbine, ethi emva koko ijike ijenereyitha ukuba ivelise umbane. Amanyathelo okuveliswa kombane ngala: ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi asuka kwidama okanye emlanjeni, efuna umthombo wamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo ilidama (idama elenziweyo) okanye umlambo wendalo, onika amandla; isikhokelo sokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi kukhokelwa kwiincakuba ze-injini yomoya ngokusebenzisa umjelo wokuguqula. Umjelo wokuguqula unokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi ukulungelelanisa umthamo wokuvelisa amandla; I-injini yomoya iyabaleka, kwaye ukuhamba kwamanzi kubetha iincakuba zeinjini yomoya ukuze ijikelezise. I-injini yomoya iyafana nevili lomoya kwimveliso yamandla omoya; ijenereyitha ivelisa umbane, kwaye ukusebenza kwe turbine ijika ijenereyitha, eyenza umbane ngomgaqo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic; ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, umbane owenziweyo ugqithiselwa kwigridi yamandla kwaye unikezelwe kwizixeko, amashishini kunye nemizi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa, inokohlulwa ibe yimveliso yamandla omlambo, ukuveliswa kombane kwidama, ukuveliswa kwamandla olwandle kunye nolwandle, kunye nombane omncinci wamanzi. I-Hydropower ineenzuzo ezininzi, kodwa kunye nokungalunganga. Iinzuzo ikakhulu: amandla ombane ngumthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo. I-Hydropower ixhomekeke kumjikelezo wamanzi, ngoko iyahlaziywa kwaye ayiyi kuphelelwa; ngumthombo wamandla acocekileyo. I-Hydropower ayivelisi iigesi ze-greenhouse kunye nezinto ezingcolisa umoya, kwaye inempembelelo encinci kwindalo; iyalawuleka. Izikhululo zombane we-Hydropower zinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokwemfuno ukunika amandla asisiseko athembekileyo. Izinto ezingeloncedo eziphambili zezi: iiprojekthi ezinkulu zombane wamanzi zinokubangela umonakalo kwi-ikhosistim, kunye neengxaki zentlalo ezifana nokufuduka kwabahlali kunye nokuthathwa komhlaba; Umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ucuthwa bubukho bobutyebi bamanzi, kwaye imbalela okanye ukwehla kokuhamba kwamanzi kunokuchaphazela umthamo wokuvelisa umbane.
I-Hydropower, njengendlela yokuvuselela amandla, inembali ende. Iiinjini zamanzi zamandulo kunye namavili amanzi: Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-2 BC, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa iiinjini zamanzi kunye namavili amanzi ukuqhuba oomatshini abafana nezixhobo zokusila kunye neesarha. Aba matshini basebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi ukusebenza. Ukuveliswa kombane: Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abantu baqalisa ukusebenzisa amaziko ombane aphehlwa ngamanzi ukuguqula umbane wamanzi abe ngumbane. Iziko lokuqala lehlabathi lokuthengisa umbane wamanzi lakhiwa eWisconsin, eMelika ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi: Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, isikali samandla ombane sanda kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwamadama kunye namadama. Iiprojekthi zamadama ezidumileyo ziquka iDama iHoover eMelika kunye neDama lemiwonyo emithathu eTshayina. Inkqubela yezobuGcisa: Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ubuchwephesha bombane owenziwe ngamanzi buphuculwe ngokuqhubekayo, kubandakanywa ukuqaliswa kweeinjini zomoya, iijenereyitha zeeinjini zomoya kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezikrelekrele, ezithe zaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle nokuthembeka kombane oveliswa ngamanzi.
I-Hydropower ngumthombo wamandla acocekileyo nohlaziyekayo, kwaye ikhonkco lemizi-mveliso liquka amakhonkco amaninzi abalulekileyo, kuquka ukusuka kulawulo lobutyebi bamanzi ukuya kuthumelo lwamandla. Ikhonkco lokuqala kwikhonkco loshishino lombane kulawulo lobutyebi bamanzi. Oku kuquka ukucwangciswa, ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kokuhamba kwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi anokunikezelwa ngokuzinzileyo kwiiinjini zomoya zokuvelisa umbane. Ulawulo lobutyebi bamanzi ludla ngokufuna imilinganiselo yokubeka iliso efana nemvula, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nomgangatho wamanzi ukuze kwenziwe izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Ulawulo lwale mihla lobutyebi bamanzi lukwagxile ekuzinzeni ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okuvelisa amandla anokugcinwa naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima ezifana nembalela. Amadama kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi zizixhobo eziphambili kwikhonkco loshishino lombane owenziwe ngamanzi. Amadama adla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa amanqanaba amanzi, ukudala uxinzelelo lwamanzi, kwaye ngaloo ndlela akhulise amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi. Amadama asetyenziselwa ukugcina amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi okwaneleyo kunokunikezelwa ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu. Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamadama kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iimeko zejoloji, iimpawu zokuqukuqela kwamanzi, kunye nefuthe leekholoji ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nozinzo. Ii-turbines zezona nxalenye zingundoqo kwikhonkco loshishino lombane wamanzi. Xa amanzi ehamba ngeencakuba zeinjini yomoya, amandla ayo ekinetic aguqulwa abe ngamandla omatshini, nto leyo ebangela ukujikeleza kwe turbine. Uyilo kunye nodidi lwe-injini yomoya lunokukhethwa ngokusekelwe kwisantya, isantya sokuhamba, kunye nobude bokuhamba kwamanzi ukufezekisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu. Emva kokuba i-injini yomoya ijikeleza, iqhuba ijenereyitha eqhagamshelweyo ukwenza umbane. Ijenereyitha sisixhobo esiphambili esiguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokubanzi, umgaqo wokusebenza kwejenereyitha kukuphembelela okwangoku ngokusebenzisa indawo ejikelezayo yamagnetic ukuvelisa umsinga otshintshanayo. Uyilo kunye nomthamo wejeneretha kufuneka kumiselwe ngokusekelwe kwimfuno yamandla kunye neempawu zokuhamba kwamanzi. Umbane oveliswa yijenereyitha ngumbane otshintshayo, odla ngokufuna ukusetyenzwa ngesikhululo esingaphantsi. Imisebenzi ephambili yezitishi ibandakanya ukunyuka (ukunyusa amandla ombane ukunciphisa ilahleko yamandla ngexesha lokuhanjiswa kwamandla) kunye nokuguqulwa kweentlobo zangoku (ukuguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC okanye ngokuphambeneyo) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo yokuhambisa amandla. Ikhonkco lokugqibela kukuhanjiswa kwamandla. Umbane oveliswa sisikhululo samandla ugqithiselwa kubasebenzisi bamandla ezixekweni, kwiindawo zoshishino okanye kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ngeentambo zothumelo. Iintambo zothumelo kufuneka zicwangciswe, ziyilwe kwaye zigcinwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbane uhanjiswa ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo kwindawo ekusingwa kuyo. Kwezinye iindawo, umbane unokufuna ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kusetyenziswa izitishi ezincinci ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zombane ohlukeneyo kunye neefrikhwensi.
Imithombo etyebileyo yombane wamanzi kunye nokuveliswa kombane okwaneleyo ngamanzi
I-China lelona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini elivelisa umbane wamanzi elinemithombo yamanzi amaninzi kunye neeprojekthi ezinkulu zombane. Ushishino lombane waseTshayina ludlala indima ephambili ekuhlangabezeni imfuno yamandla asekhaya, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, kunye nokuphucula ubume bamandla. Ukusetyenziswa kombane wentlalo luphawu oluphambili lwezoqoqosho olubonisa inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kombane kwilizwe okanye kummandla kwaye lubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganiseni imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe yi-National Energy Administration, ukusetyenziswa kombane kwelizwe lam kubonise ukukhula okuzinzileyo. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukusetyenziswa kombane kwelizwe lam kukonke bekungama-863.72 eebhiliyoni ze-kWh, ukwanda kwe-324.4 yeebhiliyoni ze-kWh ukusuka ngowama-2021, ukonyuka konyaka nge-3.9%.
Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe yiKhansile yoMbane yaseChina, ukusetyenziswa kombane okukhulu kwilizwe lam kwishishini lesibini, lilandelwa lishishini lemfundo ephakamileyo. Ushishino olungundoqo lusebenzise i-114.6 yeebhiliyoni ze-kWh zombane, ukunyuka nge-10.4% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kombane kwezolimo, ukuloba, kunye nokufuya izilwanyana kunyuke nge-6.3%, 12.6%, kunye ne-16.3% ngokulandelelanayo. Ukukhuthazwa ngokubanzi kwesicwangciso-qhinga sokuvuselela umbane emaphandleni kunye nophuculo olubonakalayo lweemeko zombane zasemaphandleni kunye nophuculo oluqhubekayo lwamanqanaba okufakelwa kombane kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuqhube ukukhula okukhawulezayo kokusetyenziswa kombane kushishino lokuqala. Ushishino lwesibini lusebenzise i-5.70 yeetriliyoni zekWh zombane, ukunyuka nge-1.2% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kombane wonyaka wobugcisa obuphezulu kunye namashishini okuvelisa izixhobo kwanda nge-2.8%, kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane wonyaka koomatshini bombane kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo, ukuveliswa kwamachiza, unxibelelwano lwekhompyutha kunye namanye amashishini okuvelisa izixhobo zombane kwanda ngaphezu kwe-5%; ukusetyenziswa kombane kwimveliso yezithuthi zamandla amatsha kunyuke kakhulu ngama-71.1%. Ukusetyenziswa kombane kushishino lwemfundo ephakamileyo yi-1.49 yetriliyoni kWh, ukwanda nge-4.4% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Okwesine, ukusetyenziswa kombane kubahlali basezidolophini nasezilalini bekuyi-1.34 yetriliyoni kWh, ukunyuka nge-13.8% kunonyaka ophelileyo.
Iiprojekthi zaseTshayina zoveliso lombane zisasazwe kulo lonke ilizwe, kuquka izikhululo zombane ezikhulu ngamanzi, izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi kunye neeprojekthi ezisasaziweyo zombane. Iiprojekthi zombane ezidumileyo zoveliso lwamanzi ziquka iSikhululo soMbane seMiwonyo eNtathu, esesinye sezikhululo zoveliso zombane zikhulu e-China nasehlabathini lonke, ezikummandla weMiwonyo emithathu kwindawo ephezulu yoMlambo iYangtze. Inomthamo omkhulu wokuvelisa amandla kwaye ibonelela ngombane kwimizi-mveliso nakwizixeko; Isikhululo soMbane iXiangjiaba, iSikhululo soMbane iXiangjiaba sikwiPhondo laseSichuan kwaye sesinye sezikhululo zombane zikhulu kumzantsi-ntshona weTshayina. Ifumaneka kuMlambo iJinsha kwaye ibonelela ngombane kummandla; ISikhululo soMbane seLake iSailimu, iSikhululo soMbane seLake iSailimu sikwiNgingqi ye-Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous kwaye yenye yeeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zombane wamanzi kwintshona yeTshayina. Ifumaneka kwiChibi laseSailimu kwaye inomsebenzi obalulekileyo wokubonelela ngombane. Ngokweenkcukacha ezikhutshwe yi-National Bureau of Statistics, ukuveliswa kombane welizwe lam kunyuke ngokuthe chu unyaka nonyaka. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukuveliswa kombane welizwe lam nge-1,352.195 yebhiliyoni ye-kWh, ukwanda nge-0.99% unyaka nonyaka. Ukusukela ngo-Agasti ka-2023, ukuveliswa kombane welizwe lam ngama-718.74 eebhiliyoni ze-kWh, ukuhla okuncinci ukusuka kwithuba elifanayo kulo nyaka uphelileyo, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka nge-0.16%. Esona sizathu yayikukuba ngenxa yefuthe lemozulu, imvula ngo-2023 yehle kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-19-2024
