Ithontsi lamanzi lingasetyenziswa njani izihlandlo ezili-19? Inqaku lityhila iimfihlakalo zokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi
Kangangexesha elide, ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kube yindlela ebalulekileyo yokubonelela ngombane. Umlambo uhamba amawaka eekhilomitha, uqulethe amandla amakhulu. Ukuphuhliswa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla endalo amanzi abe ngumbane kubizwa ngokuba kukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi. Inkqubo yokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla.
1, Yintoni isikhululo samandla sokugcina izinto esimpompiweyo?
Izitishi zamandla zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiweyo ngoku zezona ndlela zokugcina amandla ezivuthiweyo kakhulu kwaye zizinzile kakhulu. Ngokwakha okanye ukusebenzisa amachibi amabini akhoyo, kwakheka ithontsi, kwaye umbane ongaphezulu ovela kwinkqubo yamandla ngexesha lomthwalo ophantsi uphonswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ukuze zigcinwe. Ngexesha lomthwalo ophezulu, umbane uveliswa ngokukhupha amanzi, aziwa ngokuba yi-"super power bank"
Izitishi zamandla ombane ngamanzi zizixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla okuhamba kwamanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Zihlala zakhiwa kwiindawo ezinamanzi amaninzi emilanjeni, zisebenzisa amadama ukuthintela ukuhamba kwamanzi nokwenza iindawo zokugcina amanzi, ezithi emva koko ziguqule amandla amanzi abe ngumbane ngokusebenzisa iiturbine zamanzi kunye neejenereyitha.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane kwesikhululo esinye samandla ombane akubi phezulu kuba emva kokuba amanzi edlula kwisikhululo samandla ombane, kusekho amandla amaninzi e-kinetic aseleyo angasetyenziswayo. Ukuba izitishi ezininzi zamandla ombane zingadityaniswa ngochungechunge ukwenza inkqubo ye-cascade, ithontsi lamanzi lingasetyenziswa amaxesha amaninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eziphakamileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane.
Zithini iingenelo zezitishi zamanzi ngaphandle kokuveliswa kombane? Enyanisweni, ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamanzi kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nolwentlalo lwasekuhlaleni.
Kwelinye icala, ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamandla ombane kungaqhuba ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso zasekuhlaleni kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamandla ombane kufuna inani elikhulu labasebenzi, izixhobo eziphathekayo, kunye notyalo-mali lwezemali, olubonelela ngamathuba emisebenzi yasekuhlaleni kunye nemfuno yemarike, luqhuba uphuhliso lwemixokelelwane yemizi-mveliso enxulumeneyo, kwaye lunyusa ingeniso yemali yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, utyalo-mali lulonke lweprojekthi yeSitishi samandla ombane saseWudongde lumalunga ne-120 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, olunokuqhuba utyalo-mali olunxulumene nemimandla oluyi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuya kwi-125 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Ngexesha lokwakhiwa, ukunyuka okuqhelekileyo kwengqesho ngonyaka kumalunga ne-700000 yabantu, okwenza amandla amatsha okuqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni.
Kwelinye icala, ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamandla ombane kunokuphucula imeko-bume yendalo yendawo kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamandla ombane akufanele kulandele imigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa kukwaqhube nokubuyiselwa kwendalo kunye nokukhuselwa, ukuzalisa nokukhulula iintlanzi ezinqabileyo, ukuphucula iindawo zomlambo, kunye nokukhuthaza ulwahlulo lwezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, ukusukela oko kwasekwa iSitishi samandla ombane saseWudongde, kukhululwe iintlanzi ezingaphezu kwama-780000 ezinqabileyo ezifana nentlanzi yesisu esiqhekekileyo, i-white turtle, i-long thin loach, kunye ne-bass carp. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamandla ombane kukwafuna ukufuduswa kunye nokuhlala kwakhona kwabafuduki, nto leyo ebonelela ngeemeko zokuphila ezingcono kunye namathuba ophuhliso kubantu basekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, iSithili saseQiaojia yindawo yeSitishi samandla ombane saseBaihetan, ebandakanya ukufuduswa kunye nokuhlala kwakhona kwabantu abangama-48563. ISithili saseQiaojia siguqule indawo yokuhlala kwakhona yaba yindawo yanamhlanje yokuhlala kwakhona, iziseko zophuhliso eziphuculweyo kunye nezibonelelo zenkonzo yoluntu, kwaye siphucule umgangatho wobomi kunye nolonwabo lwabantu abafudukayo.
Isikhululo samandla ombane asikho nje kuphela isikhululo samandla ombane, kodwa sikwasisikhululo esizuzisayo. Asiboneleli nje kuphela ngamandla acocekileyo kwilizwe, kodwa sikwazisa nophuhliso oluluhlaza kwindawo yasekuhlaleni. Le yimeko enceda bonke abantu, nto leyo esifanele siyixabise kwaye siyifunde.
2, Iintlobo ezisisiseko zokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi
Iindlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokuhla okuxiniweyo ziquka ukwakhiwa kwedama, ukuphambukisa amanzi, okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zombini.
Yakha idama kwicandelo lomlambo elinethontsi elikhulu, misela idama lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa umgangatho wamanzi, ufake i-turbine yamanzi ngaphandle kwedama, kwaye amanzi avela kwidama ahamba ngetshaneli yokuhambisa amanzi (itshaneli yokujika) ukuya kwi-turbine yamanzi esezantsi kwedama. Amanzi aqhuba i-turbine ukuba ijikeleze kwaye iqhube ijenereyitha ukuvelisa umbane, aze ahambe ngetshaneli yomzila ongasemva ukuya emlanjeni ongezantsi. Le yindlela yokwakha idama nokwakha idama lokuvelisa umbane.
Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wamanzi phakathi komphezulu wamanzi wedama elingaphakathi kwedama kunye nomphezulu wokuphuma kwe-hydraulic turbine ngaphandle kwedama, amanzi amaninzi kwidama angasetyenziselwa umsebenzi ngamandla amakhulu anokubakho, anokufikelela kwisantya esiphezulu sokusetyenziswa komthombo wamanzi. Isikhululo samandla ombane esasekwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokunciphisa okunzulu ekwakhiweni kwedama sibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo samandla ombane sohlobo lwedama, ikakhulu esiquka izikhululo zamandla ombane zohlobo lwedama kunye nezikhululo zamandla ombane zohlobo lwe-riverbed.
Ukuseka idama lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa umgangatho wamanzi kwiindawo eziphezulu zomlambo, ukufaka i-turbine yamanzi kwiindawo ezisezantsi, kunye nokujika amanzi ukusuka kwidama elingaphezulu ukuya kwi-turbine yamanzi esezantsi ngetshaneli yokujika. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuqhuba i-turbine ukuba ijikeleze kwaye iqhube ijenereyitha ukuvelisa umbane, ize idlule kwitshaneli yomgca ongasemva ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi zomlambo. Itshaneli yokujika iya kuba nde kwaye idlule entabeni, eyindlela yokujika amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umbane.
Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wamanzi kwi-H0 phakathi komphezulu wedama elingaphezulu komfula kunye nomphezulu we-turbine outlet osezantsi, amanzi amaninzi kwidama asebenza ngamandla amakhulu, anokufezekisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemithombo yamanzi. Izityalo zamandla ombane ezisebenzisa indlela yokuphambukisa amanzi enzulu zibizwa ngokuba zizikhululo zamandla ombane zohlobo lwe-diversion, ikakhulu eziquka izikhululo zamandla ombane zohlobo lwe-pressure diversion kunye nezikhululo zamandla ombane zohlobo lwe-non-pressure diversion.
3, Ungayifumana njani “indlela yokuphinda usebenzise ithontsi lamanzi izihlandlo ezili-19”?
Kuyaqondakala ukuba iSitishi sikagesi saseNanshan Hydropower sagqitywa ngokusesikweni saza saqala ukusebenza ngomhla wama-30 kweyeDwarha ngo-2019, esikwindawo edibana kuyo iSithili saseYanyuan kunye neSithili saseButuo kwiSithili esizimeleyo saseLiangshan Yi, kwiPhondo laseSichuan. Umthamo opheleleyo wesitishi sikagesi samanzi yi-102000 megawatts, eyiprojekthi yamandla ombane wamanzi esebenzisa ngokupheleleyo izixhobo zamanzi zendalo, amandla omoya, kunye namandla elanga. Kwaye eyona nto inomtsalane kakhulu kukuba esi sikhululo sikagesi samanzi asivelisi umbane kuphela, kodwa sikwafezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo zamanzi ngeendlela zobuchwepheshe. Sisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ithontsi lamanzi izihlandlo ezili-19, sidala iiyure ezongezelelweyo ze-kilowatt ezingama-34.1 zeebhiliyoni zombane, sidala imimangaliso emininzi kwicandelo lokuvelisa umbane wamanzi.
Okokuqala, iSitishi sikagesi samanzi saseNanshan sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvelisa umbane oxutyiweyo obuhamba phambili kwihlabathi liphela, obusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo imithombo yamanzi yendalo, amandla omoya, kunye namandla elanga, kwaye bufezekisa ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo kunye nentsebenziswano ngeendlela zobuchwepheshe, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Okwesibini, isikhululo samandla ombane sazisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana nohlalutyo lwedatha enkulu, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye ne-Intanethi yezinto ukulawula kakuhle iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neeparamitha zeyunithi, inqanaba lamanzi, intloko, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo samandla ombane. Umzekelo, ngokuseka iteknoloji yokulandelela uxinzelelo lwentloko oluzenzekelayo kunye nolawulo, iyunithi yokuvelisa i-turbine yamanzi iphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamanzi ngelixa iqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, ifezekisa injongo yokwenza ngcono kunye nokwandisa ukuveliswa kombane ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa kwentloko. Kwangaxeshanye, xa inqanaba lamanzi edamini liphantsi, izikhululo zamandla ombane ziseka inkqubo yolawulo olunamandla lwedamini ukuze kuncitshiswe isantya sokwehla kwamanqanaba amanzi, kuphuculwe ukusebenza ngokutsha, kwaye kuphuculwe ngokufanelekileyo amandla okuvelisa umbane.
Ukongeza, uyilo oluhle kakhulu lweNanshan Hydropower Station nalo alunamsebenzi. Isebenzisa i-PM water turbine (iPelton Michel turbine), ebonakaliswa kukuba xa amanzi etshizwa kwi-impeller, indawo enqamlezileyo ye-nozzle kunye nesantya sokuhamba ukuya kwi-impeller zinokulungiswa ngokujikeleza, ukuze kuhambelane necala kunye nesantya se-water spray kunye necala lokujikeleza kunye nesantya se-impeller, okwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane. Ukongeza, kuye kwamkelwa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana netekhnoloji yokutshiza amanzi enamachaphaza amaninzi kunye nokongezwa kwamacandelo ajikelezayo, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane.
Okokugqibela, iSitishi samanzi saseNanshan sikwasebenzisa itekhnoloji yokugcina amandla ekhethekileyo. Iseti yezixhobo zokukhupha amanzi ezingxamisekileyo zongezwe kwindawo yokugcina amanzi. Ngedama lokugcina amanzi, izibonelelo zamanzi zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kufezekisa imisebenzi emininzi efana nokuveliswa kwamanzi kunye nokudluliselwa kombane, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zamanzi ngendlela eyongayo nekhuselekileyo.
Lilonke, isizathu sokuba iNanshan Hydropower Station ifezekise injongo “yokusebenzisa kwakhona ithontsi lamanzi eliphindwe kalishumi elinesithoba” kungenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ubuchwepheshe bokuvelisa amandla ombane obuhlanganisiweyo obuhamba phambili kwihlabathi liphela, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, iindlela zolawulo ezisebenzayo, uyilo olugqwesileyo, kunye netekhnoloji yokugcina amandla ekhethekileyo. Oku akuzisi nje kuphela iingcamango ezintsha kunye neemodeli zophuhliso lweshishini lamandla ombane, kodwa kukwabonelela ngemiboniso eluncedo kunye neempembelelo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lamandla laseTshayina.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-14-2023
