Zahlulwe njani izixhobo zombane ezinkulu, eziphakathi, nezincinane? Ngokwemigangatho yangoku, abo banomthamo ofakiweyo ongaphantsi kwe-25000 kW bahlelwa njengamancinci; Ubukhulu obuphakathi kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wama-25000 ukuya kuma-250000 kW; Isikali esikhulu esinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwama-250000 kW.
Ngowuphi umthetho-siseko osisiseko wokwenziwa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi?
Uveliso lwamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi kukusetyenziswa kwamandla olwelo lwamanzi (ngentloko yamanzi) ukuqhuba ukujikeleziswa koomatshini bokwenza umbane (iijini yamanzi), ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Ukuba olunye uhlobo lomatshini (ijenereyitha) luqhagamshelwe kwi turbine yamanzi ukuvelisa umbane njengoko ijikeleza, ngoko amandla oomatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane. Ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi, ngandlel’ ithile, yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla omatshini emva koko abe ngamandla ombane.
Zeziphi iindlela zophuhliso lwezibonelelo ze-hydraulic kunye neentlobo ezisisiseko zezikhululo zombane wamanzi?
Iindlela zophuhliso lwemithombo yolwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi aphantsi zikhethwa ngokusekwe kubume obugxininisiweyo, kwaye kukho malunga neendlela ezintathu ezisisiseko: uhlobo lwedama, uhlobo lophambuko, kunye nodidi oluxutyiweyo. Kodwa ezi ndlela zintathu zophuhliso nazo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwiimeko ezithile zendalo zecandelo lomlambo. Izikhululo zombane owenziwe ngamanzi ezakhiwe ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso zineendlela ezahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiihabhu kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha, ngoko ke zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko: uhlobo lwedama, uhlobo lophambuko, kunye nodidi oluxutyiweyo.
Yeyiphi imigangatho esetyenziswayo ekuhleleni ugcino lwamanzi kunye neeprojekthi ze-hydropower hub kunye nezakhiwo ezihambelanayo zolimo, zoshishino kunye neendawo zokuhlala?
Ukuhlelwa kunye nemigangatho yoyilo lokugcinwa kwamanzi kunye neeprojekthi ze-hydropower hub ezikhutshwe nguMphathiswa wangaphambili weMithombo yaManzi kunye noMbane woMbane, i-SDJ12-78, kufuneka ilandelwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye ukuhlelwa kufuneka kusekelwe kubukhulu beprojekthi (umthamo we-reservoir iyonke, umthamo ofakwe kwisikhululo samandla).
5. Yintoni ukuhamba, ukubaleka iyonke, kunye nomyinge wonyaka?
Ukuqukuqela kubhekiselele kumthamo wamanzi adlula emlanjeni (okanye ubume behydraulic) kwiyunithi yexesha, echazwe kwiicubic metres ngomzuzwana; Itotali yamanzi abalekayo ibhekiselele kwisimbuku sokuqukuqela kwamanzi ewonke kwicandelo lomlambo phakathi konyaka wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, echazwa njenge-104m3 okanye i-108m3; Umyinge wokuqukuqela kwamanzi onyaka ubhekiselele kumyinge wokuqukuqela komyinge wonyaka wecandelwana elinqumla umlambo elibalwe ngokusekwe kuthotho olukhoyo lwamanzi.
6. Ngawaphi amacandelo aphambili eeprojekthi zehabhu yombane omncinci wombane?
Ubukhulu becala iqulathe iinxalenye ezine eziphambili: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi (amadama), izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi (indlela yokuchitheka okanye amasango), izakhiwo zokuguqula amanzi (imijelo yokuphambukisa amanzi okanye itonela, kubandakanywa iishafti zokutyhoboza), kunye nezakhiwo zemizi-mveliso yombane (kubandakanywa nemijelo yamanzi asemva kunye nezikhululo zokunyusa).
7. Yintoni isikhululo sombane esibalekayo? Ziziphi iimpawu zayo?
Isikhululo samandla esingenalo vimba olawulayo sibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo sombane esibalekayo sohlobo olubalekayo. Olu hlobo lwesikhululo sombane wombane sikhethelwa umthamo ofakelweyo ngokusekelwe kumyinge wonyaka wokuqukuqela komlambo kunye nentloko yamanzi enokubakho efunyenweyo. Ayinakukwazi ukusebenza ngomthamo opheleleyo unyaka wonke ngexabiso lesiqinisekiso se-80%., Ngokuqhelekileyo, ifikelela kuphela ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo malunga neentsuku ze-180; Ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo, ukuveliswa kombane kuyehla kakhulu ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi kwama-50%, ngamanye amaxesha ade angakwazi nokuvelisa umbane. Ithintelwa kukuhamba kwendalo komlambo, kwaye kukho isixa esikhulu samanzi ashiyiweyo ngexesha leempuphuma.
8. Yintoni imveliso? Indlela yokuqikelela imveliso yesikhululo sombane wamanzi kwaye ubale ukuveliswa kwayo kombane?
Kumzi-mveliso wamandla ombane oqhutywa ngamanzi, amandla ombane aveliswa yiseti yokuvelisa umbane osebenza ngamanzi abizwa ngokuba yimveliso, ngelixa imveliso yecandelo elithile lokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni imele izibonelelo zombane zamanzi zelo candelo. Isiphumo sokuhamba kwamanzi ngamandla amanzi ngexesha leyunithi.
N=9.81 QH
Kwifomula, i-Q yizinga lokuhamba (m3 / S); H yintloko yamanzi (m); N sisiphumo sesikhululo sombane wamanzi (W); I-coefficient esebenzayo ye-hydroelectric generator.
Ifomula eqikelelweyo yemveliso yezikhululo zombane ezincinci ngamanzi
N=(6)0～8.0)QH
Ifomula yokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka yile
E=N· F
Kwifomula, i-N yi-avareji yemveliso; T ziiyure zokusetyenziswa zonyaka.
9. Yintoni imveliso eqinisekisiweyo? Yintoni injongo yayo?
Umyinge wemveliso onokuthi uvelise isikhululo sombane wamanzi ngexesha elide lokusebenza, elihambelana nexabiso lesiqinisekiso soyilo, libizwa ngokuba yimveliso eqinisekisiweyo yesikhululo sombane wamanzi. Imveliso eqinisekisiweyo yezikhululo zombane wamanzi sisalathisi esibalulekileyo, kwaye sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokumisela umthamo ofakelweyo wezikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi kwinqanaba lokucwangcisa kunye noyilo.
10. Zithini iiyure zonyaka zokusebenzisa umthamo ofakelweyo?
I-avareji yexesha lokusebenza komthwalo opheleleyo wejenereyitha yombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ebekwe kwisithuba sonyaka. Sisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokulinganisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho yezikhululo zombane ophehliswa ngamanzi, kwaye iiyure zonyaka zokusetyenziswa kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi zifuneka ukuba zifike ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-3000.
11. Yintoni ummiselo wemihla ngemihla, ummiselo weveki, ummiselo wonyaka, kunye nommiselo weminyaka emininzi?
Ummiselo wemihla ngemihla ubhekiselele ekwabiweni ngokutsha kwamanzi abalekayo phakathi kwemini nobusuku, kunye nomjikelo wommiselo weeyure ezingama-24. Ummiselo weveki: Umjikelo wolawulo yiveki enye (iintsuku ezisi-7). Ummiselo wonyaka: Ulwabiwo ngokutsha lokubaleka phakathi konyaka. Xa amanzi eshiywe ngexesha leempuphuma, kuphela inxenye yamanzi agqithisiweyo agcinwe ngexesha lezikhukhula anokulawulwa, okubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo ongagqitywanga wonyaka (okanye ummiselo wamaxesha onyaka); Ummiselo wokubaleka kwamanzi onokuphinda usasaze ngokupheleleyo amanzi angenayo enyakeni ngokweemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulahlwa kwamanzi ubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo wonyaka. Ulawulo lweminyaka emininzi: Xa umthamo wedama umkhulu ngokwaneleyo, amanzi agqithisileyo anokugcinwa kwidama iminyaka emininzi, aze ke amanzi aseleyo asetyenziswe ukuvala intsilelo. Ummiselo wonyaka, osetyenziswa kuphela kwiminyaka emininzi eyomileyo, ubizwa ngokuba ngummiselo weminyaka emininzi.
12. Yintoni ithontsi kunye nokuthambeka komlambo?
Umahluko womphakamo phakathi komphezulu wamanzi weendawo ezimbini ezinqumlayo zecandelo lomlambo osetyenzisiweyo ubizwa ngokuba yithontsi; Umahluko womphakamo phakathi komphezulu wamanzi weendawo ezimbini ezinqumlayo zomthombo womlambo kunye nechweba lomlambo ubizwa ngokuba yithontsi iyonke. Ukuhla ngobude beyunithi kubizwa ngokuba kukuthambeka.
13. Yintoni imvula, ixesha lemvula, amandla emvula, indawo yemvula, iziko lezantyalantyala zemvula?
Imvula lixabiso lilonke lamanzi awela kwindawo ethile okanye kwindawo ethile ngexesha elithile, ebonakaliswa ngeemilimitha. Ubude bexesha lemvula libhekiselele kwixesha lemvula. Ubungakanani bemvula bubhekiselele kumyinge wemvula ngokweyunithi yendawo nganye, ebonakaliswa ngeemilimitha ngeyure. Ummandla wemvula ubhekiselele kwindawo ethe tye egqunywe yimvula, echazwe kwi-km2. Iziko lesiphango libhekisa kwindawo encinci yendawo apho isiphango sigxininise.
14. Lithini izinga lesiqinisekiso soyilo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi? Ixabiso lesiqinisekiso sonyaka?
Izinga lesiqinisekiso soyilo lwesikhululo sombane ophehla umbane sibhekisa kwipesenti yenani leeyure zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo kwiminyaka emininzi yokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa neeyure zokusebenza zizonke; Izinga lesiqinisekiso sonyaka sibhekiselele kwipesenti yeminyaka yomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokuveliswa kwamandla kwinani lilonke leminyaka yokusebenza.
Yintoni injongo yokulungiselela incwadi yomsebenzi woyilo?
Injongo yokulungiselela incwadi yoyilo lomsebenzi wezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi kukumisela iprojekthi yokwakha esisiseko kwaye isebenze njengesiseko sokulungiselela amaxwebhu oyilo lokuqala. Yenye yemigaqo yolwakhiwo olusisiseko kwaye ikwayenye yeendlela zabasemagunyeni abanobuchule ukwenza ummiselo woqoqosho olukhulu.
Ngowuphi umxholo ophambili wencwadi yomsebenzi woyilo?
Umxholo ophambili wencwadi yomsebenzi woyilo ubandakanya iinkalo ezisibhozo:
Kufuneka ibandakanye yonke imixholo yocwangciso lwamanzi kunye nengxelo yophononongo lokwenokwenzeka. Iyahambelana noyilo lwangaphambili, kunye neeyantlukwano kuphela kubunzulu bengxaki yophando.
Ukuhlalutya kunye nokuchaza ubunjineli bejoloji kunye neemeko ze-hydrogeological kwiindawo zokwakha ngaphakathi kwendawo yamanzi, ingqokelela yemephu ye-1/500000 (1/200000 okanye 1/100000) inokuqhutywa, kunye nomsebenzi omncinci wokuhlola umhlaba. Cacisa iimeko zejoloji, ubunzulu obukhoyo belitye, ubunzulu bomaleko ogutyungelwe ngumlambo, kunye nemiba engundoqo yokwakheka komhlaba kummandla weskimu soyilo olunyuliweyo.
Qokelela idatha ye-hydrological, uhlalutye kwaye ubale, kwaye ukhethe iiparamitha eziphambili ze-hydrological.
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa. Qokelela i-1/50000 kunye ne-1/10000 yemephu yendawo yendawo yesakhiwo; 1/1000 ukuya kwi-1/500 imephu yembonakalo yomhlaba yendawo yomzi-mveliso kwindawo yokwakha.
Yenza izibalo ze-hydrological kunye ne-runoff regulation. Ukukhethwa kunye nokubalwa kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amanzi kunye neentloko; Ubalo olufutshane - kunye nexesha elide lombane kunye namandla okulinganisa amandla; Ukukhethwa kwangaphambili komthamo ofakiweyo, imodeli yeyunithi, kunye neengcingo eziphambili zombane.
Thelekisa kwaye ukhethe iintlobo zezakhiwo zehydraulic kunye noyilo lwe hub, kwaye uqhube izibalo zehydraulic, i-structural kunye nozinzo, kunye nokubala kobuninzi bobunjineli.
Uhlalutyo lovavanyo loqoqosho, umboniso wemfuneko kunye novavanyo lwengqiqo yezoqoqosho kulwakhiwo lobunjineli.
Uvavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo, uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli, kunye nesicwangciso somiliselo lobunjineli beprojekthi.
17. Yintoni uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli? Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali lobunjineli kunye noqikelelo lobunjineli?
Uqikelelo lobunjineli luxwebhu lobugcisa noqoqosho olulungiselela zonke iimali zokwakha ezifunekayo kwiprojekthi ngokwemali. Uqikelelo oluqhelekileyo loyilo lokuqala yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoxwebhu loyilo lokuqala kunye nesiseko esiphambili sokuvavanya uqikelelo lwezoqoqosho. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lulonke oluvunyiweyo luvunywa ngurhulumente njengophawu olubalulekileyo lotyalo-mali olusisiseko kulwakhiwo, kwaye lusisiseko sokulungiselela izicwangciso zokwakha ezisisiseko kunye noyilo lwebhidi. Uqikelelo lotyalo-mali kwezobuNjineli sisixa-mali sotyalo-mali olwenziwe ngexesha lenqanaba lophononongo lokwenyani. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lobunjineli sisixa sotyalo-mali olwenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sokwakha.
Kutheni kufuneka silungiselele uyilo lwentlangano yokwakha?
Uyilo lwentlangano yokwakha yenye yesiseko esiphambili sokulungiselela uqikelelo lobunjineli. Ngowona msebenzi usisiseko ukubala amaxabiso eyunithi ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezifana nendlela yokwakha emiselweyo, umgama wokuthutha, kunye nesicwangciso sokwakha, kunye nokuqulunqa itheyibhile yoqikelelo lobunjineli.
19. Uthini umxholo ophambili woyilo lwentlangano yokwakha?
Umxholo oyintloko woyilo lombutho wokwakha ulungelelwaniso lolwakhiwo jikelele, inkqubela phambili yokwakha, ukuphambuka kolwakhiwo, isicwangciso sokucalula, ukuthuthwa kwangaphandle, imithombo yezinto zokwakha, isicwangciso sokwakha kunye neendlela zokwakha, njl.
Mangaphi amanqanaba oyilo akhoyo kwindawo ekhoyo ngoku yogcino lwamanzi kunye neeprojekthi zokwakhiwa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi?
Ngokweemfuno zoMphathiswa weMithombo yaManzi, kufuneka kubekho isicwangciso samanzi; Isindululo seprojekthi; Umsebenzi wokubonaka; Uyilo lwangaphambili; Uyilo lwethenda; Amanqanaba amathandathu abandakanya uyilo lomzobo wokwakha.
21. Zeziphi iimpawu eziphambili zoqoqosho zezikhululo zombane wamanzi?
Utyalo-mali lweyunithi yekhilowathi lutyalo-mali olufunekayo ngekilowathi nganye yomthamo ofakiweyo.
Utyalo-mali lweyunithi yombane lubhekisa kutyalo-mali olufunekayo ngekilowathi yeyure yombane.
Iindleko zombane yintlawulo ehlawulwa ngekilowatt ngeyure yombane.
Iiyure zonyaka zokusetyenziswa komthamo ofakelweyo ngumlinganiselo weqondo lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesikhululo sombane.
Ixabiso lombane lixabiso nge-kilowatt yeyure yombane othengiswe kwigridi.
Indlela yokubala izibonakaliso eziphambili zezoqoqosho zezikhululo zombane wamanzi?
Ezona zalathisi zoqoqosho eziphambili zezikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi zibalwa kusetyenziswa le fomula ilandelayo:
Utyalo-mali lweyunithi yekhilowathi=utyalo-mali lulonke kulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi/umthamo uwonke ofakelweyo wesikhululo sombane
Utyalo-mali lombane weyunithi=utyalo-mali lulonke kulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi/umndilili wonyaka wokuveliswa kombane kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi
Iiyure zokusetyenziswa kweeyure zonyaka zomthamo ofakiweyo=umndilili wokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka/umthamo uwonke ofakiweyo
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-24-2024
