Zahlulwe njani izitishi zamandla ezinkulu, eziphakathi, nezincinci? Ngokwemigangatho yangoku, ezo zinamandla afakelweyo angaphantsi kwama-25000 kW zihlelwa njengezincinci; Ubungakanani obuphakathi kunye namandla afakelweyo angama-25000 ukuya kuma-250000 kW; Isikali esikhulu kunye namandla afakelweyo angaphezu kwama-250000 kW.
Yintoni umgaqo osisiseko wokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi?
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi kukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-hydraulic (enentloko yamanzi) ukuqhuba ukujikeleza koomatshini be-hydraulic (i-turbine yamanzi), ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Ukuba olunye uhlobo loomatshini (ijenereyitha) luqhagamshelwe kwi-turbine yamanzi ukuvelisa umbane njengoko ijikeleza, amandla oomatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane. Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi, ngandlela thile, yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini aze abe ngamandla ombane.
Ziziphi iindlela zophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-hydraulic kunye neentlobo ezisisiseko zezikhululo zamandla ombane?
Iindlela zophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuthontsizeni okuxineneyo, kwaye kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko: uhlobo lwedama, uhlobo lokuphambuka, kunye nohlobo oluxutyiweyo. Kodwa ezi ndlela zintathu zophuhliso kufuneka zisebenze nakwiimeko ezithile zendalo zecandelo lomlambo. Izikhululo zombane ezakhiwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso zinezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zehabhu kunye nolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, ngoko ke zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko: uhlobo lwedama, uhlobo lokuphambuka, kunye nohlobo oluxutyiweyo.
Yeyiphi imigangatho esetyenziswayo ukwahlulahlula iiprojekthi zolondolozo lwamanzi kunye neendawo zombane wamanzi kunye nezakhiwo zezolimo, zemizi-mveliso, kunye nezezindlu ezifanelekileyo?
Imigangatho yokwahlulahlula kunye noyilo lweeprojekthi zokugcinwa kwamanzi kunye neeprojekthi zeendawo zombane ezikhutshwa yiSebe langaphambili leMithombo yamanzi kunye noMbane, i-SDJ12-78, kufuneka ilandelwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye ukwahlulahlula kufuneka kusekelwe kubungakanani beprojekthi (umthamo wedama elipheleleyo, umthamo ofakiweyo wesikhululo samandla).
5. Yintoni ukuhamba kwamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi apheleleyo, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi okuqhelekileyo ngonyaka?
Ukuhamba kwamanzi kubhekisa kumthamo wamanzi adlula emlanjeni (okanye kwisakhiwo se-hydraulic) kwiyunithi yexesha, echazwa ngee-cubic metres ngomzuzwana; Ukuhamba kwamanzi kubhekisa kwisamba sokuhamba kwamanzi kumacala onke omlambo kunyaka wamanzi, ochazwa njenge-104m3 okanye i-108m3; Ukuhamba kwamanzi kubhekisa kwisantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kumacala onke omlambo kubalwe ngokusekelwe kuluhlu lwamanzi olukhoyo.
6. Zeziphi izinto eziphambili kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zeendawo zombane wamanzi?
Iquka ikakhulu iindawo ezine eziphambili: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi (amadama), izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi (indlela yokuchitha amanzi okanye amasango), izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi (iindlela zokuphambukisa amanzi okanye iitonela, kuquka imijelo yokuntywila), kunye nezakhiwo zezikhululo zamandla (kubandakanya imijelo yamanzi angasemva kunye nezikhululo zokunyusa amanzi).
7. Yintoni isikhululo samandla ombane esichitha amanzi? Zithini iimpawu zaso?
Isikhululo samandla esingenalo idama elilawulayo sibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo samandla ombane esinohlobo lokugeleza kwamanzi. Olu hlobo lwesikhululo samandla ombane lukhethwa ngenxa yomthamo ofakiweyo ngokusekelwe kwisantya sokuhamba komlambo ngonyaka kunye nentloko yamanzi enokubakho efunyenweyo. Ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo unyaka wonke ngesantya sesiqinisekiso se-80%. Ngokubanzi, ifikelela ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo kuphela malunga neentsuku ezili-180; Ngexesha lemvula eyomileyo, ukuveliswa kombane kwehla kakhulu ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-50%, ngamanye amaxesha ingakwazi nokuvelisa umbane. Ithintelwa kukuhamba kwendalo komlambo, kwaye kukho amanzi amaninzi ashiywe ngexesha lemvula.
8. Yintoni imveliso? Ungawuqikelela njani umkhiqizo wesikhululo samandla ombane kunye nokubala ukuveliswa kombane kwaso?
Kwisikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi, amandla ombane aveliswa yiseti yejenereyitha yamanzi abizwa ngokuba yi-output, ngelixa i-output yecandelo elithile lokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni imele izixhobo zombane zamanzi zelo candelo. I-output yokuhamba kwamanzi ngamandla amanzi ngeyunithi ngexesha.
N=9.81 QH
Kwifomyula, u-Q lizinga lokuhamba kwamanzi (m3/S); u-H yintloko yamanzi (m); u-N lixabiso lemveliso yesikhululo samandla ombane (W); i-coefficient yokusebenza kakuhle kwejenereyitha yombane wamanzi.
Ifomula eqikelelweyo yemveliso yezikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci yile
N=(6.0～8.0)QH
Ifomula yokuvelisa umbane minyaka le yile
E=N· F
Kwifomula, u-N ngumlinganiselo wemveliso; u-T ziiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka.
9. Yintoni imveliso eqinisekisiweyo? Iyintoni injongo yayo?
Imveliso ephakathi enokuthi ikhutshwe sisikhululo samandla ombane ngexesha lokusebenza ixesha elide, ehambelana nezinga lesiqinisekiso soyilo, ibizwa ngokuba yimveliso eqinisekisiweyo yesikhululo samandla ombane. Imveliso eqinisekisiweyo yezikhululo zamandla ombane yimbonakaliso ebalulekileyo, kwaye sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokumisela umthamo ofakiweyo wezikhululo zamandla ombane kwisigaba socwangciso noyilo.
10. Zithini iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo?
Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokusebenza komthwalo opheleleyo wejenereyitha yombane wamanzi limiselwe kungakapheli unyaka. Luphawu olubalulekileyo lokulinganisa iingenelo zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamanzi, kwaye iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zezikhululo zamanzi ezincinci ziyafuneka ukuba zifikelele kwiiyure ezingaphezu kwama-3000.
11. Yintoni imithetho yemihla ngemihla, imithetho yeveki, imithetho yonyaka, kunye nemithetho yeminyaka emininzi?
Ummiselo wemihla ngemihla ubhekisa ekusasazweni ngokutsha kwamanzi aphumayo ngaphakathi kwemini nobusuku, kunye nomjikelo wommiselo weeyure ezingama-24. Ummiselo weveki: Umjikelo wommiselo yiveki enye (iintsuku ezi-7). Ummiselo wonyaka: Ukusasazwa ngokutsha kwamanzi aphumayo ngaphakathi konyaka. Xa amanzi eshiywa ngexesha lesikhukula, yinxalenye kuphela yamanzi angaphezulu agcinwe ngexesha lesikhukula enokulawulwa, okubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo wonyaka ongaphelelanga (okanye ummiselo wexesha lonyaka); Ummiselo wokukhupha amanzi onokusasaza ngokupheleleyo amanzi angenayo ngaphakathi konyaka ngokweemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulahla amanzi ubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo wonyaka. Ummiselo weminyaka emininzi: Xa umthamo wedama elikhulu ngokwaneleyo, amanzi angaphezulu anokugcinwa kwidama iminyaka emininzi, aze emva koko amanzi angaphezulu asetyenziswe ukuhlawula intswelo. Ummiselo wonyaka, osetyenziswa kuphela kwiminyaka eliqela eyomileyo, ubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo weminyaka emininzi.
12. Yintoni ithontsi kunye nethambeka lomlambo?
Umahluko wokuphakama phakathi kwemiphezulu yamanzi yeendawo ezimbini ezinqamlezileyo zecandelo lomlambo elisetyenzisiweyo ubizwa ngokuba yidrophu; Umahluko wokuphakama phakathi kwemiphezulu yamanzi yeendawo ezimbini ezinqamlezileyo zomthombo womlambo kunye nomngxuma womlambo ubizwa ngokuba yidrophu iyonke. Ukuhla ngobude beyunithi nganye kubizwa ngokuba yithambeka.
13. Ingakanani imvula, ixesha lemvula, ubunzulu bemvula, indawo yemvula, iziko lemvula?
Imvula yinani lilonke lamanzi awela kwindawo ethile okanye kwindawo ethile ngexesha elithile, elibonakaliswa ngeemilimitha. Ubude bemvula bubhekisela kubude bemvula. Ubunzulu bemvula bubhekisela kubungakanani bemvula kwindawo nganye, ebonakaliswa ngeemilimitha ngeyure. Indawo yemvula ibhekisa kwindawo ethe tye egqunywe yimvula, ebonakaliswa kwi-km2. Iziko lemvula libhekisa kwindawo encinci yendawo apho imvula igcwele khona.
14. Ingakanani isiqinisekiso soyilo lwezikhululo zamandla ombane ngamanzi? Isiqinisekiso sonyaka?
Izinga lesiqinisekiso soyilo lwesikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi libhekisa kwipesenti yenani leeyure zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo kwiminyaka emininzi yokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa neeyure zokusebenza zizonke; Izinga lesiqinisekiso sonyaka libhekisa kwipesenti yeminyaka yomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokuvelisa umbane kwinani lilonke leminyaka yokusebenza.
Yintoni injongo yokulungiselela incwadi yomsebenzi woyilo?
Injongo yokulungiselela incwadi yomsebenzi woyilo lwezikhululo ezincinci zamanzi kukumisela iprojekthi yokwakha esisiseko kwaye isebenze njengesiseko sokulungiselela amaxwebhu oyilo lokuqala. Yenye yeenkqubo zokwakha ezisisiseko kwaye ikwayenye yeendlela abasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo abanokuthi baqhube ngayo ummiselo wezoqoqosho olukhulu.
Yintoni eyona nto iphambili equlethwe yincwadi yomsebenzi woyilo?
Umxholo ophambili wencwadi yomsebenzi woyilo uquka iinkalo ezisibhozo:
Ifanele iquke yonke into ekucwangcisweni kweendawo zamanzi kunye nengxelo yophando lokwenzeka kwezinto. Ihambelana noyilo lokuqala, kuphela umahluko kubunzulu bengxaki yophando.
Ukuhlalutya nokuchaza iimeko zobunjineli zejoloji kunye nejoloji yamanzi kwiindawo zokwakha ngaphakathi kwe-watershed, kunokwenziwa ingqokelela yemephu ye-1/500000 (1/200000 okanye 1/100000), kunye nomsebenzi omncinci wokuhlola ijoloji. Cacisa iimeko zejoloji, ubunzulu obukhoyo belitye elingaphantsi komhlaba, ubunzulu bomaleko wesigqubuthelo somlambo, kunye nemiba ephambili yejoloji kwindawo yoyilo ekhethiweyo.
Qokelela idatha ye-hydrological, uhlalutye kwaye ubale, kwaye ukhethe iiparameter eziphambili ze-hydrological.
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa. Qokelela iimephu ze-topographic eziyi-1/50000 kunye ne-1/10000 zendawo yesakhiwo; imephu ye-topographic eyi-1/1000 ukuya kwi-1/500 yendawo yefektri kwindawo yokwakha.
Yenza ubalo lwemigaqo yamanzi kunye nolawulo lokuphuma kwamanzi. Ukukhetha nokubala amanqanaba amanzi kunye neentloko ezahlukeneyo; Ubalo lwexesha elifutshane nelide lombane kunye nebhalansi yamandla; Ukukhetha kwangaphambili umthamo ofakiweyo, imodeli yeyunithi, kunye neentambo eziphambili zombane.
Thelekisa kwaye ukhethe iintlobo zezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kunye noyilo lwee-hub, kwaye wenze izibalo ze-hydraulic, zesakhiwo kunye nezozinzo, kunye nokubala ubungakanani bobunjineli.
Uhlalutyo lovavanyo lwezoqoqosho, umboniso wovavanyo lwemfuneko kunye nolwazelelelo lwezoqoqosho lolwakhiwo lobunjineli.
Uvavanyo lwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo, uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli, kunye nesicwangciso sokuphunyezwa kobunjineli sale projekthi.
17. Yintoni uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli? Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli kunye noqikelelo lobunjineli?
Uqikelelo lobunjineli luxwebhu lobuchwephesha nolwezoqoqosho olulungiselela zonke iimali zokwakha ezifunekayo kwiprojekthi ngendlela yemali. Uqikelelo oluqhelekileyo loyilo lokuqala luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoxwebhu loyilo lokuqala kwaye lusisiseko esiphambili sokuvavanya ingqiqo yezoqoqosho. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluvunyiweyo luqatshelwa ngurhulumente njengophawu olubalulekileyo lotyalo-mali olusisiseko lolwakhiwo, kwaye lukwasisiseko sokulungiselela izicwangciso zokwakha ezisisiseko kunye noyilo lokubhida. Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali esenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sophando lokwenzeka. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lobunjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali esenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sokwakha.
Kutheni kufuneka silungiselele uyilo lombutho wokwakha?
Uyilo lwentlangano yokwakha yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ekulungiseleleni uqikelelo lobunjineli. Ngumsebenzi osisiseko ukubala amaxabiso eyunithi ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezifana nendlela yokwakha emiselweyo, umgama wothutho, kunye nesicwangciso sokwakha, kunye nokuqulunqa itheyibhile yoqikelelo lobunjineli beyunithi.
19. Yintoni eyona nto iphambili kuyilo lwemibutho yokwakha?
Umxholo ophambili woyilo lolwakhiwo luyilo lolwakhiwo lulonke, inkqubela phambili yokwakha, ukuphambuka kolwakhiwo, isicwangciso sokuthintela, uthutho lwangaphandle, imithombo yezinto zokwakha, isicwangciso sokwakha kunye neendlela zokwakha, njl.
Zingaphi izigaba zoyilo ezikhoyo kwiprojekthi zokwakha ezisisiseko zolondolozo lwamanzi kunye nolwakhiwo olusisiseko lwamanzi?
Ngokweemfuno zoMphathiswa Wezamanzi, kufuneka kubekho ucwangciso lwemijelo yamanzi; Isiphakamiso seprojekthi; Uphononongo lokunokwenzeka; Uyilo lwangaphambili; Uyilo lwethenda; Amanqanaba amathandathu kuquka uyilo lomzobo wokwakha.
21. Ziziphi izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamandla ombane ngamanzi?
Utyalo-mali lweyunithi ye-kilowatt lutyalo-mali olufunekayo kwi-kilowatt nganye yomthamo ofakiweyo.
Utyalo-mali lombane kwiyunithi lubhekisa kutyalo-mali olufunekayo nge-kilowatt nganye ngeyure yombane.
Ixabiso lombane yimali ehlawulwa nge-kilowatt nganye ngeyure yombane.
Iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo zilinganisa ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesikhululo samandla ombane.
Ixabiso lombane lixabiso nge-kilowatt ngeyure yombane othengiswa kwigridi.
Indlela yokubala izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamandla ombane?
Izalathisi eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zamandla ombane ngamanzi zibalwa kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo:
Utyalo-mali lweyunithi ye-kilowatt= utyalo-mali lulonke ekwakhiweni kwesitishi samandla ombane/umthamo uwonke wokufakelwa kwesitishi samandla ombane
Utyalo-mali kumbane weyunithi = utyalo-mali olupheleleyo ekwakhiweni kwesitishi samandla ombane/ukuveliswa kombane okuqhelekileyo ngonyaka kwesitishi samandla ombane ombane
Iiyure zokusetyenziswa konyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo=umyinge wokuveliswa kombane ngonyaka/umthamo uwonke ofakiweyo
Ixesha leposi: Juni-24-2024
