Linokuphinda lisetyenziswe njani ithontsi lamanzi izihlandlo ezili-19? Inqaku lityhila iimfihlakalo zokuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi
Kangangexesha elide, ukuveliswa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi ibiyeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yobonelelo lombane. Umlambo uhamba amawaka eekhilomitha, uqulethe amandla amakhulu. Uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwamandla endalo emanzini kumbane kubizwa ngokuba yimveliso yombane owenziwe ngamanzi. Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla ombane ngenene yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla.
1, Yintoni isikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo sogcino?
Izikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo okwangoku zezona zikhulileyo ngokobuchwepheshe nezizinzileyo zogcino lwamandla aphezulu. Ngokwakha okanye ukusebenzisa amadama amabini asele ekhona, kuye kuthotywe ukuthotywa, kwaye umbane ogqithileyo ophuma kwisixokelelwano samandla ngexesha lomthwalo ophantsi uyampontshelwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ukuze ugcinwe. Ngexesha lomthwalo ophakamileyo, umbane uveliswa ngokukhupha amanzi, aziwa ngokuba yi "super power bank"
Izikhululo zamandla ombane zizixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okuhamba kwamanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Ngokuqhelekileyo zakhiwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zemilambo, zisebenzisa amadama ukuvala ukuhamba kwamanzi kwaye zenze amadama, athi ke aguqule amandla amanzi abe ngumbane ngokusebenzisa iiinjini zamanzi kunye neejenereyitha.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo sombane esinye asiphezulu kuba emva kokuba amanzi equkuqela kwisikhululo soveliso lombane, kusekho amandla amaninzi ekinetic ashiyekileyo angasetyenziswayo. Ukuba izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezininzi zinokudityaniswa kuthotho ukwenza inkqubo ye-cascade, ukuthotywa kwamanzi kunokwenziwa kusebenze amaxesha amaninzi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla.
Ziziphi iingenelo zezikhululo zombane ngaphandle kokuvelisa umbane? Enyanisweni, ulwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi lukwanempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwasekhaya nolwentlalo.
Kwelinye icala, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane wamanzi kunokuqhuba ulwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo zasekhaya kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ombane kufuna isixa esikhulu sabasebenzi, izibonelelo zezinto eziphathekayo, notyalo-mali lwemali, olubonelela ngamathuba engqesho yasekhaya kunye nemfuno yemarike, iqhubela uphuhliso lwamakhonkco emizi-mveliso anxulumeneyo, kunye nokwandisa ingeniso yemali yengingqi. Umzekelo, utyalo-mali lulonke lweprojekthi yesiKhululo soMbane waManzi eWudongde lumalunga ne-120 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ezinokuqhuba utyalo-mali olunxulumene nommandla lwe-100 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuya kwi-125 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Ngexesha lokwakha, umyinge wokunyuka kwengqesho ngonyaka malunga nabantu abangama-70000, okwenza amandla okuqhubela phambili okukhula koqoqosho lwasekhaya.
Kwelinye icala, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane kunokuphucula imo engqongileyo yendawo kunye nempilo yabantu. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane wamanzi akufuneki kulandele imigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa kwakhona kuqhube ukubuyisela nokukhusela indalo, ukuzala nokukhulula iintlanzi ezinqabileyo, kuphuculwe imbonakalo yomhlaba yemilambo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, okoko kwasekwa isikhululo sombane weWudongde Hydropower, ngaphezulu kwe-780000 yeentlanzi ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo ezifana nentlanzi ye-belly fish, ufudo olumhlophe, i-loach ende, kunye ne-bass carp ziye zakhululwa. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane ophehla umbane kukwafuna ukufuduswa kunye nokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo ebonelela ngeemeko ezingcono zokuhlala kunye namathuba ophuhliso kubantu basekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, i-Qiaojia County yindawo ye-Baihetan Hydropower Station, ebandakanya ukufuduka kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu be-48563. I-Qiaojia County iguqule indawo ekuhlaliswe kuyo ukuba ibe yindawo yanamhlanje yokuhlaliswa kwabantu ezidolophini, iziseko ezingundoqo eziphuculweyo kunye nezibonelelo zenkonzo yoluntu, kwaye yaphucula umgangatho wobomi kunye nolonwabo lwabantu basemzini.
Isikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi ayisosikhululo samandla kuphela, kodwa sikwasisixhobo esiluncedo. Ayinikezeli kuphela amandla acocekileyo kwilizwe, kodwa izisa uphuhliso lohlaza kwindawo yendawo. Le yimeko yokuphumelela ekufuneka siyixabisile kwaye sifunde.
2, Iintlobo ezisisiseko zokuvelisa amandla ombane ngamanzi
Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokuwa okugxininisiweyo ziquka ukwakhiwa kwamadama, ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi, okanye indibaniselwano yazo zombini.
Yakha idama kwicandelo lomlambo elinethontsi elikhulu, misela indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wamanzi, ufakele i-iturbine yamanzi ngaphandle kwedama, kwaye amanzi aphuma kwidama ahamba ngomjelo wokuhambisa amanzi (umjelo wokuguqula) ukuya kwi-injini yamanzi kwindawo esezantsi yedama. Amanzi aqhubela i-iturbine ukuba ijikelezise kwaye iqhube ijenereyitha ukuba ivelise umbane, ize ihambe ngomjelo wetailrace ukuya kumlambo osezantsi. Le yindlela yokwakha idama nokwakha indawo yokugcina umbane.
Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wenqanaba lamanzi phakathi komphezulu wamanzi edama elingaphakathi kwidama kunye nomphezulu wokuphuma kweinjini yomoya osebenza ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi ngaphandle kwedama, amanzi amaninzi akwidama angasetyenziselwa umsebenzi ngokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu anokubakho, anokufikelela kwiqondo eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi. Isikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi esisekwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yokwehla okunzulu ekwakhiweni kwamadama sibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo sombane wohlobo lwedama, esibandakanya ubukhulu becala izikhululo zoveliso zamanzi zohlobo lwedama kunye nezikhululo zokuvelisa umbane oluhlobo lwemilambo.
Ukuseka indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wamanzi kwiindawo eziphezulu zomlambo, ukufakela i-iturbine yamanzi kwiindawo ezisezantsi, kunye nokuphambukisa amanzi ukusuka kwidama elinyukayo ukuya kwi-iturbine yamanzi esezantsi ngomjelo wokuguqula. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuqhuba i-iturbine ukuba ijikeleze kwaye iqhube ijenereyitha ukuba ivelise umbane, kwaye idlula kumjelo we-tailrace ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi zomlambo. Umjelo wokuguqula uya kuba mde kwaye udlule entabeni, leyo yindlela yokuguqula amanzi kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.
Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wenqanaba lamanzi i-H0 phakathi komphezulu wedama elinyukayo kunye nomphezulu wokuphuma weinjini yomoya osezantsi, isixa esikhulu samanzi kwidama sisebenza ngamandla amakhulu anokubakho, anokufikelela kwimpumelelo ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi. Amaziko ombane ombane owenziwe ngamanzi asebenzisa intloko egxininisiweyo yendlela yokuphambukisa amanzi abizwa ngokuba zizikhululo zombane wodidi lwe-diversion, ingakumbi kubandakanywa izikhululo zombane odiversion uhlobo loxinzelelo kunye nohlobo lwezikhululo zombane ezingadibaniyo.
3, Ukufumana njani "ukusetyenziswa kwamaxesha ali-19 kwakhona kwethontsi lamanzi"?
Kuyaqondwa ukuba iSikhululo soMbane wamanzi eNanshan sagqitywa ngokusemthethweni saza saqalisa ukusebenza nge-30 ka-Okthobha, 2019, ekudibaneni kweNqila yaseYanyuan kunye neNqila yaseButuo eLiangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, kwiPhondo laseSichuan. Umthamo uwonke ofakelweyo wesikhululo soveliso lombane ziimegawathi ezili-102000, eyiprojekthi yamandla ombane oveliswa ngamanzi esebenzisa ngokubanzi ubutyebi bamanzi endalo, amandla omoya, namandla elanga. Kwaye eyona nto itsala amehlo kukuba esi sikhululo samandla ombane asivelisi umbane kuphela, kodwa sikwaphumeza eyona mpumelelo yobutyebi bamanzi ngokusebenzisa iindlela zobuchwepheshe. Isebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuhla kwamanzi ngamaxesha e-19, idala i-34.1 yeeyure ze-kilowatt ezongezelelweyo zombane, idala imimangaliso emininzi kwintsimi yokuveliswa kombane.
Okokuqala, iSikhululo soMbane waManzi eNanshan samkela itekhnoloji yokuvelisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ngeyona ndlela iphambili kwihlabathi, esebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ubutyebi bamanzi endalo, amandla omoya, kunye namandla elanga, kwaye iphumeze ukulungelelaniswa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nentsebenziswano ngeendlela zobuchwepheshe, ngaloo ndlela kuphunyezwa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Okwesibini, isikhululo sombane wamanzi sazisa itekhnoloji ecekethekileyo efana nohlalutyo olukhulu lwedatha, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye ne-Intanethi yeZinto ukulawula ngokucokisekileyo imiba eyahlukeneyo efana neeparitha zeyunithi, inqanaba lamanzi, intloko, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo samandla ombane. Ngokomzekelo, ngokuseka uxinzelelo lwentloko oluqhubekayo lokulandela umkhondo kunye neteknoloji yokulawula, iyunithi yejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi yandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngelixa iqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo, ukufezekisa injongo yokuphucula kunye nokwandisa ukuveliswa kwamandla ngokulungiswa kwentloko. Kwangaxeshanye, xa inqanaba lamanzi kwidama lisezantsi, izikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi ziseka inkqubo yolawulo eguqukayo yedama ukucothisa isantya sokuhla komphakamo wamanzi, kuphuculwe ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha kokurisayikilisha, nokwandisa ngokufanelekileyo umthamo wokuvelisa umbane.
Ukongeza, uyilo olugqwesileyo lweNanshan Hydropower Station nalo luyimfuneko. Yamkela i-injini yamanzi ye-PM (i-Pelton Michel turbine), ephawulwa kukuba xa amanzi etshizwe kwi-impeller, indawo enqamlezileyo yombhobho kunye nesantya sokuhamba ukuya kwi-impeller inokulungelelaniswa ngokujikeleza, ukuze ihambelane nesalathiso kunye nesantya sokutshiza kwamanzi kunye nesalathiso sokujikeleza kunye nesantya se-impeller, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla. Ukongeza, ubugcisa obuphezulu obufana neteknoloji yokutshiza ngamanzi amaninzi kunye nokongezwa kwamacandelo ajikelezayo amkelwe, kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kombane.
Okokugqibela, iSikhululo soMbane weNanshan samkela itekhnoloji yogcino lwamandla kuphela. Iseti yeendawo zokukhupha amanzi ezingxamisekileyo zongezwa kwindawo yokubeka amanzi. Ngokusebenzisa indawo yokugcina amanzi, imithombo yamanzi inokwahlulwa ibe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ukufezekisa imisebenzi emininzi efana nokuveliswa kwamanzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokukhuselekileyo kobutyebi bamanzi.
Lilonke, isizathu sokuba iNanshan Hydropower Station ifezekise injongo “yokusebenzisa kwakhona amaxesha ali-19 ithontsi lamanzi” kungenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya neyona teknoloji iphambili yehlabathi yokuvelisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha bokusika, iindlela zolawulo olusebenzayo, uyilo olugqwesileyo, kunye neteknoloji eyodwa yokugcina amandla. Oku akuzisi nje izimvo ezintsha kunye neemodeli zophuhliso loshishino lombane wamanzi, kodwa ikwabonelela ngemiboniso enenzuzo kunye nenkuthazo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo loshishino lwamandla eTshayina.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-14-2023
