Isishwankathelo
I-Hydropower yindlela yokuvelisa amandla esebenzisa amandla anokubakho emanzini ukuwaguqula abe ngamandla ombane. Umgaqo wayo kukusebenzisa ukuhla kwinqanaba lamanzi (amandla anokubakho) ukuhamba phantsi kwesenzo sobunzima (amandla e-kinetic), njengamanzi akhokelayo ukusuka kwimithombo yamanzi ephakamileyo njengemilambo okanye amadama ukuya kumanqanaba aphantsi. Amanzi aqukuqelayo aqhuba i-iturbine ukuba ijikeleze kwaye iqhube ijenereyitha ukuvelisa umbane. Amanzi aphakamileyo aphezulu avela ekushiseni kwelanga kwaye akhuphe amanzi aphantsi, ngoko anokuthathwa ngokungangqalanga ngokusebenzisa amandla elanga. Ngenxa yobuchwephesha bayo obuvuthiweyo, okwangoku yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu amandla avuselelekayo kuluntu.
Ngokwenkcazelo yeDama laMazwe ngaMazwe ngeDama elikhulu, idama lichazwa njengalo naliphi na idama elinobude obungaphezu kweemitha ezili-15 (ukusuka kwindawo esezantsi yesiseko ukuya phezulu kwedama) okanye idama elinobude obuphakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-15 leemitha, elihlangabezana ubuncinane nenye yezi meko zilandelayo:
Ubude becala ledama abuyi kuba ngaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-500;
Umthamo wedama owenziwe lidama awuyi kuba ngaphantsi kwe-1 million cubic metres;
⑶ Ubuninzi bokuqukuqela kwamanzi okulawulwa lidama akusayi kuba ngaphantsi kwe-2000 cubic metres ngomzuzwana;
Ingxaki yesiseko samadama inzima kakhulu;
Uyilo lweli dama luyamangalisa.
Ngokwengxelo ye-BP2021, umbane wehlabathi jikelele owenziwe ngamanzi ubalelwa ku-4296.8/26823.2=16.0% wokuveliswa kwamandla ehlabathi ngo-2020, ngaphantsi kokuveliswa kombane okubaswa ngamalahle (35.1%) kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngegesi (23.4%), kubekwe kwindawo yesithathu ehlabathini.
Ngo-2020, ukuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi kwakulelona likhulu eMpuma Asia nakwiPasifiki, kubalelwa kwi-1643/4370=37.6% yetotali yehlabathi.
Ilizwe elinelona lizwe linamandla okuvelisa umbane ngamanzi yiTshayina, ilandelwa yiBrazil, iUnited States, neRussia. Ngo-2020, ukuveliswa kombane waseTshayina kubalelwa kwi-1322.0/7779.1=17.0% yokuveliswa kombane uwonke eTshayina.
Nangona iTshayina ikwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi malunga nokuveliswa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi, ayikho phezulu kulwakhiwo lokuvelisa umbane welizwe. Amazwe anelona nani liphezulu lokuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi kumbane wawo uwonke ngo-2020 yayiyiBrazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) kunye neCanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
Ngo-2020, ukuveliswa kombane e-China ubukhulu becala kupheliswe amalahle (ibalelwa kuma-63.2%), kulandelwa ngamandla ombane (ibali le-17.0%), ibalwa kwi-1322.0/4296.8=30.8% yombane wehlabathi uwonke. Nangona iTshayina ikwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi kukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi, ayikafikeleli kwincopho yayo. Ngokwengxelo yeWorld Energy Resources 2016 ekhutshwe liBhunga leHlabathi lezaMandla, i-47% yemithombo yombane yaseTshayina ayikaphuhliswa.
Ukuthelekiswa koLwakhiwo lwaMandla phakathi kwaMazwe ama-4 aPhezulu ekuVelisweni koMbane waManzi ngo-2020
Ukusuka kwitheyibhile, kunokubonwa ukuba amandla ombane waseTshayina enza i-akhawunti ye-1322.0/4296.8=30.8% yokuveliswa kombane wamanzi wehlabathi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo wayo wokuveliswa kombane uwonke eTshayina (17%) ungaphezulu nje kancinci kunomndilili wehlabathi (16%).
Kukho iindlela ezine zokuvelisa umbane oveliswa ngamanzi: uhlobo lwedama lokuvelisa umbane oveliswa ngamanzi, ukuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi okugcinwa ngokumpompeka, ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi ohlobo lomsinga, kunye nokuveliswa kombane ohamba ngamaza.
Uhlobo lwedama lokuvelisa umbane osebenza ngamanzi
Uhlobo lwedama lombane wamanzi, okwaziwa ngokuba ngumthombo wombane wohlobo lwedama. Idama lenza amanzi ngokugcina amanzi kungqameko, kwaye amandla awo aphezulu aphumayo amiselwa ngumahluko phakathi komthamo wedama, indawo yokuphuma, kunye nokuphakama komphezulu wamanzi. Lo mahluko wobude ubizwa ngokuba yintloko, ekwabizwa ngokuba yintloko okanye intloko, kwaye amandla anokubakho emanzini alingana ngqo nentloko.
Embindini we-1970, injineli yaseFransi uBernard Forest de B é lidor yapapasha "i-Building Hydraulics", echaza ii-axis hydraulic presses ezithe nkqo nezithe tye. Ngomnyaka we-1771, uRichard Arkwright wadibanisa i-hydraulics, ukwakhiwa kwamanzi, kunye nemveliso eqhubekayo ukuze idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwizakhiwo. Phuhlisa inkqubo yefektri kwaye wamkele iindlela zengqesho zala maxesha. Ngeminyaka yee-1840, uthungelwano lwamandla ombane lwaphuhliswa ukuvelisa umbane kwaye lugqithiselwe kubasebenzisi bokuphela. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iijeneyitha zazisele ziphuhlisiwe yaye ngoku zinokudityaniswa nenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi.
Iprojekthi yokuqala yehlabathi yokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi yayiyiHotele yaseCragside Country eseNorthumberland, eNgilani ngowe-1878, eyayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zokukhanyisa. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, isikhululo sombane sokuqala sabucala savulwa eWisconsin, eUnited States, yaye amakhulukhulu ezikhululo zombane ophehlwa ngamanzi asetyenziswa emva koko ukuze kubekho izibane zasekuhlaleni.
IsiKhululo soMbane wamanzi eShilongba sesona sikhululo soveliso lombane lokuqala eTshayina, esikuMlambo iTanglang ngaphandle kweSixeko saseKunming, kwiPhondo laseYunnan. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngoJulayi 1910 (unyaka weGengxu) kwaye umbane wenziwa ngoMeyi 28, 1912. Umthamo wokuqala ofakiweyo wawuyi-480 kW. Ngomhla wama-25 kuMeyi, 2006, iSikhululo soMbane weShilongba savunywa liBhunga kaRhulumente ukuba sifakwe kwibhetshi yesithandathu yeeyunithi zesizwe ezingundoqo zokukhusela iintsalela zenkcubeko.
Ngokwengxelo ye-REN21's 2021, i-global installed capacity of hydropower in 2020 was 1170GW, kunye ne-China yonyuka nge-12.6GW, i-accounting ye-28% ye-world total, ephezulu kune-Brazil (9%), i-United States (7%), kunye ne-Canada (9.0%).
Ngokwezibalo-manani ze-BP's 2021, ukuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ehlabathi ngo-2020 yayiyi-4296.8 TWh, apho ukuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi e-China yayiyi-1322.0 TWh, ibalwa kwi-30.1% yetotali yehlabathi.
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngombane ngomnye wemithombo ephambili yemveliso yombane yehlabathi kunye nomthombo wamandla okhokelayo wokuvelisa amandla ahlaziyiweyo. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani zeBP's 2021, imveliso yombane yehlabathi ngo-2020 yayiyi-26823.2 TWh, apho ukuveliswa kombane osebenza ngamanzi yayingu-4222.2 TWh, ibalwa kwi-4222.2/26823.2=15.7% yokuveliswa kombane uwonke.
Le datha ivela kwiKhomishini yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngamaDama (ICOLD). Ngokobhaliso ngo-Epreli ka-2020, ngoku kukho amadama angama-58713 kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye i-China yenza i-23841/58713 = 40.6% yetotali yehlabathi.
Ngokwezibalo ze-BP's 2021, ngo-2020, amandla ombane aseTshayina athatha i-1322.0/2236.7=59% yombane wamandla ahlaziyekayo wase-China, obambe indawo ephambili kumbane ohlaziyekayo.
Ngokutsho kwe-International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], ngo-2020, i-hydropower iyonke emhlabeni iya kufikelela kwi-4370TWh, apho i-China (i-31% ye-global total), i-Brazil (9.4%), i-Canada (8.8%), i-United States (6.7%), i-Russia (4.5%), i-2, i-2. (1.8%), iJapan (2.0%), iFransi (1.5%) njalo njalo iya kuba neyona mveliso inkulu yamanzi.
Ngo-2020, ummandla owona mandla ombane wamanzi amaninzi kwihlabathi yayiyiMpuma ye-Asiya kunye nePasifiki, ibalwa kwi-1643/4370=37.6% yetotali yehlabathi; Phakathi kwabo, i-China ivelele ngokukhethekileyo, i-akhawunti ye-31% yelizwe lonke, i-akhawunti ye-1355.20 / 1643 = 82.5% kulo mmandla.
Isixa sombane oveliswa ngamanzi silingana nomthamo uwonke ofakelweyo kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wogcino olumpompelweyo. I-China inomthamo omkhulu wokuvelisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ehlabathini, kwaye kunjalo, umthamo wayo ofakelweyo kunye nomthamo wogcino olumpontshiweyo nawo ukwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi. Ngokutsho kwe-International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, umthamo ofakiweyo waseTshayina wamandla ombane (kubandakanywa nogcino olumpontshwayo) ufikelele kuma-370160MW ngo-2020, ubalwa kuma-370160/1330106=27.8% yenani lilonke, libekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi.
ISikhululo soMbane woMbane weeGorges eziThathu, esona sikhululo soveliso lombane sikhulu ehlabathini, sinomthamo omkhulu wokuvelisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi eTshayina. I-Three Gorges Hydropower Station isebenzisa i-32 ye-Francis turbine, i-700MW nganye, kunye nee-turbines ezimbini ezingama-50MW, ezinomthamo ofakelweyo wama-22500MW kunye nobude bedama obuyi-181m. Umthamo wokuvelisa amandla ngo-2020 uya kuba yi-111.8 TWh, kwaye iindleko zokwakha ziya kuba ¥ 203 billion. Iya kugqitywa ngo-2008.
Izikhululo ezine zodidi lwehlabathi zombane zakhiwe kwindawo yomlambo iYangtze River iJinsha River icandelo laseSichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, and Wudongde. Itotali yomthamo ofakiweyo wezi zikhululo zine zoveliso lombane ngama-46508MW, nto leyo engama-46508/22500=2.07 ngokuphinda-phindwe umthamo ofakelweyo weSikhululo soMbane we-Three Gorges wama-22500MW. Ukuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka yi-185.05/101.6=1.82 amaxesha. I-Baihetan sesona sikhululo sombane sesibini ngobukhulu e-China emva kwesikhululo sombane samanzi se-Three Gorges.
Okwangoku, iSikhululo soMbane we-Three Gorges e-China sesona sikhululo sombane sikhulu ehlabathini. Phakathi kwezona zikhululo ziphezulu ezili-12 ezikhulu zombane emhlabeni, iChina inezihlalo ezithandathu. Idama i-Itaipu, ekudala likwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi, lithe lanyuselwa kwindawo yesithathu yiBaihetan Dam yaseChina.
Esona sikhululo samandla ombane esiqhelekileyo emhlabeni ngo-2021
Kukho izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezili-198 ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1000MW ehlabathini, apho i-China ithatha ama-60, ibalelwa kuma-60/198=30% ewonke jikelele. Okulandelayo yiBrazil, iKhanada neRashiya.
Kukho izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezili-198 ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1000MW ehlabathini, apho i-China ithatha ama-60, ibalelwa kuma-60/198=30% ewonke jikelele. Okulandelayo yiBrazil, iKhanada neRashiya.
Kukho izikhululo zoveliso zamanzi ezingama-60 ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1000MW eChina, ubukhulu becala ezingama-30 kuMfula iYangtze Basin, ezibalelwa kwisiqingatha sezikhululo zombane waseTshayina ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1000MW.
Amaziko ombane osebenza ngamanzi anomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1000MW oqaliswe eTshayina
Ukunyuka ngomlambo usuka kwiDama laseGezhouba nokuwela imijelo yoMlambo iYangtze udlula kwiDama leeGorges eziThathu, lo ngowona mkhosi uphambili wokuhanjiswa kwamandla eTshayina ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma, kunye nesona sikhululo sombane sikhulu ehlabathini: kukho malunga nezikhululo zombane ezingama-90 kumsinga omkhulu woMlambo iYangtze, kuqukwa neThree Gorges River kwiDama le-Wu, i-Three Gorge ekwi-6 yedama, kunye ne-Three Gorges 6, kunye neDama le-Wu. uMlambo iJialing, i-17 kuMlambo iMinjiang, i-25 kuMlambo waseDadu, i-21 kuMlambo waseYalong, i-27 kuMlambo waseJinsha, kunye ne-5 kuMlambo waseMuli.
I-Tajikistan inelona dama lendalo liphezulu ehlabathini, iDama lase-Usoi, elinobude obuyi-567m, eliphakame ngama-262m ngaphezu kwedama elingenziwe liphezulu elimiyo, iDama le-Jinping Level 1 Dam. Idama lase-Usoi lasekwa ngoFebruwari 18, 1911, xa kwabakho inyikima ye-7.4 ye-magnitude e-Sarez, kunye nedama lendalo lokudilika komhlaba ecaleni koMlambo i-Murgab lavala ukuhamba komlambo. Yabangela ukudilika komhlaba okukhulu, yavala uMlambo iMurgab, yaza yenza elona dama lide ehlabathini, iDama i-Usoi, isenza iLake Sares. Ngelishwa, akukho zingxelo zokuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi.
Ngo-2020, bekukho amadama angama-251 anobude obungaphezulu kwe-135m emhlabeni. Elona dama liphezulu ngoku liDama le-Jinping-I, idama eline-arched elinobude obuziimitha ezingama-305. Okulandelayo yiDama laseNurek kuMlambo waseVakhsh eTajikistan, ubude be-300m.
Elona dama liphezulu kwihlabathi ngo-2021
Okwangoku, elona dama lide ehlabathini, iJinping-I Dam eChina, linobude obuziimitha ezingama-305, kodwa amadama amathathu asakhiwayo alungiselela ukugqitha kulo. Idama eliqhubekayo iRogun liya kuba lelona dama lide ehlabathini, elibekwe kuMlambo iVakhsh kumazantsi eTajikistan. Idama liyi-335m ukuphakama kwaye ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1976. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kusetyenziswe ukusuka kwi-2019 ukuya kwi-2029, ngeendleko zokwakha i-2-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US, umthamo ofakelweyo we-600-3600MW, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka we-17TWh.
Eyesibini liDama i-Bakhtiari elisakhiwa kuMlambo i-Bakhtiari e-Iran, elinobude obungama-325m kunye ne-1500MW. Iindleko zeprojekthi yi-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka kwe-3TWh. Idama lesithathu ngobukhulu kuMlambo waseDadu e-China yiDama yaseShuangjiangkou, enobude obuyi-312m.
Idama elingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-305 lisakhiwa
Elona dama liphezulu lomxhuzulane ehlabathini ngo-2020 yayiliDama iGrande Dixence eSwitzerland, elinobude obungama-285m.
Elona dama likhulu ehlabathini nelinomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amanzi liDama laseKariba kumlambo iZambezi eZimbabwe naseZambezi. Yakhiwa ngo-1959 kwaye inomthamo wokugcina amanzi we-180.6 km3, ilandelwa yi-Bratsk Dam kuMlambo wase-Angara eRashiya kunye neDama lase-Akosombo eLake Kanawalt, elinomthamo wokugcina we-169 km3.
Elona dama likhulu ehlabathini
Idama lemiwonyo emithathu, elikwindawo ephakathi kumlambo iYangtze, linomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amanzi eTshayina. Yagqitywa ngo-2008 kwaye inomthamo wokugcina amanzi we-39.3km3, ibeka indawo yama-27 kwihlabathi.
Elona dama likhulu eTshayina
Elona dama likhulu ehlabathini yiTarbela Dam ePakistan. Yakhiwa ngo-1976 kwaye inesakhiwo esiziimitha ezili-143 ukuphakama. Eli dama linomthamo we-153 million cubic metres kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wama-3478MW.
Elona dama likhulu eTshayina liDama lemiwonyo emithathu, elagqitywa ngo-2008. Esi sakhiwo siziimitha ezili-181 ukuphakama, umthamo wedama uzii-cubic metres zezigidi ezingama-27.4, kwaye umthamo ofakiweyo uzii-22500 MW. Ibekwe kwindawo yama-21 kwihlabathi.
Elona dama likhulu ehlabathini
ICongo River Basin yenziwa ikakhulu yiDemocratic Republic of Congo. I-Democratic Republic of Congo inokuphuhlisa umthamo wesizwe ofakelweyo we-120 yezigidi zeekilowatts (120000 MW) kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka kwe-774 yebhiliyoni yeeyure ze-kilowatt (774 TWh). Ukuqala ukusuka eKinshasa kumphakamo weemitha ezingama-270 ukuya kufikelela kwicandelo leMatadi, umlambo umxinwa, unamaqhina aphakamileyo kunye nokuqukuqela kwamanzi okuqukuqelayo. Ubunzulu obuphezulu buzimitha ezili-150, kunye nokuhla malunga neemitha ezingama-280. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kutshintsha rhoqo, nto leyo eluncedo kakhulu kuphuhliso lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Kucetywe imigangatho emithathu yezikhululo zombane omkhulu wamanzi, inqanaba lokuqala lidama iPioka, elikumda ophakathi kweDemocratic Republic of Congo kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo; Inqanaba lesibini iGrand Inga Dam kunye nenqanaba lesithathu idama laseMatadi omabini afumaneka kwiDemocratic Republic of Congo. Isikhululo samanzi se-Pioka Hydropower sisebenzisa intloko yamanzi kwiimitha ze-80 kwaye iceba ukufaka iiyunithi ze-30, kunye nomthamo opheleleyo we-22 yezigidi ze-kilowatts kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla onyaka we-177 billion kilowatt iiyure, kunye neDemocratic Republic of Congo kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo ifumana isiqingatha ngasinye. IsiKhululo soMbane waManzi eMatadi sisebenzisa intloko yamanzi eziimitha ezingama-50 kwaye siceba ukufakela iiyunithi ezingama-36, ezinomthamo we-12 lezigidi zeekilowatts kunye nokuveliswa kombane ngonyaka ozibhiliyoni ezingama-87 zeeyure. Icandelo le-Yingjia rapids, elinokwehla kweemitha ezili-100 ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-25, licandelo lomlambo elinemithombo yombane egxininiswe kakhulu emhlabeni.
Kukho izikhululo zombane ophehlwa ngamanzi amaninzi ehlabathini kuneDama lemiwonyo emithathu engekagqitywa
Umlambo iYarlung Zangbo ngowona mlambo umde eTshayina, ukummandla weTibet Autonomous Region, kwaye ungomnye weyona milambo iphakamileyo emhlabeni. Ngokwethiyori, emva kokugqitywa kweSikhululo soMbane woMbane woMlambo iYarlung Zangbo, umthamo ofakelweyo uya kufikelela kwi-50000 MW, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla kuya kuphinda-phindwe kathathu kunaleyo yeDama lemiwonyo emithathu (98.8 TWh), ukuya kufikelela kuma-300 TWh, eya kuba sesona sikhululo samandla sikhulu ehlabathini.
Umlambo iYarlung Zangbo ngowona mlambo umde eTshayina, ukummandla weTibet Autonomous Region, kwaye ungomnye weyona milambo iphakamileyo emhlabeni. Ngokwethiyori, emva kokugqitywa kweSikhululo soMbane woMbane woMlambo iYarlung Zangbo, umthamo ofakelweyo uya kufikelela kwi-50000 MW, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla kuya kuphinda-phindwe kathathu kunaleyo yeDama lemiwonyo emithathu (98.8 TWh), ukuya kufikelela kuma-300 TWh, eya kuba sesona sikhululo samandla sikhulu ehlabathini.
Umlambo iYarlung Zangbo waphinda wabizwa ngokuba “ngumlambo weBrahmaputra” emva kokuqukuqela uphuma kummandla waseLuoyu ukuya eIndiya. Emva kokuqukuqela eBangladesh, yabizwa ngokuba yi “Jamuna River”. Emva kokudibana noMlambo iGanges kummandla wawo, waqukuqela ukuya kwiBay of Bengal kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya. Ubude bubonke buyi-2104 yeekhilomitha, kunye nobude bomlambo weekhilomitha ze-2057 eTibet, ukuhla kwe-5435 yeemitha, kunye ne-slope ephakathi kwinqanaba lokuqala phakathi kwemilambo emikhulu e-China. Isitya solulwe kwicala lempuma-ntshona, nobude obuninzi obungaphezulu kwe-1450 yeekhilomitha ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona kunye nobukhulu bobubanzi beekhilomitha ezingama-290 ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi. Umyinge wokuphakama umalunga neemitha ezingama-4500. Umhlaba uphezulu entshona kwaye usezantsi empuma, kunye nowona uphantsi kumzantsi-mpuma. Ummandla opheleleyo womlambo yi-240480 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, ezibalelwa kwi-20% yendawo yonke yazo zonke iidisins zemilambo eTibet, kwaye malunga ne-40.8% yendawo yonke yenkqubo yomlambo ophumayo eTibet, ibekwe kwindawo yesihlanu kuzo zonke iilwandle zase-China.
Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-2019, amazwe aneyona ndawo iphezulu yokusetyenziswa kombane kwihlabathi yi-Iceland (51699 kWh / umntu) kunye neNorway (23210 kWh / umntu). I-Iceland ixhomekeke kumbane owenziwe nge-geothermal kunye nowombane owenziwe ngamanzi; INorway ithembele kumbane ophehlwa ngamanzi, owenza i-97% yesakhiwo sokuvelisa umbane eNorway.
Isakhiwo samandla samazwe avaliweyo amazwe aseNepal naseBhutan, akufuphi neTibet eChina, ayithembeli kumafutha e-fossil, kodwa kunoko kwimithombo yabo ecebileyo ye-hydraulic. Amandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi akasetyenziswa ekhaya kuphela, kodwa athunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.
Ugcino olumponthiweyo lokuvelisa amandla ombane wamanzi
I-hydropower yokugcina emponsiweyo yindlela yokugcina amandla, kungekhona indlela yokuvelisa umbane. Xa imfuno yombane iphantsi, amandla okuvelisa umbane ogqithisileyo aqhubeka nokuvelisa umbane, ukuqhuba ipompo yombane ukupompa amanzi kwindawo ephakamileyo yokugcina. Xa imfuno yombane iphezulu, amanzi akwinqanaba eliphezulu asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Le ndlela inokuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kweesethi zejeneretha kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini.
Ukugcinwa kompompo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenkqubo zamandla ezicocekileyo zanamhlanje nezexesha elizayo. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo njengomoya kunye namandla elanga, kunye nokutshintshwa kwabo kweejenereyitha eziqhelekileyo, kwazisa uxinzelelo olukhulayo kwigridi yamandla kwaye kugxininise imfuneko yokugcina impompo "iibhetri zamanzi".
Isixa sombane oveliswa ngamanzi silingana ngokuthe ngqo kumthamo ofakelweyo wogcino olumpompelweyo kwaye lunxulumene nobungakanani bogcino olumpompelweyo. Ngo-2020, bekukho ama-68 asebenzayo kwaye angama-42 asakhiwayo kwihlabathi liphela.
Uveliso lwamandla ombane waseTshayina lukwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi, ngoko ke inani lezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezisebenzayo naphantsi kolwakhiwo zikwinqanaba lokuqala emhlabeni. Okulandelayo yiJapan neUnited States.
Esona sikhululo samandla esimpontshwayo sikhulu ehlabathini yiBath County Pumped Storage Station eMelika, enomthamo ofakelweyo wama-3003MW.
Esona sikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo esikhulu eTshayina yiHuishou Pumped Storage Power Station, enomthamo ofakelweyo wama-2448MW.
Isikhululo samandla sesibini esikhulu esimponthiweyo eTshayina yiGuangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, enomthamo ofakelweyo wama-2400MW.
Izityalo zamandla ezimpontshwa zaseTshayina eziphantsi kolwakhiwo zikumgangatho wokuqala emhlabeni. Kukho izikhululo ezithathu ezinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1000MW: iSikhululo saMandla seFengning Pumped Storage (3600MW, esigqitywe ukusuka ngowama-2019 ukuya kowama-2021), isiKhululo soMbane esiPumped iJixi (i-1800MW, esigqitywe ngo-2018), kunye neSikhululo soMbane se-Huanggou esiPumped Storage (1200MW, sigqitywe ngo-1200MW19).
Esona sikhululo siphezulu emhlabeni esimpontshwayo samandla yiYamdrok Hydropower Station, eseTibet, eTshayina, kumphakamo oziimitha ezingama-4441.
Ukuhambisa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi
Ukuqhutywa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi omlambo (ROR), okwakwaziwa ngokuba yi-run off hydropower, luhlobo lombane oveliswa ngamanzi oxhomekeke kumbane oveliswa ngamanzi kodwa lufuna kuphela umlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi okanye alufuni kugcinwa izixa ezikhulu zamanzi ukwenza umbane. Ukuhamba komlambo ukuveliswa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi phantse ngokupheleleyo akufuni kugcinwa kwamanzi okanye kufuna kuphela ukwakhiwa kweendawo ezincinci kakhulu zokugcina amanzi. Xa kwakhiwa iindawo ezincinci zokugcina amanzi, ezi ndawo zokugcina amanzi zibizwa ngokuba ngamachibi ohlengahlengiso okanye ii-forepools. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kweendawo ezinkulu zokugcina amanzi, ukuveliswa kwamandla omlambo kunovakalelo kakhulu kutshintsho lomthamo wamanzi ngamaxesha athile onyaka kwimithombo yamanzi. Ke ngoko, izityalo zamandla okuhambisa zidla ngokuchazwa njengemithombo yamandla ephakathi. Ukuba iqula elilawulayo lakhiwe kumjelo wombane olawula ukuhamba kwamanzi nangaliphi na ixesha, linokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sombane sokutsheva esisencotsheni okanye isixhobo sombane esisisiseko.
Esona sikhululo sombane sikhulu samanzi eSichuan emhlabeni yiJirau Dam kuMlambo iMadeira eBrazil. Eli dama linobude obungama-63m, ubude li-1500m, kunye nomthamo oyi-3075MW ofakiweyo. Yagqitywa ngo-2016.
Indawo yesithathu enkulu yokuvelisa umbane wamanzi ehlabathini yiDama eliyiNtloko uJoseph kuMlambo i-Columbia e-United States, elinobude obuziimitha ezingama-72 ubude, ubude beemitha ezili-1817, umthamo ofakiweyo we-2620 MW, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka we-9780 GWh. Yagqitywa ngowe-1979.
Esona sikhululo sombane esikhulu sohlobo lweSichuan eTshayina liDama iTianshengqiao II, elikuMlambo iNanpan. Eli dama linobude obuyi-58.7m, ubude obuyi-471m, umthamo we-4800000m3, kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo oyi-1320MW. Yagqitywa ngowe-1997.
Ukuveliswa kombane ngamaza
Amandla e-tide aveliswa kukunyuka nokuhla kwamanzi olwandle okubangelwa ngamaza. Ngokubanzi, amadama akhelwe ukuvelisa umbane, kodwa kukwakho ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kokuhamba kwamanzi amaza ukuvelisa umbane. Azikho iindawo ezininzi zehlabathi ezilungele ukuveliswa kombane wamaza, kwaye kukho iindawo ezisibhozo e-UK eziqikelelwa ukuba zinokuhlangabezana ne-20% yemfuno yombane yelizwe.
Iziko lokuqala lamandla ombane ehlabathini liziko lombane laseLance, eliseLance, eFransi. Yakhiwa ukusuka ngo-1960 ukuya ku-1966 iminyaka emi-6. Umthamo ofakelweyo ngama-240MW.
Esona sikhululo samandla ombane sikhulu ehlabathini yiSihwa Lake Tidal Power Station eMzantsi Korea, enomthamo ofakelweyo wama-254MW kwaye yagqitywa ngo-2011.
Isikhululo sokuqala samandla ombane kuMntla Melika sisikhululo sokuvelisa i-Annapolis Royal, esiseRoyal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, ekungeneni kweBay of Fundy. Umthamo ofakelweyo ngama-20MW kwaye wagqitywa ngo-1984.
Esona sikhululo samandla amakhulu eTshayina yiJiangxia Tidal Power Station, emi kumazantsi eHangzhou, enomthamo ofakelweyo we-4.1MW kuphela kunye neeseti ezi-6. Yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1985.
Eyokuqala kwijenereyitha yangoku yoMntla Merika weRock Tidal Power Demonstration yafakwa kwiVancouver Island, eCanada, ngoSeptemba wama-2006.
Okwangoku, eyona projekthi inkulu ehlabathini, iMeyGen (iprojekthi yeMeyGen yamandla olwandle), iyakhiwa ePentland Firth, emantla eSkotlani, enomthamo ofakelweyo wama-398MW kwaye kulindeleke ukuba igqitywe ngo-2021.
IGujarat, eIndiya iceba ukwakha isikhululo sokuqala samandla ombane esithengiswayo eMzantsi Asia. Indawo yombane enomthamo oyi-50MW yafakelwa kwiGulf of Kutch kunxweme olusentshona yeIndiya, kwaye ukwakhiwa kwaqala ekuqaleni kuka-2012.
IProjekthi ecetyiweyo ye-Penzhin Tidal Power Plant kuSingasiqithi weKamchatka eRashiya inomthamo ofakelweyo wama-87100MW kunye nomthamo wonyaka wokuvelisa amandla angama-200TWh, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sesona sixhobo sombane sisikhulu ehlabathini. Sakuba sigqityiwe, iSikhululo soMbane sasePinrenna Bay Tidal siya kuba nomthamo ophindwe kane kumthamo ofakelweyo weSikhululo saMandla seMigobho Emithathu sangoku.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-25-2023
