Umyinge wophuhliso lomthombo omncinci wombane wamanzi e-China ufikelele kwi-60%, kwaye eminye imimandla isondela kwi-90%. Ukuphonononga ukuba i-hydropower encinci inokuthatha inxaxheba kwinguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yamandla amatsha phantsi kwemvelaphi ye-carbon peak kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Umbane omncinci wamanzi udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekusombululeni ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kombane kwimimandla yasemaphandleni yaseChina, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo, kunye nokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Okwangoku, umyinge wophuhliso lomthombo omncinci we-hydropower e-China ufikelele kwi-60%, kunye nemimandla ethile isondela kwi-90%. Ugxininiso lophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi lutshintshile lusuka kuphuhliso olongezelelekileyo lwaya kukomba nolawulo lwempahla. Kungekudala, intatheli yadliwano-ndlebe noDkt Xu Jincai, uMlawuli we-International Small Hydropower Centre yoMphathiswa weMithombo yaManzi kunye noMlawuli we-Hydroelectric Power Special Committee ye-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuhlola indlela umbane omncinci onokuthi uthathe inxaxheba ngayo kwinguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lokwakhiwa kwenkqubo entsha yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi ye-carbon peak kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Ukuxhasa ukudibanisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha engingqi kwigridi
Iindaba zaMandla aseTshayina: Yeyiphi indima edlalwa ngamandla ombane omncinci ekuphumezeni iinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni?
Xu Jincai: Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, amazwe ali-136 acebise iinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, equka i-88% ye-carbon dioxide ekhutshwayo yehlabathi, i-90% ye-GDP, kunye ne-85% yabemi. Umgangatho jikelele wenguqu yendalo eluhlaza kunye nekhabhoni ephantsi ayithinteki. I-China iphinde iphakamise ukwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo eqinile, ejolise ekukhupheni ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngo-2030 kwaye izame ukufezekisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060.
Ngaphezu kwe-70% yokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse yehlabathi inxulumene namandla. Ingxaki yeMozulu ifuna ukuba silawule ngokungqongqo ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse. I-China lelona lizwe livelisa amandla amakhulu kunye nabathengi, libalelwa malunga ne-1/5 kunye ne-1/4 yemveliso yamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi, ngokulandelelanayo. Iimpawu zamandla zizityebi ngamalahle, i-oyile ihlwempuzekileyo, kunye negesi encinci. Ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle kweoli kunye negesi yendalo kudlula i-70% kunye ne-40% ngokulandelanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, isantya sophuhliso samandla avuselelekayo e-China kwiminyaka yakutshanje sibonakala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, umthamo ofakiweyo wamandla ahlaziyekayo ubugqithile kwi-1.2 yebhiliyoni ye-kilowatts, kwaye umthamo ofakwe kwihlabathi jikelele wamandla ahlaziyekayo wawumalunga ne-3.3 yebhiliyoni yeekilowatts. Kunokuthiwa ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu somthamo ofakiweyo wamandla avuselelekayo avela eChina. Ishishini lamandla acocekileyo laseTshayina lenze i-advanteji ekhokelayo kwihlabathi, enamacandelo aphambili afana ne-photovoltaic namandla omoya athatha i-70% yesabelo semarike yehlabathi.
Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo ngokuqinisekileyo luya kufuna izixhobo zokulawula ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye iingenelo zolawulo lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi nazo ziya kubonakala ngakumbi. I-Hydropower yeyona teknoloji ikhulileyo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwaye iya kudlala indima entle kubundilele bekhabhoni yehlabathi. Ukuphendula, urhulumente wase-US uceba ukutyala imali ezizigidi ezingama-630 zeerandi kuhlaziyo kunye nokuphuculwa kweeyunithi zombane kuzwelonke, ikakhulu kugxilwe kugcino lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
Nangona umbane omncinci wamanzi uthatha indawo encinci kushishino lombane waseTshayina, usabaluleke kakhulu. Kukho ngaphezu kwe-10000 izikhululo zombane ezincinci ze-hydropower e-China ezinomthamo wokugcina we-100000 cubic metres okanye ngaphezulu, eziyindawo eyodwa yokugcina amandla asasazwayo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ezinokuxhasa umlinganiselo ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha engingqi ngoqhagamshelwano lwegridi.
Uphuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi kunye nokuhlalisana ngokufanelekileyo kokusingqongileyo kwendalo
Iindaba zaMandla aseTshayina: Uwujonga njani umkhwa wokuguqulwa kohlaza kunye nophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi eTshayina?
I-Xu Jincai: Kumxholo wencopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, isikhokelo sophuhliso lwamandla ombane amancinci atshintshele ekuziqhelaniseni nokwakhiwa kweenkqubo zamandla amatsha kunye nokufezekisa ukuhlalisana okuhambelanayo phakathi kophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo. ISicwangciso sokuSebenza seCarbon Peak phambi kwe-2030 ngokucacileyo siphakamisa ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lohlaza lwamandla ombane amancinci njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yentshukumo yamandla aluhlaza kunye nekhabhoni ephantsi.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-China yenze umsebenzi omninzi kwinguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi. Enye kukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwandiswa komthamo wenguqu kumandla ombane amancinci. Urhulumente oyintloko utyale i-8.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwisiCwangciso se-12 seMinyaka emiHlanu, egqibezela ukusebenza kakuhle nokwandiswa komthamo kunye nokulungiswa kwezikhululo zombane zamanzi zasemaphandleni ezingama-4300. Urhulumente oyintloko utyale i-4.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwiSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-13, egqibezela ukusebenza kakuhle nokwandiswa komthamo kunye nokulungiswa kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi ezingaphezu kwama-2100 kumaphondo angama-22, kunye nokuguqulwa kwendalo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemilambo engaphezu kwe-1300. Kwi-2017, i-International Small Hydropower Centre iququzelele ukuphunyezwa kwe-"Global Environment Facility" i-China Small Hydropower Enhancement Enhancement, Expansion, and Transformation value-added project. Ngoku, umsebenzi wokulinga ugqityiwe kwiiprojekthi ezili-19 kumaphondo asi-8, kwaye amava ayashwankathelwa ukuze kwabelwane ngawo ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwesibini kukucocwa kombane omncinci kunye nokulungiswa okwenziwa nguMphathiswa weMithombo yaManzi ukubuyisela unxibelelwano lomlambo, ukunciphisa ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, kunye nokulungisa amacandelo emilambo. Ukusukela ngo-2018 ukuya kowama-2020, iYangtze River Economic Belt yacoca kwaye yalungisa ngaphezulu kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingama-25000, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-21000 yezikhululo zamandla eziphumeza ukuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwemigaqo kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kumaqonga olawulo awohlukeneyo. Okwangoku, ukucocwa nokulungiswa kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingaphezulu kwama-2800 kwiYellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu kukudala izikhululo zombane ezincinci zokubonisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi. Ukusukela ekusekweni kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci eziluhlaza ngo-2017, ukuya ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, i-China idale ngaphezulu kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci eziluhlaza ezingaphezu kwama-900. Kule mihla, inguqu eluhlaza kunye nophuhliso lombane omncinci wamanzi sele ingumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe. Uninzi lwezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi kumaphondo ahlukeneyo kunye nezixeko ziye zalungisa imigangatho emincinci yombane wamanzi ohlaza, ukuphuculwa kokukhutshelwa kwendalo kunye nezibonelelo zokubeka iliso, kwaye ziphumeze ukubuyiselwa kokuphila komlambo. Ngokwenza ibhetshi yemiboniso yombane omncinci oluhlaza oluhlaza, sijonge ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu wotshintsho oluluhlaza kwimisinga yemilambo, imimandla, kunye neshishini elincinci lombane wamanzi.
Eyesine kukuphucula izikhululo zombane ezincinci ngamanzi. Okwangoku, izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi ziyitshintshile indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kunye nokwabela amagunya kwisikhululo esinye, kwaye ziseka indlela yokusebenza emanyeneyo yamaqela ezikhululo zamandla ngokwengingqi okanye ngokwesiseko samanzi.
Ukuncedisa ekufezekiseni iinjongo "zekhabhoni ezimbini".
Iindaba zaMandla aseTshayina: Ngawaphi amathuba ophuhliso lohlaza lwamandla ombane amancinci eTshayina kwixesha elizayo?
Xu Jincai: Lilonke, kwixesha elidlulileyo, ulwakhiwo lombane omncinci wamanzi lwalujoliswe ekuboneleleni ngombane kunye nokuphumeza ukufakelwa kombane emaphandleni. Utshintsho lwangoku lwamandla ombane amancinci lujolise ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye neziphumo zendalo kwisikhululo samandla, kunye nokuphumeza inguqu ekumgangatho ophezulu wohlaza. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-hydropower encinci kwixesha elizayo luya kudlala indima ekhethekileyo kulawulo lokugcinwa kwamandla, ukunceda ukufezekisa injongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini".
Kwixesha elizayo, izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezikhoyo eziqukuqelayo zombane zingatshintshwa zibe yiPumped-storage hydroelectricity ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo ngokungacwangciswanga kunye nokuqaphela inguqu eluhlaza kumbane omncinci wamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngoMeyi wokugqibela, emva kokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Chunchangba isikhululo samandla esipompe kwi-Xiaojin County, i-Aba Prefecture, kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydropower + photovoltaic + pumped storage kwakhiwa.
Ukongeza, amandla ombane kunye namandla amatsha ahambelana kakhulu, kwaye izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi zineendawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiyinge emikhulu, kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu ongadlali indima entle ekulawuleni ukunikezelwa kombane. Izikhululo zombane ezincinci eziveliswa ngamanzi zinokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezincedisayo ezifana nokutsheva okuphezulu, ukumodareyithwa rhoqo kunye nokulinda igridi yamandla ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuMzimveliso wamandla we-Virtual ukwenza ulawulo olululo lokusebenza olulungelelanisiweyo kunye neentengiselwano zentengiso.
Elinye ithuba elingenako ukuhoywa kukuba i-hydropower edityaniswe nekhadi eliluhlaza, amandla aluhlaza kunye nokuthengiswa kweCarbon emission kuya kudlala indima entsha. Sithatha isatifikethi sohlaza samazwe ngamazwe njengomzekelo, ngo-2022, saqalisa uphuhliso lwezatifikethi zohlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zombane omncinci wamanzi. Sikhethe izikhululo zamandla ezili-19 kwiNdawo yokuBonisa iLishui yeZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe ngaMandla ombane amaNcinane njengemiboniso yophuhliso lwesatifikethi sohlaza samazwe ngamazwe, saza sagqiba ukubhaliswa, ukukhutshwa, kunye norhwebo lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza ezili-140000 zamazwe ngamazwe kwibhetshi yokuqala yezikhululo zombane ezi-6. Okwangoku, phakathi kwazo zonke izatifikethi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana namandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, kunye nombane wamanzi, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi yiprojekthi enomthamo omkhulu wokukhutshwa, kunye nomthamo omncinci wombane osebenza ngamanzi malunga ne-23%. Isatifikethi esiluhlaza, umbane oluhlaza kunye nokuthengiswa kweCarbon emission kubonisa iNdlela eNgqongileyo yeeprojekthi zamandla amatsha kunye nokunceda ukwenza inkqubo yemarike kunye neendlela zexesha elide zokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ohlaza.
Okokugqibela, ndingathanda ukugxininisa ukuba uphuhliso lohlaza lwamandla ombane amancinci e-China lunokunceda ekuvuseleleni amaphandle. Kulo nyaka, i-China iphumeza i-"Wind Power Campaign yamawaka eeDolophu kunye neeDolophu" kunye ne "Photovoltaic Campaign yamawaka eentsapho" ukukhuthaza ngokuthe ngcembe uphuhliso lovavanyo lwe-photovoltaics yophahla olusasazwayo kulo lonke elase-county, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla acocekileyo asemaphandleni, kunye nokuqhuba ukwakhiwa kovavanyo lokuguqulwa kwamandla asemaphandleni. Umbane omncinci wamanzi ngamandla ahlaziyekayo anokugcinwa kwamandla awodwa kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo. Ikwayimveliso ye-ikholoji ekulula ukuyiqonda inguquko yexabiso kwimimandla yeentaba. Inokukhuthaza ukucoceka kunye nokuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi kwamandla asemaphandleni kunye nokunceda ukuchuma okuqhelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-13-2023
