1, Uyilo loyilo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi
Iindlela zoyilo oluqhelekileyo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi ikakhulu zibandakanya uhlobo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi zohlobo lwedama, izikhululo zoveliso zamanzi zohlobo lwemilambo, kunye nohlobo lophambuko lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi.
Uhlobo lwedama lokuvelisa umbane: Ukusebenzisa i-barrage ukunyusa umgangatho wamanzi emlanjeni, ukuze kugxininiswe kwintloko yamanzi. Ihlala yakhiwe kwimiwonyo yeentaba eziphakamileyo embindini naphezulu emilanjeni, iqhelekile ukuba sisikhululo sombane esiphakathi ukuya phezulu. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuyila ngumzi-mveliso wamandla ovelisa umbane ngamanzi obekwe emazantsi omlambo ogcina idama kufutshane nesiza sedama, eliziziko lombane elisebenza ngamanzi emva kwedama.
Isikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi sohlobo lwebhedi yomlambo: Isikhululo sombane apho iziko lombane, isango lokugcina amanzi, kunye nedama zilungelelaniswe ngokulandelelana phezu komlambo ukuze kugcinwe amanzi ngokudibeneyo. Ihlala yakhiwe embindini nasezantsi emilanjeni, kudla ngokuba yintloko ephantsi, isikhululo sombane esihamba ngamandla ngamanzi.
Uhlobo lophambuko lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi: Isikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi esisebenzisa umjelo wokuphambukisa ukuze siqwalasele ithontsi lecandelo lomlambo ukwenza intloko yokuvelisa umbane. Ihlala yakhiwe kwindawo ephakathi kunye nephezulu yemilambo kunye nokuhamba okuphantsi kunye ne-longitudinal slope enkulu yomlambo.
2. Ukuqulunqwa kweZakhiwo zoMbane weHydroelectric Hub
Izakhiwo eziphambili zeprojekthi ye-hydropower hub hub zibandakanya: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokulahla, izakhiwo zokungena, ukuguqulwa kunye nezakhiwo ze-tailrace, izakhiwo ezisemgangathweni zamanzi, ukuveliswa kwamandla, ukuguqulwa, kunye nezakhiwo zokuhambisa, njl.
1. Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi: Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi zisetyenziselwa ukunqumla imilambo, ukuxinana kwamathontsi, kunye nokwenza amadama, anjengamadama, amasango, njl.njl.
2. Izakhiwo zokukhupha amanzi: Izakhiwo zokukhutshwa kwamanzi zisetyenziselwa ukukhulula izikhukhula, okanye ukukhulula amanzi okusetyenziswa ngaphantsi komlambo, okanye ukukhulula amanzi ekunciphiseni umgangatho wamanzi wamanzi, njenge-spillway, i-spillway tunnel, i-outlet ephantsi, njl.
3. Isakhiwo sokuthatha amanzi kwisikhululo sombane: Ubume bokungenisa amanzi kwisikhululo soveliso lombane lusetyenziselwa ukungenisa amanzi kumjelo wokuphambukisa, njengendawo enzulu nengekho nzulu ngoxinzelelo okanye indawo yokungena evulekileyo ngaphandle koxinzelelo.
4. Uphambuko lwamanzi kunye nezakhiwo zetayile zezikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi: Iziseko zophambuko lwamanzi kwizikhululo zoveliso lombane zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi okuvelisa umbane ukusuka kwidama ukuya kwiyunithi yejenereyitha yomoya; Ulwakhiwo lwamanzi asemva lusetyenziselwa ukukhupha amanzi asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane kumjelo ongezantsi womlambo. Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya iziteshi, iitonela, iipayipi zoxinzelelo, njl., kunye nezakhiwo ezinqamlezayo ezifana ne-aqueducts, i-culverts, i-siphons inverted, njl.
5. Izakhiwo zamanzi acwebileyo ombane wamanzi aphantsi kombane: Izakhiwo zamanzi acwecwe ngombane wamanzi zisetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa utshintsho lokuhamba kunye noxinzelelo (ubunzulu bamanzi) okubangelwa utshintsho kumthwalo wesikhululo sombane wamanzi kwi-diversion okanye i-tailwater structures, ezifana negumbi lokunyuka kwi-channel diversion ene-pressurized kunye ne-forebay yoxinzelelo ekupheleni kwendlela yokuguqula i-non-pressurized diversion.
6. Ukuveliswa kwamandla, ukuguqulwa, kunye nezakhiwo zokusasaza: kubandakanywa nendlu enkulu yamandla (kubandakanywa indawo yokufakela) yokufakela iiyunithi zejeneretha ye-hydraulic turbine generator kunye nolawulo lwayo, izixhobo ezincedisayo zendlu yamandla ancedisayo, i-yard ye-transformer yokufakela i-transformers, kunye ne-high-voltage switchgear yokufakela izixhobo zokuhambisa i-voltage ephezulu.
7. Ezinye izakhiwo: ezifana neenqanawa, imithi, intlanzi, ukuvala isanti, ukugungxulwa kwesanti, njl.
Ukuhlelwa okuqhelekileyo kwamadama
Idama libhekisa kwidama elingenela imilambo livale amanzi, kwakunye nedama elivala amanzi kumadama, emilanjeni, njl. Ubunjineli bohlulwe kakhulu ngokwezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
1. IDama lomxhuzulane
Idama lomxhuzulane lidama elakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nekhonkrithi okanye ilitye, elixhomekeke ubukhulu becala kubunzima bomzimba wedama ukugcina uzinzo.
Umgaqo wokusebenza wamadama womxhuzulane
Phantsi kwentshukumo yoxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye neminye imithwalo, amadama omxhuzulane ikakhulu axhomekeke kumandla okuthintela ukutyibilika okwenziwa bubunzima bedama ngokwalo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zozinzo; Kwangaxeshanye, uxinzelelo olucinezelayo oluveliswa bubunzima bomzimba wedama lusetyenziselwa ukuphelisa uxinzelelo olubangelwa luxinzelelo lwamanzi, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zamandla. Iprofayili esisiseko yedama lomxhuzulane ngunxantathu. Kwinqwelomoya, i-axis yedama idla ngokuthe tye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukuze ilungelelane nomhlaba, iimeko zejoloji, okanye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuma kwe-hub, inokucwangciswa kwakhona njengomgca ophukileyo okanye i-arch ene-curvature encinci ukuya phezulu.
Izinto eziluncedo kumadama womxhuzulane
(1) Umsebenzi wesakhiwo ucacile, indlela yoyilo ilula, kwaye ikhuselekile kwaye inokwethenjelwa. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani, izinga lokusilela kwamadama womxhuzulane liphantsi ngokwentelekiso phakathi kweentlobo ngeentlobo zamadama.
(2) Ukulungelelaniswa okuqinileyo kwimihlaba kunye neemeko zejoloji. Amadama omxhuzulane anokwakhiwa kuyo nayiphi na imilo yentlambo yomlambo.
(3) Ingxaki yokukhutshelwa kwezikhukula kwi-hub kulula ukuyisombulula. Amadama omxhuzulane anokwenziwa abe ngamanqwanqwa okuphuphuma, okanye imingxunya yokuhambisa amanzi inokusetwa kumphakamo owahlukileyo womzimba wedama. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho mfuneko yokufakela enye i-spillway okanye itonela yamanzi, kwaye i-hub layout ihlangene.
(4) Ilungele ukuphambuka kulwakhiwo. Ngexesha lokwakha, umzimba wedama ungasetyenziselwa ukuphambukisa, kwaye ngokubanzi akukho tonela eyongezelelweyo yokuguqula iyadingeka.
(5) Ulwakhiwo olulula.
Ububi bamadama womxhuzulane
(1) Ubungakanani obunqamlezileyo bomzimba wedama bukhulu, kwaye kukho ubuninzi bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
(2) Uxinzelelo lomzimba wedama luphantsi, kwaye amandla ezinto eziphathekayo akanakusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo.
(3) Ummandla omkhulu wokudibana phakathi komzimba wedama kunye nesiseko ukhokelela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lokunyuswa kumzantsi wedama, ongathandekiyo kuzinzo.
(4) Umthamo womzimba wedama mkhulu, kwaye ngenxa yobushushu bokufakwa kwamanzi kunye nokuqina kokuqina kwekhonkrithi ngexesha lokwakha, ubushushu obungathandekiyo kunye noxinzelelo lokucutheka luya kuveliswa. Ngoko ke, amanyathelo angqongqo okulawula ukushisa afunekayo xa ugalela ikhonkrithi.
2. I-Arch Dam
Idama le-arch lisakhiwo seqokobhe lesithuba esimiliselwe kwibhedi, lenza imilo ye-arch e-convex kwinqwelo-moya ukuya ngasentla, kwaye iprofayile yayo ye-arch yesithsaba iveza imilo yegophe ethe nkqo okanye yeconvex ukuya phezulu.
Umgaqo wokusebenza wamadama atshi
Isakhiwo se-arch dam sineempembelelo ze-arch kunye ne-beam, kwaye umthwalo owuthweleyo uxinzelelwe ngokuyinxenye ukuya kwiibhanki zombini ngokusebenzisa isenzo se-arch, ngelixa enye inxalenye idluliselwe kwi-bedrock emazantsi edama ngokusebenzisa isenzo semiqadi ethe nkqo.
Iimpawu ze-arch dams
(1) Iimpawu ezizinzileyo. Uzinzo lwamadama e-arch ikakhulu luxhomekeke kumandla okusabela kwi-arch ekupheleni kumacala omabini, ngokungafaniyo namadama omxhuzulane axhomekeke kubunzima bobuqu ukugcina uzinzo. Ke ngoko, amadama e-arch aneemfuno eziphezulu zomhlaba kunye neemeko zejoloji yesiza sedama, kunye neemfuneko ezingqongqo zonyango lwesiseko.
(2) Iimpawu zesakhiwo. Amadama ama-Arch akwizakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezingamiselwanga ngokwestatiki, ezinomthamo omkhulu wokugcwala kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu. Xa imithwalo yangaphandle inyuka okanye inxalenye yedama ifumana ukuqhekeka kwendawo, izenzo ze-arch kunye ne-beam yomzimba wedama ziya kuzilungisa ngokwazo, zibangele ukusabalalisa kwakhona uxinzelelo kumzimba wedama. I-arch dam sisakhiwo esipheleleyo sesithuba, esinomzimba okhaphukhaphu kunye nomelele. Inkqubo yobunjineli ibonise ukuba ukuxhathisa kwayo kwinyikima kunamandla. Ukongeza, njenge-arch sisakhiwo se-thrust esithwala ubukhulu becala uxinzelelo lwe-axial, umzuzu wokugoba ngaphakathi kwe-arch umncinci, kwaye usasazo loxinzelelo lufana ngokufanayo, olunceda ukusebenzisa amandla ezinto eziphathekayo. Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, amadama aloluhlobo oluphezulu kakhulu lwedama.
(3) Iimpawu zomthwalo. Umzimba we-arch dam awunawo amalungu okwandisa ngokusisigxina, kwaye utshintsho lwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokuguqulwa kwebhedi kunempembelelo enkulu kuxinzelelo lomzimba wedama. Xa uyila, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela i-deformation ye-bedrock kunye nokubandakanya ukushisa njengomthwalo oyintloko.
Ngenxa yeprofayili ebhityileyo kunye nokuntsonkotha kwemilo yejometri yedama le-arch, umgangatho wokwakha, amandla ezinto zedama, kunye neemfuno zokuchasana nokuqhekeka kwamanzi zingqongqo kunezo zamadama womxhuzulane.
3. Idama lomhlaba elinamatye
Amadama amatye omhlaba abhekisele kumadama enziwe ngezinto zasekuhlaleni ezifana nomhlaba namatye, kwaye lolona hlobo ludala embalini. Amadama amatye omhlaba lolona hlobo lusetyenziswa kakhulu noluphuhla ngokukhawuleza lolwakhiwo lwamadama ehlabathini.
Izizathu zokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nophuhliso lwamadama omhlaba wamatye
(1) Kuyenzeka ukuba kufumaneke imathiriyeli ekuhlaleni nakwindawo ekufutshane, ukonga isixa esikhulu sesamente, iinkuni, nentsimbi, nokunciphisa umthamo wothutho lwangaphandle kwindawo yokwakha. Phantse nawuphi na umhlaba namatye angasetyenziselwa ukwakha amadama.
(2) Ukwazi ukuziqhelanisa neendawo ezahlukeneyo, ijoloji, kunye neemeko zemozulu. Ngokukodwa kwiimeko zemozulu ezinzima, iimeko zobunjineli ezintsonkothileyo zejoloji, kunye neendawo ezinobunzulu benyikima, amadama angamatye omhlaba akuphela kohlobo lwedama olunokwenzeka.
(3) Ukuphuhliswa koomatshini abakhulu, abasebenzisa izinto ezininzi, kunye noomatshini bokwakha abakumgangatho ophezulu kuye kwanyusa ukuxinana okuxineneyo kwamadama amatye omhlaba, kwanciphisa indawo enqamlezileyo yamadama amatye omhlaba, kwakhawulezisa inkqubela yolwakhiwo, kwanciphisa iindleko, kwaza kwakhuthaza uphuhliso lokwakhiwa kwamadama amatye aphantsi komhlaba.
(4) Ngenxa yophuhliso lwethiyori yobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha, iindlela zovavanyo, kunye nobuchule bokubala, umgangatho wohlalutyo nokubala uphuculwe, inkqubela-phambili yoyilo ikhawuleziswe, kwaye ukhuseleko nokuthembeka koyilo lwedama kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngakumbi.
(5) Uphuhliso olubanzi loyilo nolwakhiwo lobugcisa bokuxhasa iiprojekthi zobunjineli ezinje ngemithambeka ephezulu, izakhiwo zobunjineli eziphantsi komhlaba, kunye nokuchithwa kwamandla okuhamba kwamanzi ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nokuthintela ukhukuliseko lwamadama amatye omhlaba nako kudlale indima ebalulekileyo yokukhuthaza ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa nokukhuthaza amadama amatye omhlaba.
4. Idama lokuzalisa ilitye
Idama le-Rockfill ngokubanzi libhekisa kuhlobo lwedama olwakhiwe kusetyenziswa iindlela ezinjengokugibisela, ukugcwalisa, kunye nokuqengqeleka kwemathiriyeli yamatye. Ngenxa yokuba i-rockfill iyangena, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa izinto ezinjengomhlaba, ikhonkrithi, okanye ikhonkrithi ye-asphalt njengezinto ezingenamanzi.
Iimpawu zeRockfill Dam
(1) Iimpawu zesakhiwo. Ubuninzi be-rockfill exineneyo buphezulu, amandla okucheba aphezulu, kwaye ithambeka ledama linokwenziwa libe mnqantsa. Oku akugcini nje ukusindisa inani lokuzaliswa kwedama, kodwa kunciphisa ububanzi bomzantsi wedama. Ubude bokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye nezakhiwo zokukhupha zingancitshiswa ngokuhambelanayo, kwaye i-layout of hub i-compact, iyancipha ngakumbi ubuninzi bobunjineli.
(2) Iimpawu zokwakha. Ngokwemeko yoxinzelelo lwelungu ngalinye lomzimba wedama, umzimba we-rockfill unokwahlulwa ube ziindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zamatye kunye nokubumbana kwendawo nganye kunokuhlangatyezwana nazo. Izinto ezenziwe ngamatye ezibiweyo ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhambisa amanzi kwi-hub zingasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, ukunciphisa iindleko. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama ajongene namatye ekhonkrithi akuchatshazelwa kangako ziimeko zemozulu ezifana nexesha lemvula kunye nengqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo, kwaye kunokwenziwa ngendlela elungeleleneyo neqhelekileyo.
(3) Iimpawu zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa. I-deformation yokuhlalisa i-rockfill edibeneyo incinci kakhulu.
isikhululo sokumpompa
1, Amacandelo asisiseko kubunjineli besikhululo sempompo
Iprojekthi yesikhululo sokumpompa ikakhulu inamagumbi okumpompa, imibhobho, indawo yokungena amanzi nezakhiwo zokuphuma, kunye nezikhululo ezincinci, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso. Iyunithi equkethe impompo yamanzi, isixhobo sokuhambisa, kunye neyunithi yamandla ifakwe kwigumbi lokumpompa, kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo kunye nezixhobo zombane. Ezona zakhiwo zingundoqo zokungena nokuphuma kwamanzi ziquka indawo yokungena kwamanzi kunye neendawo zokuwaphambukisa, kwakunye namachibi okungena nawokuphuma (okanye iinqaba zamanzi).
Imibhobho yesikhululo sokumpompa ibandakanya imibhobho yokungena kunye nokuphuma. Umbhobho wokungena udibanisa umthombo wamanzi kwindawo yokungena yempompo yamanzi, ngelixa umbhobho wokuphuma ngumbhobho odibanisa indawo yokuphuma yempompo yamanzi kunye nomphetho wokuphuma.
Emva kokuba isikhululo sepompo sisetyenziswe, ukuhamba kwamanzi kunokungena kwimpompo yamanzi ngesakhiwo sokungena kunye nombhobho wokungena. Emva koxinzelelo lwempompo yamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi kuya kuthunyelwa kwi-outlet pool (okanye inqaba yamanzi) okanye inethiwekhi yombhobho, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa injongo yokuphakamisa okanye ukuthutha amanzi.
2, Uyilo lwe hub yesikhululo sempompo
Uyilo lwe hub yobunjineli besikhululo sokumpompa kukuqwalasela ngokubanzi iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno, ukumisela iindidi zezakhiwo, ukulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo izikhundla zazo ezihambelanayo, kunye nokusingatha ubudlelwane bazo. Uyilo lwe-hub luqwalaselwa ikakhulu ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi eyenziwa sisikhululo sokumpompa. Izikhululo zokumpompa ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zibe namalungiselelo ahlukeneyo emisebenzi yazo ephambili, njengamagumbi okumpompa, imibhobho yokungena nokuphumayo, kunye nezakhiwo zokungena neziphumayo.
Izakhiwo ezincedisayo ezihambelanayo ezifana neekholvethi kunye namasango okulawula kufuneka ahambelane neprojekthi engundoqo. Ukongeza, kuqwalaselwa iimfuno zokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ukuba kukho iimfuneko zeendlela, ukuthunyelwa, kunye nokuhamba kweentlanzi ngaphakathi kwendawo yesikhululo, ubudlelwane phakathi kokuhlelwa kweebhulorho zendlela, izitshixo zeenqanawa, iindlela zentlanzi, njl. kunye neprojekthi engundoqo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.
Ngokwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa zizikhululo zokumpompa, ubume bezikhululo zesikhululo sokumpompa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka iindlela ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nezitishi zokunkcenkceshela, izikhululo zokumpompa amanzi, kunye nezikhululo zendibaniselwano zokunkcenkceshela.
Isango lamanzi sisakhiwo esisezantsi se-hydraulic esebenzisa amasango ukugcina amanzi kunye nokulawula ukukhutshwa. Idla ngokwakhiwa kwiindonga zemilambo, imijelo, amadama namachibi.
1, Ukuhlelwa kwamasango amanzi asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo
Ukuhlelwa ngokwemisebenzi eyenziwa ngamasango amanzi
1. Isango lokulawula: elakhelwe phezu komlambo okanye umjelo wokuthintela izikhukhula, ukulungelelanisa amanqanaba amanzi, okanye ukulawula ukuhamba kokuphuma. Isango lokulawula elibekwe kumjelo womlambo likwabizwa ngokuba lisango lokuvala umlambo.
2. Isango lokungena: Yakhiwe elunxwemeni lomlambo, kwidama, okanye echibini ukuze ilawule ukuhamba kwamanzi. Isango lokungena likwabizwa ngokuba lisango lokungena okanye isango lentloko yomjelo.
3. Isango lophambuko lwezandyondyo: Ihlala yakhiwe kwicala elinye lomlambo, isetyenziselwa ukukhupha izandyondyo ezigqithisa umthamo okhuselekileyo wokukhuphela ongezantsi komlambo ukuya kwindawo yophambuko lwezikhukhula (ugcino lwezikhukhula okanye indawo yogcino) okanye indlela yokuchitheka. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula lidlula emanzini kumacala omabini, kwaye emva komkhukula, amanzi agcinwa kwaye akhutshelwe kumjelo womlambo ukusuka apha.
4. Isango lemibhobho yamanzi: idla ngokwakhiwa ecaleni kweendonga zemilambo ukuze kususwe ukutshona kwamanzi okuyingozi kwizityalo kwiindawo ezisemhlabeni okanye ezisemazantsi. Isango lokuhambisa amanzi likwayi-bidirectional. Xa inqanaba lamanzi lomlambo liphezulu kunelo chibi elingaphakathi okanye ukudakumba, isango lokukhupha amanzi livala kakhulu amanzi ukuthintela umlambo ekuphuphumani komhlaba weefama okanye izakhiwo zokuhlala; Xa umgangatho wamanzi omlambo ungaphantsi kunelo chibi langaphakathi okanye ukudandatheka, isango lokukhupha amanzi lisetyenziselwa ukukhupha amanzi kunye nokukhupha amanzi.
5. Isango lolwandle: elakhiwe kufutshane nechweba lolwandle, livalwe ngexesha lokuza kwamanzi ukuze kuthintelwe amanzi olwandle ukuba abuyele umva; Ukuvula isango ukukhulula amanzi kwi-low tide kunophawu lokuthintela amanzi aphindwe kabini. Amasango e-Tidal ayafana namasango okuhambisa amanzi, kodwa asebenza rhoqo. Xa amaza akulwandle olungaphandle ephakamile kunalawo akumlambo ongaphakathi, wuvale isango ukuze amanzi olwandle angabuyeli kumlambo ongaphakathi; Xa umsinga kulwandle oluvulekileyo ungaphantsi kunamanzi omlambo kulwandle olungaphakathi, vula isango ukukhulula amanzi.
6. Isango lokugungxulwa kwesanti (isango lokukhupha isanti): Yakhelwe kumlambo odaka, isetyenziselwa ukukhupha intlenga efakwe phambi kwesango lokungena, isango lolawulo, okanye inkqubo yomjelo.
7. Ukongezelela, kukho amasango okukhupha i-ice kunye namasango e-sewage amiselwe ukususa iibhloko ze-ice, izinto ezidadayo, njl.
Ngokwendlela yesakhiwo segumbi lesango, inokwahlulwa ibe luhlobo oluvulekileyo, uhlobo lodonga lwebele, kunye nohlobo lwe-culvert, njl.
1. Uhlobo oluvulekileyo: Umphezulu wokuhamba kwamanzi ngesango awuthinteki, kwaye umthamo wokukhupha ukhulu.
2. Uhlobo lodonga lwebele: Kukho udonga lwamabele ngaphezu kwesango, olunokunciphisa amandla kwisango ngexesha lokuvalwa kwamanzi kunye nokwandisa i-amplitude yokuthintela amanzi.
3. Uhlobo lweClvert: Phambi kwesango, kukho umzimba wetonela ocinezelekileyo okanye ongenaxinzelelo, kwaye umphezulu wetonela ugqunywe ngumhlaba wokuzalisa. Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu kumasango amancinci amanzi.
Ngokobungakanani bokuhamba kwesango, lunokwahlulwa lube ziifom ezintathu: ezinkulu, eziphakathi, nezincinci.
Amasango amakhulu amanzi anesantya sokuhamba ngaphezu kwe-1000m3/s;
Isango lamanzi eliphakathi kunye nomthamo we-100-1000m3 / s;
Iisluyisi ezincinci ezinomthamo ongaphantsi kwe-100m3 / s.
2, Ukwakhiwa kwamasango amanzi
Isango lamanzi libandakanya ubukhulu becala amacandelo amathathu: icandelo lokudibanisa phezulu, igumbi lesango, kunye necandelo lokudibanisa elisezantsi,
Icandelo lokuxhuma okunyukayo: Icandelo elidibanisayo elinyukayo lisetyenziselwa ukukhokela ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokufanelekileyo kwigumbi lesango, ukukhusela zombini iibhanki kunye nomlambo ukusuka ekukhukulisekeni, kunye kunye negumbi, yenza i-contour ephantsi komhlaba echasene ne-seepage ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza okuchasene ne-seepage zombini iibhanki kunye nesiseko sesango phantsi kwe-seepage. Ngokubanzi, ibandakanya iindonga zamaphiko aphezulu, indawo yokulala, imijelo echasene nokhukuliseko, kunye nokhuseleko lwethambeka kumacala omabini.
Igumbi lesango: Yeyona nxalenye iphambili yesango lamanzi, kwaye umsebenzi wayo kukulawula umgangatho wamanzi kunye nokuhamba, kunye nokuthintela ukubola kunye nokukhukuliseka.
Isakhiwo secandelo legumbi lesango libandakanya: isango, i-gate pier, i-side pier (udonga lonxweme), i-plate ephantsi, udonga lwebele, ibhuloho yokusebenza, ibhuloho yezithuthi, i-hoist, njl.
Isango lisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukuhamba kwesango; Isango libekwe kwi-plate ephantsi yesango, ivule i-orifice kwaye ixhaswe yi-pier yesango. Isango lohlulwe ngokwesango lokulungisa kunye nesango lenkonzo.
Isango elisebenzayo lisetyenziselwa ukuvimba amanzi ngexesha lokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kokukhutshwa;
Isango lokulungisa lisetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi okwethutyana ngexesha lolondolozo.
I-gate pier isetyenziselwa ukwahlula i-bay hole kunye nokuxhasa isango, udonga lwamabele, ibhulorho yokusebenza, kunye nebhulorho yezithuthi.
Isango lesango lidlulisela uxinzelelo lwamanzi oluthwalwa lisango, udonga lwamabele, kunye nomthamo wokugcina amanzi wesango lesango ngokwalo kwipleyiti engezantsi;
Udonga lwebele lufakwe ngaphezu kwesango lokusebenza ukunceda ukugcina amanzi kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ubungakanani besango.
Udonga lwebele lunokwenziwa lube luhlobo olushukumayo, kwaye xa udibana nezikhukhula eziyingozi, udonga lwebele lunokuvulwa ukuze lwandise ukukhupha.
Isitya esisezantsi sisiseko segumbi, esisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ubunzima kunye nomthwalo wesakhiwo esiphezulu segumbi kwisiseko. Igumbi elakhiwe kwisiseko esithambileyo lizinziswe ngokukodwa ngokungqubuzana phakathi kweplate ephantsi kunye nesiseko, kwaye i-plate ephantsi nayo inemisebenzi ye-anti-seepage kunye ne-anti-scour.
Iibhulorho zomsebenzi kunye neebhulorho zendlela zisetyenziselwa ukufakela izixhobo zokunyusa, ukusebenza kwamasango, kunye nokudibanisa i-traffic-strait traffic.
Icandelo lokuxhunyelelwa kwe-downstream: lisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa amandla aseleyo okuhamba kwamanzi adlula kwisango, ukukhokela ukusasazwa okufanayo kwamanzi okuphuma ngaphandle kwesango, ukulungelelanisa ukuhanjiswa kwesantya sokuhamba kunye nokunciphisa isantya sokuhamba, kunye nokuthintela ukukhukuliseka komlambo emva kokuphuma kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesango.
Ngokubanzi, ibandakanya ichibi lokumisa, ifaskoti, ifaskoti, umjelo osezantsi wokuchasa umjelo, iindonga zamaphiko ezantsi, kunye nokhuseleko lwethambeka kumacala omabini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-21-2023
