1, Uhlobo loyilo lwezikhululo zamandla ombane
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zoyilo lwezikhululo zamanzi ziquka ikakhulu izikhululo zamanzi zohlobo lwedama, izikhululo zamanzi zohlobo lwe-riverbed, kunye nezikhululo zamanzi zohlobo lwe-diversion.
Isikhululo samandla ombane sohlobo lwedama: Sisebenzisa i-barrage ukuphakamisa umgangatho wamanzi emlanjeni, ukuze kugxilwe intloko yamanzi. Sidla ngokwakhiwa kwiintlambo eziphakamileyo zeentaba kumbindi nakwindawo ephezulu yemilambo, ngokuqhelekileyo sisikhululo samandla ombane esiphakathi ukuya kwephezulu. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokubeka umbane sisikhululo samandla ombane esisezantsi kwedama eligcina amanzi kufutshane nendawo yedama, elisisikhululo samandla ombane ongaphantsi kwedama.
Isikhululo samandla ombane sohlobo lwe-River bed: Isikhululo samandla ombane apho isikhululo samandla ombane, isango lokugcina amanzi, kunye nedama zicwangciswe ngomqolo kumgca womlambo ukuze zigcine amanzi kunye. Ngokuqhelekileyo sakhiwe phakathi nasezantsi kwemilambo, ngokuqhelekileyo sisikhululo samandla ombane esiphantsi, esihamba ngamanzi amaninzi.
Isikhululo samandla ombane sohlobo lokuphambuka: Isikhululo samandla ombane esisebenzisa umjelo wokuphambuka ukuze sigxininise ithontsi lecandelo lomlambo ukuze senze intloko yokuvelisa umbane. Sihlala sakhiwe phakathi naphezulu kwemilambo enomlambo ohamba kancinci kunye nomthambeka omkhulu womlambo.
2, Ukwakhiwa kweZakhiwo zeHydroelectric Hub
Izakhiwo eziphambili zeprojekthi yesikhungo sombane wamanzi ziquka: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi, izakhiwo zokungenisa amanzi, izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi kunye nezakhiwo zomda, izakhiwo zamanzi alinganayo, ukuveliswa kombane, izakhiwo zokuguqula kunye nokusasaza amanzi, njl.
1. Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi: Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela imilambo, ukuthontsiza kwamanzi, nokwenza amachibi, njengamadama, amasango, njl.
2. Izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi: Izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi zisetyenziselwa ukukhulula izikhukula, okanye ukukhulula amanzi ukuze asetyenziswe ngezantsi, okanye ukukhulula amanzi ukuze kwehliswe inqanaba lamanzi kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi, ezifana nendlela yokuchitheka, itonela yokuchitheka, indlela yokuphuma esezantsi, njl.
3. Ulwakhiwo lokungenisa amanzi kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi: Ulwakhiwo lokungenisa amanzi kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi lusetyenziselwa ukungenisa amanzi kumjelo wokuphambukisa amanzi, njengokungena okunzulu nokunganzulu okunoxinzelelo okanye ukungena okuvulekileyo ngaphandle koxinzelelo.
4. Izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi kunye nolwakhiwo lwemizila yamanzi: Izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi zezikhululo zamanzi zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi okuvelisa umbane ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina umbane ukuya kwiyunithi yejenereyitha yeturbine; Isakhiwo samanzi angasemva sisetyenziselwa ukukhupha amanzi asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane kumjelo womlambo osezantsi. Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo ziquka imijelo, iitonela, imibhobho yoxinzelelo, njl.njl., kunye nezakhiwo ezinqamlezileyo ezifana nemisele yamanzi, ii-culverts, ii-siphons eziguqulweyo, njl.njl.
5. Izakhiwo zamanzi athambileyo asebenzisa umbane: Izakhiwo zamanzi athambileyo asebenzisa umbane asebenzisa umbane asetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa utshintsho lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye noxinzelelo (ubunzulu bamanzi) olubangelwa lutshintsho kumthwalo wesikhululo samandla ombane kwizakhiwo zokuphambuka okanye zamanzi angasemva, njengegumbi lokuntywila kwitshaneli yokuphambuka ecinezelweyo kunye ne-pressure forebay ekupheleni kwetshaneli yokuphambuka engenanto icinezelweyo.
6. Izakhiwo zokuvelisa umbane, ukuguqula, kunye nokusasazwa kombane: kubandakanya indlu ephambili yamandla (kubandakanya indawo yokufakela) yokufaka iiyunithi zejenereyitha ye-hydraulic turbine kunye nolawulo lwayo, indlu yamandla encedisayo yezixhobo ezincedisayo, igadi yetransformer yokufaka iitransformer, kunye neswitchgear ye-high-voltage yokufaka izixhobo zokusasazwa kombane ophezulu.
7. Ezinye izakhiwo: ezifana neenqanawa, imithi, iintlanzi, ukuvimba isanti, ukuhlanjwa kwesanti, njl.njl.
Ukwahlulwahlulwa okuqhelekileyo kwamadama
Idama libhekisa kwidama elithintela imilambo lize livale amanzi, kunye nedama elivala amanzi kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi, imilambo, njl. Ngokweekhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula, kunokubakho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula. Ubunjineli bahlulwe ngokubanzi kwezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
1. Idama loMxhuzulane
Idama lokutsala umhlaba lidama elakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nesamente okanye ilitye, elixhomekeke kakhulu kubunzima bomzimba wedama ukuze lihlale lizinzile.
Umgaqo osebenzayo wamadama axhuzulayo
Phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye neminye imithwalo, amadama axhuzulayo axhomekeke kakhulu kumandla achasene nokutyibilika aveliswa bubunzima bedama ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno zozinzo; Kwangaxeshanye, uxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo oluveliswa bubunzima bomzimba wedama lusetyenziselwa ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lokuxinana olubangelwa luxinzelelo lwamanzi, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zamandla. Iprofayili esisiseko yedama elixhuzulayo ingunxantathu. Kwiplane, i-axis yedama idla ngokuba ithe tye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukuze ivumelane nomhlaba, iimeko zejoloji, okanye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo lwehabhu, ingacwangciswa njengomgca ophukileyo okanye i-arch ene-curve encinci ukuya phezulu.
Iingenelo zamadama atsala amandla angaphantsi komhlaba
(1) Umsebenzi wolwakhiwo ucacile, indlela yoyilo ilula, kwaye ikhuselekile kwaye ithembekile. Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokungaphumeleli kwamadama omxhuzulane liphantsi kakhulu phakathi kweentlobo ngeentlobo zamadama.
(2) Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zomhlaba kunye neemeko zejoloji. Amadama omxhuzulane angakhiwa kuyo nayiphi na indlela efana nentlambo yomlambo.
(3) Ingxaki yokukhutshelwa kwamanzi kwizikhukula kwindawo yokukhupha amanzi kulula ukuyisombulula. Amadama omxhuzulane anokwenziwa abe zizakhiwo zokugcwala kwamanzi, okanye imingxunya yokukhupha amanzi ingafakwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba wedama. Ngokubanzi, akukho mfuneko yokufaka enye indlela yokuchitheka kwamanzi okanye ityhubhu yokukhupha amanzi, kwaye ulwakhiwo lwehabhu luncinci.
(4) Ilungele ukuphambuka kolwakhiwo. Ngexesha lokwakha, umzimba wedama ungasetyenziselwa ukuphambuka, kwaye ngokubanzi akukho mhubhe wongezelelweyo wokuphambuka ofunekayo.
(5) Ulwakhiwo olulula.
Iingxaki zamadama axhuzulayo
(1) Ubungakanani bomzimba wedama bukhulu, kwaye kukho inani elikhulu lezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
(2) Uxinzelelo lomzimba kamama luphantsi, kwaye amandla ezinto azinakusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo.
(3) Indawo enkulu yoqhagamshelwano phakathi komzimba wedama kunye nesiseko ibangela uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluphezulu ezantsi kwedama, nto leyo engafanelekanga ukuzinza.
(4) Umthamo womzimba wedama mkhulu, kwaye ngenxa yobushushu obumanzi kunye nokuncipha kokuqina kwekhonkrithi ngexesha lokwakhiwa, kuya kubakho uxinzelelo olubi lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lokuncipha. Ke ngoko, kufuneka amanyathelo angqongqo okulawula ubushushu xa kugalelwa ikhonkrithi.
2. Idama leArch
Idama le-arch lisakhiwo segobolondo esikwindawo enamathele kwilitye elingaphantsi komhlaba, esenza imo ye-arch engqukuva kwicala elingasentla komfula, kwaye iprofayili yalo yesithsaba se-arch ibonakalisa imo yegophe elithe nkqo okanye elingqukuva elingasentla komfula.
Umgaqo wokusebenza kwamadama e-arch
Ulwakhiwo lwedama le-arch luneziphumo ze-arch kunye ne-beam, kwaye umthwalo eliwuthweleyo ucinezelwe kancinci ukuya kumabhanki omabini ngesenzo se-arch, ngelixa elinye inxalenye lidluliselwa kwilitye elisezantsi kwedama ngesenzo see-vertical beams.
Iimpawu zamadama e-arch
(1) Iimpawu ezizinzileyo. Uzinzo lwamadama e-arch luxhomekeke kakhulu kumandla okusabela kwiziphelo ze-arch kumacala omabini, ngokungafaniyo namadama axhuzulayo axhomekeke kubunzima bomzimba ukuze agcine uzinzo. Ke ngoko, amadama e-arch aneemfuno eziphezulu zeemeko zomhlaba kunye nejoloji yendawo yedama, kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zonyango lwesiseko.
(2) Iimpawu zesakhiwo. Amadama e-arch akwizakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezingaguqukiyo, ezinomthamo omkhulu wokugqithisa kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu. Xa imithwalo yangaphandle isanda okanye inxalenye yedama ifumana ukuqhekeka kwendawo, i-arch kunye nezenzo zomqadi womzimba wedama ziya kuzilungisa, zibangele ukusasazwa koxinzelelo emzimbeni wedama. I-arch dam sisakhiwo esibanzi, esinomzimba olula nowomeleleyo. Ubuchule bobunjineli bubonise ukuba ukumelana kwayo nokushukuma komhlaba nako kunamandla. Ukongeza, njengoko i-arch sisakhiwo sokutyhala esithwala uxinzelelo lwe-axial, umzuzu wokugoba ngaphakathi kwe-arch uncinci, kwaye usasazo loxinzelelo lufana kakhulu, olulungele ukusebenzisa amandla ezinto. Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, amadama e-arch luhlobo oluphezulu kakhulu lwedama.
(3) Iimpawu zomthwalo. Umzimba wedama le-arch awunamalungu okwanda asisigxina, kwaye utshintsho lobushushu kunye nokuguquguquka kwelitye elisezantsi kunempembelelo enkulu kuxinzelelo lomzimba wedama. Xa kuyilwa, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuguquguquka kwelitye elisezantsi kunye nokubandakanya ubushushu njengomthwalo oyintloko.
Ngenxa yeprofayili encinci kunye nemilo entsonkothileyo yejometri yedama le-arch, umgangatho wolwakhiwo, amandla ezinto zedama, kunye neemfuno ezingangenisi amanzi zingqongqo kunezo zamadama anomxhuzulane.
3. Idama elinjengelitye lomhlaba
Amadama e-Earth-rock abhekisela kumadama enziwe ngezinto zasekuhlaleni ezifana nomhlaba namatye, kwaye lolona hlobo lwedama ludala kwimbali. Amadama e-Earth-rock lolona hlobo lokwakhiwa kwamadama olusetyenziswa kakhulu nolukhula ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini.
Izizathu zokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nokuphuhliswa kwamadama amatye omhlaba
(1) Kunokwenzeka ukufumana izinto zokwakha kwindawo ekufutshane nekufutshane, okonga isamente eninzi, umthi, kunye nentsimbi, kunye nokunciphisa umthamo wothutho lwangaphandle kwindawo yokwakha. Phantse naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaba kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngamatye zingasetyenziselwa ukwakha amadama.
(2) Iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neendawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, ijoloji, kunye neemeko zemozulu. Ingakumbi kwiimeko zemozulu ezinzima, iimeko zejoloji zobunjineli ezintsonkothileyo, kunye neendawo ezinenyikima enamandla kakhulu, amadama amatye omhlaba ngokwenene lolona hlobo lodwa lwedama olunokwenzeka.
(3) Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokwakha ezinkulu, ezisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi, nezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu lunyuse uxinano lwamadama asemadwaleni omhlaba, lwanciphisa umgama onqamlezileyo wamadama asemadwaleni omhlaba, lwakhawulezisa inkqubela phambili yokwakha, lwanciphisa iindleko, lwaza lwakhuthaza uphuhliso lokwakhiwa kwamadama asemadwaleni omhlaba aphezulu.
(4) Ngenxa yophuhliso lwethiyori ye-geotechnical mechanics, iindlela zovavanyo, kunye neendlela zokubala, inqanaba lohlalutyo kunye nokubala liye laphucuka, inkqubela phambili yoyilo iye yakhawuleziswa, kwaye ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka koyilo lwedama kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngakumbi.
(5) Uphuhliso olupheleleyo loyilo kunye netekhnoloji yokwakha ukuxhasa iiprojekthi zobunjineli ezifana neentaba eziphakamileyo, izakhiwo zobunjineli ezingaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nokuchithwa kwamandla okuhamba kwamanzi ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nokuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwamadama eelitye zomhlaba nako kudlale indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukwakhiwa kunye nokukhuthaza amadama eelitye zomhlaba.
4. Idama le-Rockfill
Idama le-Rockfill lidla ngokubhekisa kuhlobo lwedama elakhiwe ngeendlela ezifana nokuphosa, ukuzalisa, kunye nokuqengqeleka kwezinto zamatye. Ngenxa yokuba i-rockfill iyangena, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa izinto ezifana nomhlaba, ikhonkrithi, okanye ikhonkrithi ye-asphalt njengezinto ezingangenisi manzi.
Iimpawu zamaDama aseRockfill
(1) Iimpawu zesakhiwo. Uxinano lwe-rockfill edibeneyo luphezulu, amandla okucheba aphezulu, kwaye ithambeka ledama linokwenziwa libe lide kakhulu. Oku akugcini nje ngokusindisa ubungakanani bokuzaliswa kwedama, kodwa kukwanciphisa ububanzi bomzantsi wedama. Ubude bezakhiwo zokuhambisa amanzi kunye nokukhupha amanzi bunokuncipha ngokufanayo, kwaye uyilo lwehabhu luncinci, nto leyo enciphisa ngakumbi ubungakanani bobunjineli.
(2) Iimpawu zokwakha. Ngokwemeko yoxinzelelo lwenxalenye nganye yomzimba wedama, umzimba ozalisa amatye unokwahlulwa ube ziingingqi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zezinto zelitye kunye nobuncinci bendawo nganye zinokufezekiswa. Izinto zelitye ezimbiweyo ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi kwindawo yokukhupha amanzi zingasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo nangokufanelekileyo, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama ajongene nekhonkrithi ajongene namatye akuchaphazeleki kangako ziimeko zemozulu ezifana nexesha lemvula kunye nokubanda okukhulu, kwaye kungenziwa ngendlela elinganiselayo neqhelekileyo.
(3) Iimpawu zokusebenza nokugcinwa kwazo. Ukuguquka kwesakhiwo selitye elixineneyo kuncinci kakhulu.
isikhululo sokumpompa
1, Izinto ezisisiseko zobunjineli besitishi sepompo
Iprojekthi yesitishi sokumpompa ikakhulu ibandakanya amagumbi okumpompa, imibhobho, izakhiwo zokungena kwamanzi kunye nezokukhupha amanzi, kunye nezitishi ezincinci, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso. Iyunithi equlathe ipompo yamanzi, isixhobo sokudlulisa amanzi, kunye neyunithi yamandla ifakiwe kwigumbi lokumpompa, kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo kunye nezixhobo zombane. Izakhiwo eziphambili zokungena kwamanzi kunye nezokukhupha amanzi ziquka izibonelelo zokungenisa amanzi kunye nokuhambisa amanzi, kunye namachibi okungena kunye nawokukhupha amanzi (okanye iinqaba zamanzi).
Iipayipi zesitishi sokumpompa ziquka iipayipi zokungena kunye nezokuphuma. Umbhobho wokungena udibanisa umthombo wamanzi nokungena kwepompo yamanzi, ngelixa umbhobho wokuphuma ungumbhobho odibanisa ukuphuma kwepompo yamanzi kunye nomphetho wokuphuma.
Emva kokuba isikhululo sokumpompa siqalisiwe ukusebenza, ukuhamba kwamanzi kungangena kwimpompo yamanzi ngesakhiwo sokungenisa amanzi kunye nombhobho wokungenisa amanzi. Emva kokuba kucinezelwe yimpompo yamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi kuya kuthunyelwa echibini lokuphuma (okanye kwinqaba yamanzi) okanye kuthungelwano lwemibhobho, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa injongo yokuphakamisa okanye yokuthutha amanzi.
2, Uyilo lwehabhu yesitishi sepompo
Uyilo lwehabhu yobunjineli besitishi sokumpompa kukuqwalasela ngokupheleleyo iimeko neemfuno ezahlukeneyo, ukumisela iintlobo zezakhiwo, ukucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo iindawo zazo, kunye nokusingatha ubudlelwane bazo. Uyilo lwehabhu luqwalaselwa ikakhulu ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi eyenziwa sisitishi sokumpompa. Izitishi ezahlukeneyo zokumpompa kufuneka zibe namalungiselelo ahlukeneyo kwimisebenzi yazo ephambili, njengeendawo zokumpompa, imibhobho yokungena kunye neyokuphuma, kunye nezakhiwo zokungena kunye nezokuphuma.
Izakhiwo ezincedisayo ezifanayo ezifana nee-culverts kunye namasango olawulo kufuneka zihambelane neprojekthi ephambili. Ukongeza, xa kujongwa iimfuno zokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, ukuba kukho iimfuno zeendlela, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla, kunye nendlela yokudlula iintlanzi ngaphakathi kwendawo yesitishi, ubudlelwane phakathi koyilo lweebhulorho zendlela, izivalo zeenqanawa, iindlela zeentlanzi, njl.njl. kunye neprojekthi ephambili kufuneka buqwalaselwe.
Ngokwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa zizitishi zokumpompa, uyilo lwee-hubs zezitishi zokumpompa luquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nezitishi zokumpompa zokunkcenkceshela, izitishi zokumpompa amanzi, kunye nezitishi zokumpompa amanzi ezidibeneyo.
Isango lamanzi sisakhiwo se-hydraulic esiphantsi esisebenzisa amasango ukugcina amanzi nokulawula ukukhupha amanzi. Sihlala sakhiwe elunxwemeni lwemilambo, imijelo, amachibi kunye namachibi.
1, Udidi lwamasango amanzi asetyenziswa rhoqo
Uhlu ngokwemisebenzi eyenziwa ngamasango amanzi
1. Isango lokulawula: lakhiwe emlanjeni okanye kwijelo ukuthintela izikhukula, ukulawula amanqanaba amanzi, okanye ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi aphumayo. Isango lokulawula elikwijelo lomlambo likwaziwa njengesango lokuvimba umlambo.
2. Isango lokungena: Lakhiwe elunxwemeni lomlambo, idama, okanye ichibi ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi. Isango lokungena likwaziwa njengesango lokungena okanye isango eliyintloko yomjelo.
3. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula: Lidla ngokwakhiwa kwelinye icala lomlambo, lisetyenziselwa ukukhupha izikhukhula ezidlula amandla akhuselekileyo okukhupha amanzi omlambo osezantsi ukuya kwindawo yokuphambukisa izikhukhula (indawo yokugcina izikhukhula okanye yokugcina amanzi) okanye indlela yokuchitheka kwamanzi. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula lidlula emanzini kumacala omabini, kwaye emva kwezikhukhula, amanzi agcinwa aze akhutshwe aye kumjelo womlambo ukusuka apha.
4. Isango lokukhupha amanzi: lihlala lakhiwa ecaleni kweendonga zemilambo ukuze kususwe amanzi ayingozi kwizityalo ezikwiindawo ezisemantla okanye ezisezantsi. Isango lokukhupha amanzi likwakho kwicala ngalinye. Xa inqanaba lamanzi omlambo liphezulu kunelo lechibi elingaphakathi okanye eliphantsi, isango lokukhupha amanzi lithintela amanzi ukuthintela umlambo ukuba ungagcwalisi umhlaba weefama okanye izakhiwo zokuhlala; Xa inqanaba lamanzi omlambo liphantsi kunelo lechibi elingaphakathi okanye eliphantsi, isango lokukhupha amanzi lisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukukhukula amanzi kunye nokukhukula amanzi.
5. Isango lolwandle: lakhiwe kufutshane nomngxuma wolwandle, livaliwe ngexesha lolwandle oluphezulu ukuthintela amanzi olwandle ukuba angabuyeli; Ukuvula isango lokukhulula amanzi xa amanzi ephantsi kuneempawu zokuvalela amanzi kwicala ngalinye. Amasango olwandle afana namasango okukhupha amanzi, kodwa asebenza rhoqo. Xa amanzi olwandle olungaphandle ephezulu kunelo lusemlanjeni ongaphakathi, vala isango ukuthintela amanzi olwandle ukuba angabuyeli emlanjeni ongaphakathi; Xa amanzi olwandle oluvulekileyo ephantsi kunamanzi omlambo olwandle olungaphakathi, vula isango ukukhulula amanzi.
6. Isango lokukhuhla isanti (isango lokukhuhla isanti): Lakhiwe phezu komsinga womlambo onodaka, lisetyenziselwa ukukhupha inkunkuma ebekwe phambi kwesango lokungena, isango lokulawula, okanye inkqubo yetshaneli.
7. Ukongeza, kukho iingcango zokukhupha umkhenkce kunye neengcango zelindle ezilungiselelwe ukususa iibhloko zomkhenkce, izinto ezidadayo, njl.njl.
Ngokwendlela eyakhiwe ngayo igumbi lesango, linokwahlulwa lube loluhlobo oluvulekileyo, uhlobo lodonga lwesifuba, kunye nohlobo lwe-culvert, njl.
1. Uhlobo oluvulekileyo: Umphezulu womsinga wamanzi odlula esangweni awuthintelwanga, kwaye umthamo wokukhupha amanzi mkhulu.
2. Uhlobo lodonga lwebele: Kukho udonga lwebele ngaphezulu kwesango, olunokunciphisa amandla esangweni ngexesha lokuvalwa kwamanzi kwaye lonyuse ubukhulu bokuvalwa kwamanzi.
3. Uhlobo lwe-Culvert: Phambi kwesango, kukho umzimba wetonela oxinzelelweyo okanye ongenaxinzelelo, kwaye umphezulu wetonela ugqunywe ngumhlaba ozalisayo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiigeyithi ezincinci zamanzi.
Ngokwesayizi yesango, linokwahlulwahlulwa libe ziintlobo ezintathu: elikhulu, eliphakathi, nelincinci.
Amasango amakhulu amanzi anesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi esingaphezulu kwe-1000m3/s;
Isango lamanzi eliphakathi elinomthamo we-100-1000m3/s;
Iimisele ezincinci ezinomthamo ongaphantsi kwe-100m3/s.
2, Ukwakhiwa kwamasango amanzi
Isango lamanzi liquka ikakhulu iindawo ezintathu: icandelo loqhagamshelo oluphezulu, igumbi lesango, kunye necandelo loqhagamshelo olusezantsi,
Icandelo loqhagamshelo oluphezulu: Icandelo loqhagamshelo oluphezulu lusetyenziselwa ukukhokela ukuhamba kwamanzi kakuhle ukuya kwigumbi lesango, ukukhusela zombini iibhanki kunye nomlambo ekukhukulisekeni, kwaye kunye negumbi, zenze umda ongaphantsi komhlaba ongangeni manzi ukuqinisekisa uzinzo olungenakuphuma manzi kwiibhanki zombini kunye nesiseko sesango phantsi komngxuma. Ngokubanzi, ibandakanya iindonga zamaphiko aphezulu, iibhedi, imijelo yokulwa nokukhukuliseka manzi ephezulu, kunye nokukhuselwa kwethambeka kumacala omabini.
Igumbi lesango: Liyinxalenye ephambili yesango lamanzi, kwaye umsebenzi walo kukulawula inqanaba lamanzi kunye nokuhamba kwawo, kunye nokuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba.
Ulwakhiwo lwecandelo legumbi lesango luquka: isango, i-gate pier, i-side pier (udonga lwaselunxwemeni), ipleyiti esezantsi, udonga lwesifuba, ibhulorho yokusebenza, ibhulorho yezithuthi, i-hoist, njl.njl.
Isango lisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukuhamba kwesango; Isango libekwe kwipleyiti esezantsi yesango, lijikeleze i-orifice kwaye lixhaswe yi-pier yesango. Isango lahlulwe laba yisango lolondolozo kunye nesango lenkonzo.
Isango lokusebenza lisetyenziselwa ukuvala amanzi ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo nokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi aphumayo;
Isango lokulungisa lisetyenziselwa ukugcina amanzi okwethutyana ngexesha lokulungisa.
I-gate pier isetyenziselwa ukwahlula umngxuma we-bay kunye nokuxhasa isango, udonga lwesifuba, ibhulorho yokusebenza, kunye nebhulorho yezithuthi.
I-gate pier idlulisela uxinzelelo lwamanzi oluthwalwa yi-gate, udonga lwesifuba, kunye nomthamo wokugcina amanzi we-gate pier ngokwayo ukuya kwipleyiti esezantsi;
Udonga lwesifuba lufakwe ngaphezulu kwesango lokusebenza ukunceda ukugcina amanzi kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu besango.
Udonga lwebele lunokwenziwa lube luhlobo olunokushukunyiswa, kwaye xa kuhlangatyezwana nezikhukula ezinkulu, udonga lwebele lungavulwa ukuze kwandiswe ukuhamba kwamanzi aphumayo.
Ipleyiti esezantsi sisiseko segumbi, esetyenziselwa ukudlulisa ubunzima kunye nomthwalo wesakhiwo esingaphezulu segumbi ukuya kwisiseko. Igumbi elakhelwe kwisiseko esithambileyo lizinziswa kakhulu kukungqubana phakathi kwepleyiti esezantsi kunye nesiseko, kwaye ipleyiti esezantsi ikwanemisebenzi yokulwa nokuvuza kwamanzi kunye nokuchasa ukuhla.
Iibhulorho zokusebenza kunye neebhulorho zendlela zisetyenziselwa ukufaka izixhobo zokuphakamisa, ukusebenzisa amasango, kunye nokudibanisa izithuthi ezinqumlayo.
Icandelo loqhagamshelo olusezantsi: lisetyenziselwa ukususa amandla aseleyo okuhamba kwamanzi adlula esangweni, likhokela ukusasazeka okufanayo kokuhamba kwamanzi aphuma esangweni, lilungise ukusasazwa kwesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kwaye linciphise isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi, kwaye lithintele ukukhukuliseka okusezantsi emva kokuba amanzi ephuma esangweni.
Ngokubanzi, ibandakanya ichibi lokuzola, i-apron, i-apron, umjelo wokulwa nokukhuhla ongezantsi, iindonga zamaphiko ongezantsi, kunye nokukhuselwa kwethambeka kumacala omabini.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-21-2023
