Izinga eliqhelekileyo lophuhliso lwezixhobo ezincinci zamanzi eTshayina lifikelele kwi-60%, kwaye ezinye iindawo zisondela kwi-90%. Ukuhlola indlela amandla amancinci amanzi anokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kutshintsho oluluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lokwakhiwa kwenkqubo entsha yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi yencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni.
Umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekusombululeni ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kombane kwiindawo zasemaphandleni zaseTshayina, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho noluntu lwasemaphandleni, kunye nokujongana notshintsho lwemozulu. Okwangoku, izinga lophuhliso oluphakathi lwezixhobo ezincinci zombane ophuma emanzini eTshayina lifikelele kwi-60%, kwaye ezinye iindawo zisondela kwi-90%. Ingqwalasela yophuhliso lombane omncinci ophuma emanzini itshintshe ukusuka kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo ukuya ekumbiweni nasekulawulweni kwempahla. Kutshanje, intatheli idlan’ udliwanondlebe noGqr. Xu Jincai, uMlawuli weZiko leMithombo yoMbane elincinci laMazwe ngaMazwe leSebe leMithombo yaManzi kunye noMlawuli weKomiti eKhethekileyo yoMbane ophuma emanzini ye-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuze baphonononge indlela umbane omncinci ophuma emanzini onokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kutshintsho oluluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lokwakhiwa kwenkqubo entsha yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi yencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni.
Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, amazwe ali-136 ayecebise iinjongo zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni, ezigubungela i-88% yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni diokside kwihlabathi liphela, i-90% ye-GDP, kunye ne-85% yabemi. Imeko iyonke yotshintsho oluluhlaza kwihlabathi liphela kunye notshintsho oluphantsi lwekhabhoni ayinakuthintelwa. I-China ikwacebise ukwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo eqinileyo kunye namanyathelo, ejolise ekufikeleleni phezulu kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni diokside ngo-2030 kwaye izame ukufikelela ekungathathi cala kwekhabhoni ngo-2060.
Ngaphezulu kwama-70% eegesi ezikhutshwayo kwihlabathi liphela zinxulumene namandla, kwaye ingxaki yemozulu ifuna ukuba silawule ngokungqongqo ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezikhutshwayo. I-China yeyona mveliso yamandla kunye nomthengi omkhulu kwihlabathi, ibandakanya malunga ne-1/5 kunye ne-1/4 yemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi, ngokwahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zamandla zityebile ngamalahle, azikho kakuhle kwioyile, kwaye ziphantsi kwigesi. Ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle kweoyile kunye negesi yendalo kudlula ama-70% kunye nama-40% ngokwahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo eTshayina kwiminyaka yakutshanje siyabonakala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, amandla apheleleyo afakelweyo amandla avuselelekayo ayedlule kwi-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatts, kwaye amandla avuselelekayo afakelweyo kwihlabathi liphela ayemalunga ne-3.3 yeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatts. Kunokuthiwa ngaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu samandla afakelweyo amandla avuselelekayo avela eTshayina. Ishishini lamandla acocekileyo laseTshayina lenze inzuzo ephambili kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nezinto eziphambili ezifana ne-photovoltaic kunye namandla omoya ezibalelwa kwi-70% yesabelo semarike yehlabathi.
Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwamandla avuselelekayo ngokuqinisekileyo luya kufuna izixhobo ezingakumbi zolawulo, kwaye iingenelo zolawulo lwamandla avuselelekayo nazo ziya kuba zibonakala ngakumbi. Amandla avuselelekayo yiteknoloji yamandla avuselelekayo evuthwe kakhulu kwaye iya kudlala indima entle ekungathathi cala kwekhabhoni kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuphendula oku, urhulumente wase-US uceba ukutyala imali eyi-$630 yezigidi ekuphuculeni nasekuphuculeni iiyunithi zamandla avuselelekayo kuzwelonke, ikakhulu egxile ekugcinweni kwamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
Nangona umbane omncinci wamanzi uthatha inxenye encinci kushishino lwamandla ombane eTshayina, usabaluleke kakhulu. Kukho izikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci ezingaphezu kwe-10000 eTshayina ezinomthamo wokugcina we-100000 cubic metres nangaphezulu, ezizizixhobo zokugcina amandla ezisasazwe ngokukodwa kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ezinokuxhasa umlinganiselo ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kwengingqi ngoqhagamshelo lwegridi.
Uphuhliso oluncinci lwamandla ombane ngamanzi kunye nokuhlala ngoxolo kwendalo
Ngokuchasene nemeko yencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni, indlela yophuhliso lwamandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi iye yatshintsha yaya ekuziqhelaniseni nokwakhiwa kweenkqubo ezintsha zamandla kunye nokufezekisa ukuhlalisana okuvumelanayo phakathi kophuhliso lwamandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo. Isicwangciso sokuSebenza seNcopho yeKhabhoni ngaphambi kowama-2030 sicebisa ngokucacileyo ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso oluluhlaza lwamandla amancinci asebenzisa amanzi njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yesenzo sokuguqula amandla asebenzisa amanzi aluhlaza kunye nenkqubo yokuguqula amashishini asebenzisa amanzi amdaka aphantsi.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iTshayina yenze imisebenzi emininzi ekuguquleni nasekuphuhliseni umbane omncinci osebenzisa amanzi. Enye yazo kukuguqula ukusebenza kakuhle nokwandisa amandla ombane omncinci osebenzisa amanzi. Urhulumente ophakathi utyale imali eyi-8.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwiSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-12, egqibezela ukwandiswa kokusebenza kakuhle nokwandisa amandla kunye nokuhlaziya izikhululo zamanzi zasemaphandleni ezingama-4300. Urhulumente ophakathi utyale imali eyi-4.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwiSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-13, egqibezela ukwandiswa nokusebenza kakuhle nokwandisa amandla kunye nokuhlaziya izikhululo zamanzi ezincinci ezingaphezu kwama-2100 kumaphondo angama-22, kunye nokuguqulwa kwendalo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemilambo engaphezu kwe-1300. Ngo-2017, iZiko leMimandla yoMbane elincinci leHlabathi laququzelela ukuphunyezwa kweprojekthi ye-"Global Environment Facility" yaseTshayina yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ombane amancinci osebenzisa amanzi, ukwandiswa, kunye notshintsho lwexabiso. Okwangoku, umsebenzi wovavanyo ugqityiwe kwiiprojekthi ezili-19 kumaphondo asi-8, kwaye amava ayashwankathelwa ukuze kwabelwane ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwesibini kukucocwa nokulungiswa kombane omncinci osetyenziswa ngamanzi okwenziwa liSebe leMithombo yamanzi ukubuyisela unxibelelwano lomlambo, ukunciphisa ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, kunye nokulungisa iindawo zomlambo. Ukususela ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2020, iYangtze River Economic Belt yacoca yaza yalungisa izitishi zamanzi ezincinci ezingaphezu kwama-25000, kwaye izitishi zamandla ezingaphezu kwama-21000 zasebenzisa ukuhamba kwendalo ngokwemigaqo kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kumaqonga ahlukeneyo olawulo. Okwangoku, ukucocwa nokulungiswa kwezitishi zamanzi ezincinci ezingaphezu kwama-2800 kwiYellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu kukudala izitishi zamandla okubonisa umbane oluhlaza omncinci. Ukusukela oko kwasekwa izitishi zamandla ombane oluhlaza omncinci ngowama-2017, ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, iTshayina idale izitishi zamandla ombane oluhlaza ezincinci ezingaphezu kwama-900. Kule mihla, utshintsho nophuhliso lombane oluhlaza omncinci luye lwaba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe. Izitishi ezininzi zamandla ombane ezincinci kumaphondo nakwizixeko ezahlukeneyo ziye zalungisa imigangatho yombane oluhlaza omncinci, zaphucula ukukhutshwa kokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokubeka esweni ukuhamba kwamanzi, kwaye zasebenzisa ukubuyiselwa kwendalo emilanjeni. Ngokudala iqela lemiboniso yombane oluhlaza omncinci oqhelekileyo, sijolise ekukhawuleziseni uphuhliso oluphezulu lotshintsho oluluhlaza kwiimbombo zemilambo, kwimimandla, kwanakwishishini lamandla ombane amancinci.
Okwesine kukwenza izitishi zamandla ombane ezincinci zibe zezanamhlanje. Okwangoku, izitishi ezininzi zamandla ombane ezincinci zitshintshe indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo nangokungalawulwayo kwesitishi esinye, kwaye ziseka indlela yokusebenza edibeneyo yamaqela ezitishi zamandla ngokwengingqi okanye ngokwesiseko samanzi.
Ngokubanzi, kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukwakhiwa kombane omncinci wamanzi kwakujoliswe ekuboneleleni ngombane kunye nokufezekisa umbane wasemaphandleni. Utshintsho lwangoku lombane omncinci wamanzi lujolise ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye nemiphumo yendalo yesikhululo samandla, kunye nokufezekisa utshintsho oluluhlaza olusemgangathweni ophezulu. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lombane omncinci wamanzi kwixesha elizayo luya kudlala indima ekhethekileyo kulawulo lokugcina amandla, lunceda ekufezekiseni injongo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabini".
Ukujonga phambili, izitishi zamandla ezincinci ezikhoyo zamanzi zinokuguqulwa zibe zitishi zamandla zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiweyo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo angacwangciswanga kunye nokufezekisa utshintsho oluluhlaza lwamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini. Umzekelo, ngoMeyi kunyaka ophelileyo, emva kokuhlaziywa kwesitishi samandla sokugcina amanzi esimpompiweyo saseChunchangba eXiaojin County, kwiSithili sase-Aba, kwiPhondo laseSichuan, kwasekwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla ombane, i-photovoltaic, kunye nendawo yokugcina amanzi empompiweyo.
Ukongeza, umbane wamanzi kunye namandla amatsha anokuhambelana okuqinileyo, kwaye izitishi zamanzi ezincinci zineendawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuninzi obukhulu, uninzi lwazo lungadlali indima entle ekulawuleni ukunikezelwa kombane. Izitishi zamanzi ezincinci zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwizityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo ukuze kuphuculwe ngokubambisana ulawulo lokusebenza kunye neentengiselwano zemarike, zibonelela ngeenkonzo ezincedisayo ezifana nokucheba okuphezulu, ukulawulwa kwamaza, kunye nokugcinwa kwegridi yamandla.
Elinye ithuba elingenakulibaleka kukuba ukudityaniswa kwamandla ombane aphuma emanzini kunye nezatifikethi eziluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza, kunye norhwebo lwekhabhoni kuya kuzisa ixabiso elitsha. Sithatha isatifikethi esiluhlaza samazwe ngamazwe njengomzekelo, ngo-2022, saqalisa uphuhliso lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini. Sikhethe izitishi zamandla ezili-19 kwiLishui Demonstration Zone yeZiko laMandla oMbane elincinci laMazwe ngaMazwe njengemiboniso yophuhliso lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe, saza sagqiba ubhaliso, ukukhutshwa, kunye nokuthengiswa kwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezili-140000 kwiqela lokuqala lezitishi zamandla ezi-6. Okwangoku, phakathi kwazo zonke izatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana namandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, kunye namandla ombane, amandla ombane yiprojekthi enomthamo ophezulu wokukhutshwa, apho amandla amancinci aphuma emanzini amalunga ne-23%. Izatifikethi eziluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza, kunye norhwebo lwekhabhoni zibonisa ixabiso lokusingqongileyo leeprojekthi zamandla amatsha, zinceda ekwenzeni inkqubo yemarike kunye nendlela yexesha elide yokuvelisa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza.
Okokugqibela, ndingathanda ukugxininisa ukuba uphuhliso oluluhlaza lwamandla amancinci aphuma emanzini eTshayina lunokunceda ekuvuseleleni amaphandle. Kulo nyaka, iTshayina iphumeza "iPhulo laMandla oMoya kumawaka eeLali neeDolophu" kunye "nePhulo le-Photovoltaic kumawaka eeKhaya" ukukhuthaza ngokuthe ngcembe uphuhliso lovavanyo lwe-photovoltaics eluphahleni olusasazekileyo kulo lonke isithili, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla acocekileyo emaphandleni, kunye nokwenza ulwakhiwo lovavanyo loguquko lwamandla emaphandleni. Amandla amancinci aphuma emanzini ngumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo onemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokugcina amandla kunye nokulawula, kwaye ikwangumveliso wendalo olulula ukufikelela ekuguqulweni kwexabiso kwiindawo zeentaba. Ingakhuthaza utshintsho olucocekileyo noluphantsi lwekhabhoni lwamandla emaphandleni kwaye incede ekukhuthazeni impumelelo eqhelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-07-2023
