Amanzi asisiseko sokuphila, undoqo wophuhliso, kunye nomthombo wempucuko. I-China inemithombo emininzi yombane wamanzi, ibekwa kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni ngokwezibonelelo zobutyebi zizonke. Ukusukela ekupheleni kukaJuni ka-2022, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane oqhelekileyo wamanzi e-China ufikelele kwi-358 yezigidi zeekilowatts. Ingxelo yeNkongolo yeSizwe ye-20 yeQela lamaKomanisi laseChina yachaza iimfuno "zokulungelelanisa uphuhliso lwamanzi kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo" kunye "nokuqinisa ukukhuselwa kwendalo yendalo kuzo zonke iinkalo, imimandla kunye neenkqubo", ebonisa isikhokelo sophuhliso kunye nophuhliso lwamanzi. Umbhali uxoxa ngeparadigm entsha yophuhliso lombane wamanzi ngokwembono yolwakhiwo lwempucuko yendalo.
Imfuneko yophuhliso lombane wamanzi
I-China inobutyebi obuninzi bombane wamanzi, enomthamo wophuhliso lobuchwepheshe oziikhilomitha ezingama-687 ezigidi zeekhilowathi kunye nomndilili wokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka weeyure ezi-3 zetriliyoni zeekilowathi, zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zombane owenziwe ngamanzi kukuhlaziya kunye nokucoceka. Ingcali eyaziwayo yokwenziwa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi uPan Jiazheng wakhe wathi, “Logama nje ilanga lingekacinywa, amandla ombane anokuphinda azalwe minyaka le.” Ukucoceka kombane owenziwe ngamanzi kubonakala kwinto yokuba awuvelisi igesi yokukhupha, intsalela yenkunkuma, okanye amanzi amdaka, kwaye phantse awukhuphi ikharbon diokside, nto leyo evumelanayo kuluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe. I-Ajenda yama-21 eyamkelwa kwisamithi yaseRio de Janeiro ka-1992 kunye noxwebhu lophuhliso oluzinzileyo olwamkelwa kwisamithi yaseRhawutini yowama-2002 zonke zibandakanya ngokuphandle umbane wamanzi njengomthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngo-2018, i-International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) yafunda i-greenhouse gas footprint ephantse ibe yi-500 yamanzi emhlabeni jikelele, kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni dioksidi nge-kilowatt ngeyure yombane ovela kumbane wamanzi kuwo wonke umjikelo wayo wobomi yayingama-18 kuphela eegram, ezisezantsi kunezo zivela kumandla omoya kunye ne-photovoltaic. Ukongeza, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ukwalelona xesha lide lisebenza kunye nembuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali olunokuhlaziywa komthombo wamandla. Isikhululo sombane sokuqala soveliso lombane emhlabeni sele sisebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150, kwaye esona sikhululo soveliso samanzi sangaphambili saseShilongba eTshayina sisebenze iminyaka eli-110. Ngokwembono yembuyekezo yotyalo-mali, izinga lembuyekezo yotyalo-mali lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi ngexesha lobunjineli bokuphila kwawo liphezulu ukuya kutsho kwi-168%. Ngenxa yoku, amazwe aphuhlileyo kwihlabathi jikelele abeka phambili uphuhliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi. Okukhona uqoqosho luphuhlayo, kokukhona liphezulu inqanaba lophuhliso lomthombo wombane wamanzi kunye nokuba ngcono okusingqongileyo kwendalo elizweni.
Ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi, amazwe amakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele acebise izicwangciso zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Indlela yokuphunyezwa eqhelekileyo kukuphuhlisa ngamandla imithombo yamandla emitsha efana nomoya kunye namandla elanga, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla amatsha, ubukhulu becala umoya kunye namandla elanga, kwigridi yamandla iya kuba nefuthe ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwenkqubo yamandla ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukungabikho, kunye nokungaqiniseki. Njengomthombo wamandla omqolo, amandla ombane aneenzuzo zolawulo oluguquguqukayo lwe "voltage regulators". Amanye amazwe awumise ngokutsha umsebenzi wombane owenziwe ngamanzi. I-Australia ichaza amandla ombane njengentsika yeenkqubo zamandla ezithembekileyo kwixesha elizayo; IMelika iphakamisa isicwangciso senkuthazo yophuhliso lombane ngamanzi; ISwitzerland, iNorway, kunye namanye amazwe anamanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu ophuhliso lombane wamanzi, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo emitsha yokuphuhlisa, into eqhelekileyo kukunyusa amadama amadala, ukwandisa umthamo, kunye nokwandisa umthamo ofakiweyo. Ezinye izikhululo zombane wamanzi nazo zifakela iiyunithi ezibuyiselwa umva okanye ziziguqule zibe ziiyunithi eziguqukayo zesantya esiguquguqukayo, zenza zonke iinzame zokusebenzisa amandla ombane ukukhuthaza ukudityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kwigridi.
Impucuko ye-ikholoji ikhokelela kuphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu wombane wamanzi
Akukho mathandabuzo malunga nophuhliso lwenzululwazi lombane wamanzi, kwaye umba ongundoqo yindlela yokuphuhlisa ngcono umbane oseleyo wamanzi.
Uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwaso nasiphi na isibonelelo sinokuzisa iingxaki ze-ikholoji, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kunye namaqondo empembelelo ayahluka. Umzekelo, amandla enyukliya kufuneka ajongane nomba wenkunkuma yenyukliya; Umthamo omncinci wophuhliso lwamandla omoya unempembelelo encinci kwindalo esingqongileyo, kodwa ukuba uphuhliswe kumlinganiselo omkhulu, uya kutshintsha iipateni zokujikeleza kwe-atmospheri kwimimandla yasekhaya, okuchaphazela okusingqongileyo kwemozulu kunye nokufuduka kweentaka ezifudukayo.
Iimpembelelo zendalo nokusingqongileyo zophuhliso lombane wamanzi zikhona ngokungekho cala, zineempembelelo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga; Ezinye iimpembelelo zicacile, ezinye zifihlakeleyo, ezinye zezexesha elifutshane, kwaye ezinye zezexesha elide. Asikwazi ukuzibaxa iziphumo ezibi zophuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi, kwaye asinakukwazi ukuhoya iziphumo ezinokuthi zibangele. Kufuneka siqhube uhlolo lwemekobume yendalo, uhlalutyo lothelekiso, uphando lwezenzululwazi, ingxoxo ebanzi, kwaye sithathe amanyathelo okuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo ezibi ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo. Loluphi uhlobo lwesikali sespatiotemporal ekufuneka sisetyenziswe ukuvavanya impembelelo yophuhliso lombane wamanzi kwimekobume yendalo engqongileyo kwixesha elitsha, kwaye imithombo yombane owenziwe ngamanzi kufuneka iphuhliswe njani ngokwenzululwazi nangengqiqo? Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo ekufuneka uphendulwe.
Imbali yophuhliso lombane wehlabathi jikelele ibonakalise ukuba uphuhliso lwemilambo kumazwe aphuhlileyo luzise izibonelelo ezibanzi kwezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, kunye nokusingqongileyo. Iziseko zamandla ombane acocekileyo eTshayina – iLancang River, iHongshui River, iJinsha River, iYalong River, iDadu River, iWujiang River, iQingjiang River, iYellow River, njl.njl. – ziphumeze ngokupheleleyo nangokucwangcisiweyo ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye namanyathelo okubuyisela, ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ifuthe leeprojekthi zombane wokuphehla umbane kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngokunzulu kweengqikelelo ze-ecology, imithetho efanelekileyo kunye nemimiselo e-China iya kuba yinto ephilileyo, amanyathelo olawulo aya kuba yinzululwazi kwaye abanzi, kwaye iteknoloji yokukhusela indalo iya kuqhubeka iqhubela phambili.
Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-21, uphuhliso lombane wamanzi luye lwazalisekisa ngokupheleleyo iingcamango ezintsha, lulandele iimfuno ezintsha "zomgca obomvu wokukhuselwa kwendalo, umgangatho ophantsi womgangatho wokusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ye-intanethi, kunye noluhlu olubi lokufikelela kokusingqongileyo", kwaye lufezekise iimfuno zokukhusela ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuhliseni ukhuseleko. Ukuphumeza ngokwenene ingqikelelo yempucuko yendalo kunye nokukhokela uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane.
Uphuhliso loMbane wamanzi lunceda ulwakhiwo lwempucuko yezendalo
Iziphumo ezibi zophuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi kwi-ikholoji yomlambo zibonakaliswa ikakhulu kwimiba emibini: omnye yintlenga, ekuqokelelekana kwamadama; Olunye ziintlobo zasemanzini, ingakumbi iintlobo zeentlanzi ezinqabileyo.
Ngokuphathelele kwimiba yentlenga, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo eyodwa xa kusakhiwa amadama kunye namadama emilambo anomthamo omkhulu wentlenga. Amanyathelo amaninzi kufuneka athathwe ukunciphisa intlenga engena kwidama kwaye yandise ubomi bayo. Umzekelo, ngokwenza umsebenzi omhle kulondolozo lomhlaba namanzi phezulu komsinga, amadama anokunciphisa intlenga kunye nokhukuliseko lomlambo ngokucwangciswa kwenzululwazi, ukulawulwa kwamanzi kunye nentlenga, ukugcinwa kwentlenga kunye nokukhutshelwa, kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo. Ukuba ingxaki yentlenga ayinako ukusonjululwa, amadama akufuneki akhiwe. Ukusuka kwizikhululo zamandla ezakhiweyo ngoku, kunokubonwa ukuba ingxaki yentlenga iyonke kwindawo yokugcina amanzi ingasonjululwa ngemilinganiselo yobunjineli kunye neyobunjineli.
Ngokuphathelele kwimiba yolondolozo lweentlobo, ngakumbi iintlobo ezinqabileyo, indawo abahlala kuyo ichatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo kuphuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi. Iintlobo zomhlaba ezifana nezityalo ezinqabileyo zinokufuduswa kwaye zikhuselwe; Iintlobo zasemanzini, njengeentlanzi, ezinye zinemikhwa yokufuduka. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi kuthintela imijelo yazo yokufuduka, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekunyamalaleni kweentlobo zezilwanyana okanye kuchaphazele iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Oku kufuneka kuphathwe ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo, ezifana neentlanzi eziqhelekileyo, zinokuhlawulelwa ngamanyathelo okwandisa. Iintlobo ezinqabileyo kakhulu kufuneka zikhuselwe ngamanyathelo akhethekileyo. Ukuthetha ngeenjongo, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinqabileyo zasemanzini ngoku zijongene neemeko ezisengozini, kwaye amandla ombane ayingoyena nobangela uphambili, kodwa sisiphumo sokuloba ixesha elide, ukuwohloka komgangatho wamanzi, kunye nokuwohloka kwemekobume yamanzi kwimbali. Ukuba inani lezinto eziphilayo liyancipha ukusa kumlinganiselo othile yaye alinakukwazi ukuzala, ngokuqinisekileyo liya kunyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe. Kuyimfuneko ukwenza uphando kunye nokwamkela amanyathelo ahlukeneyo afana nokuveliswa kokwenziwa kunye nokukhululwa ukuze kugcinwe iintlobo ezinqabileyo.
Iimpembelelo zamandla ombane kwindalo engqongileyo kufuneka zixatyiswe kakhulu, kwaye amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe kangangoko ukuphelisa iziphumo ezibi. Kufuneka siwujonge kwaye siwuqonde lo mba ngokucwangcisiweyo, ngokwembali, ngokufanelekileyo, nangokungakhethi cala. Uphuhliso lwezenzululwazi lombane wamanzi alukhuseli ukhuseleko lwemilambo kuphela, kodwa lukwanegalelo kulwakhiwo lwempucuko yendalo.
Ukubaluleka kwezendalo kufezekiso iParadigm entsha yoPhuhliso loMbane wamanzi
Ukusukela kwiNkongolo yeSizwe ye-18 yeQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina, ishishini lombane wamanzi libambelele kumbono “wokujoliswa ngabantu, okuphambili kwindalo, kunye nophuhliso lohlaza”, ngokuthe ngcembe lwenza iparadigm entsha yophuhliso lwendalo lwamandla ombane. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa ubunjineli, uyilo, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza, ukuqhuba uphando, uyilo lwesikimu, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso ekukhululweni kokuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo, ukucwangciswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukukhuselwa kwendawo yokuhlala yeentlanzi, ukubuyiselwa konxibelelwano lomlambo, kunye nokwanda kweentlanzi kunye nokukhululwa kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo impembelelo yophuhliso lombane, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kwiindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini zemilambo. Kumadama aphezulu kunye namadama amakhulu, ukuba kukho ingxaki yokukhutshwa kwamanzi obushushu obuphantsi, imilinganiselo yobunjineli bobunjineli bobunjineli bokuthathwa kwamanzi elayitiweyo yamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuyisombulula. Umzekelo, amadama aphezulu kunye namadama amakhulu afana neNqanaba loku-1 le-Jinping, iNuozhadu, kunye ne-Huangdeng zonke zikhethe ukwamkela imilinganiselo efana neengcango ezipakishwe ngomqadi, iindonga ezigcina ngaphambili, kunye neendonga zamakhethini angangeni manzi ukunciphisa ubushushu obuphantsi bamanzi. La manyathelo aye asebenza kushishino, ukwenza imigangatho yoshishino kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa.
Kukho iintlobo zentlanzi ezifudukayo emilanjeni, kwaye iindlela ezifana neenkqubo zothutho lweentlanzi, izinyusi zeentlanzi, kunye “neendlela zeentlanzi + nezinyusi zeentlanzi” zikwayindlela eqhelekileyo yokudlula iintlanzi. Indlela yokuloba yesikhululo sombane saseZangmu iphunyezwe kakuhle kakhulu ngeminyaka yokubeka iliso novavanyo. Ayizoprojekthi zolwakhiwo ezitsha kuphela, kodwa nokuhlaziywa kwezinye iiprojekthi ezindala, kunye nokongezwa kweendawo ezidlulayo iintlanzi. Iprojekthi yokwakhiwa kwakhona kweSikhululo samandla e-Fengman Hydropower yongeze imigibe yeentlanzi, iindawo zokuqokelela iintlanzi, kunye nezinyusi zeentlanzi, zivula uMlambo i-Songhua ovimba ukufuduka kweentlanzi.
Ngokuphathelele ekuzalweni kweentlanzi kunye nobuchwepheshe bokukhulula, inkqubo yobugcisa iye yasekwa ukulungiselela ukucwangciswa, ukuyila, ukwakhiwa, ukuveliswa kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo kunye nezibonelelo, kunye nokubeka iliso kunye nokuvavanya isiphumo sokukhululwa kwezikhululo zokuzala kunye nokukhulula intlanzi. Ukukhuselwa kwendawo ehlala iintlanzi kunye nobuchwepheshe bokubuyisela kwakhona buye benza inkqubela ebonakalayo. Okwangoku, ukhuselo olusebenzayo lwendalo kunye namanyathelo okubuyisela athathiweyo kwiziseko zombane ezinkulu zasemilanjeni. Ukongeza, uvavanyo lobungakanani bokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemekobume kuye kwaphunyezwa ngokulinganisa iimodeli zokufaneleka kokusingqongileyo ngaphambi nasemva komonakalo wendawo yokuhlala. Ukusukela ngowama-2012 ukuya kowama-2016, iSikhululo soMbane we-Three Gorges Hydropower siqhubekile nokuqhuba imifuniselo yokucwangcisa indalo ukukhuthaza ukufuya “iintlanzi ezine zasekhaya ezidumileyo”. Ukusukela ngoko, uthunyelo oludibeneyo lwendalo lwe-Xiluodu, i-Xiangjiaba, kunye neSikhululo soMbane we-Three Gorges saphunyezwa ngaxeshanye minyaka le. Ukutyhubela iminyaka eqhubekayo yolawulo lwendalo kunye nokhuseleko lobutyebi bokuloba, isixa sokuzala "kweentlanzi ezine ezidumileyo zasekhaya" sibonise indlela eyandayo unyaka nonyaka, apho isixa "seentlanzi ezine ezidumileyo zasekhaya" kwicandelo loMlambo iYidu kumazantsi eGezhouba linyuke ukusuka kwizigidi ezingama-25 ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-3 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2019.
Uqheliselo lubonakalise ukuba ezi ndlela zicwangcisiweyo zingentla kunye nemilinganiselo yenze i-paradigm entsha yophuhliso lwendalo yombane wamanzi kwixesha elitsha. Uphuhliso lwe-ikholoji yombane wamanzi alunako ukudambisa okanye lude luphelise iziphumo ezibi kwindalo engqongileyo yemilambo, kodwa lukwakhuthaza ngcono ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo ngophuhliso olulungileyo lwendalo yombane wamanzi. Indawo yangoku yomthombo wesiseko sombane wamanzi inommandla ongcono kakhulu osemhlabeni kuneminye imimandla yasekuhlaleni. Izikhululo zamandla ezifana ne-Ertan kunye neLongyangxia ayizondawo ezinomtsalane kubakhenkethi kuphela, kodwa zikwakhuselwe kwaye zibuyiselwe ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwemozulu yasekhaya, ukukhula kwezityalo, amatyathanga amade ebhayoloji, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Impucuko ye-Ecology yinjongo entsha yophuhliso loluntu emva kwempucuko yezoshishino. Ukwakhiwa kwempucuko ye-ecological inxulumene nentlalontle yabantu kunye nekamva lesizwe. Xa sijongene nemeko enzima yokuqiniswa kwemiqobo yobutyebi, ukungcoliseka kwendalo okumandla, kunye nokuwohloka komxokomelwano wokuphilisana kwendalo, kufuneka simisele uluvo lwempucuko yendalo eyihloniphayo, ehambelanayo nekhusela indalo.
Sithetha nje, ilizwe likhulisa utyalo-mali olusebenzayo kwaye likhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweeprojekthi ezinkulu. Inani leeprojekthi zombane oza kwandisa umsebenzi wazo, zikhawulezise inkqubela phambili yomsebenzi, kwaye zizame ukuhlangabezana nemiqathango yokuvunywa kunye nokuqalisa ngexesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu. IsiCwangciso se-14 seMinyaka emiHlanu yoPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho lweSizwe kunye noPhuhliso lweNtlalo yeRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina kunye noLudwe lweeNjongo zoMbono zowama-2035 zibekwe ngokucacileyo ukuphumeza iiprojekthi ezinkulu ezifana neSichuan Tibet Railway, umjelo omtsha wolwandle olwandle entshona, uthungelwano lwamanzi esizwe, kunye nophuhliso lombane wamanzi kwiindawo ezisezantsi zokukhuthaza uMlambo iYarlungsto, izibonelelo ezinkulu zokhuseleko lwezenzululwazi, i-earlungsto-zangbo yezempilo yoluntu, indawo enkulu yokhuseleko lwezenzululwazi. inkxaso engxamisekileyo, ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi okukhulu, ulawulo lwezandyondyo kunye nokunciphisa iintlekele, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye negesi Inani leeprojekthi ezinkulu ezineziseko ezomeleleyo, imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo, kunye neenzuzo zexesha elide, ezifana nokuthuthwa komda, ecaleni komlambo, kunye nonxweme. Sazi kakuhle ukuba utshintsho lwamandla ombane lufuna amandla ombane, kwaye uphuhliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kufuneka luqinisekise ukhuseleko lwendalo. Kuphela ngokubeka ugxininiso olukhulu ekukhuseleni indalo esingqongileyo apho uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu wombane wamanzi lunokufezekiswa, kwaye uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi kunokuba negalelo kulwakhiwo lwempucuko yendalo.
Umbono omtsha wophuhliso lombane oza kuqhutywa ngamanzi uya kukhuthaza ngakumbi uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu wombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwixesha elitsha. Ngophuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi, siya kuqhuba uphuhliso olukhulu lwamandla amatsha, sikhawulezise isantya soguqulo lwamandla eTshayina, sakhe inkqubo yamandla entsha ecocekileyo, enekhabhoni ephantsi, ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo, sinyuse ngokuthe ngcembe umlinganiselo wamandla amatsha kwinkqubo entsha yamandla, sakhe iTshayina entle, kwaye sibe negalelo kumandla abasebenzi bamandla ombane.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-15-2023
