Iimpawu zezikhululo zombane wamanzi ziquka:
1. Amandla acocekileyo: Izikhululo zombane we-Hydropower azivelisi izinto ezingcolisayo okanye ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, kwaye zingumthombo wamandla ococekileyo kakhulu.
2. Amandla ahlaziyekayo: Izikhululo zombane wamanzi zixhomekeke kumjikelezo wamanzi, kwaye amanzi awayi kusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ezenza zibe ngumthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo.
3. Uzinzo oluphezulu: Ubutyebi bamanzi atyebileyo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi okuzinzileyo kwenza umbane wezikhululo zombane wamanzi uzinze ngokwentelekiso, ulungele iimfuno zonikezelo lwamandla ixesha elide.
Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa kwamandla amanzi, izikhululo zombane wamanzi zinokwahlulwa ngokwezi ndidi zilandelayo:
1. Isikhululo sombane samanzi sohlobo lwedama: Ngokugcina amanzi edameni, umgangatho wamanzi omlambo uyalawuleka, kwaye ukuhla kwentloko kusetyenziselwa ukuqhuba i-injini yomoya osebenza ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi okwenziwa kombane.
2. Isikhululo sombane esimponthiweyo: Kwiindawo ezinobude obuphantsi, uhlobo lomthombo wezikhululo zoveliso loveliso lombane luthintelwa ngumthamo wamanzi. Izikhululo zombane ezimpontshwayo zisebenzisa iimpompo ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka kwindawo ephantsi ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, kwaye emva koko zivelise umbane ngomgaqo wokusebenza kwentloko yamanzi.
3. Isikhululo sombane wamanzi eTidal: Sisebenzisa ukuguquguquka kwamaza ukuqokelela umahluko wobude bamanqanaba atshintsha-tshintshayo amanzi nokuvelisa umbane phantsi kwentshukumo yamandla ombane.
4. Isikhululo samandla sokuhamba kwePiston: Ukusebenzisa izandyondyo zemvula, amaza kunye namanye amaxesha okunyuka kwamanzi ukukhawuleza ukutofa isixa esikhulu samanzi, ukuvelisa umbane ngokukhawuleza ngokuhla kwentloko ngexesha elifutshane ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yombane encopho yethutyana.
Ngamafutshane, izikhululo zamandla ombane zingumthombo obalulekileyo wamandla acocekileyo oneempawu ezifana nokucoceka, ukuhlaziya, kunye nokuzinza, kwaye zihlelwa ngokweendlela zazo zokwakha kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi eziphambili zamadama kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi:
1. Idama lomxhuzulane: Ludonga oluthe nkqo olwakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nekhonkrithi okanye ilitye, oluthwala uxinzelelo lwamanzi ngomxhuzulane. Amadama omxhuzulane azinzile ngokubanzi, kodwa afuna izixhobo zokwakha ezingakumbi kunye nommandla womhlaba. Uphawu lwayo kukuba umphantsi wedama ubanzi kwaye umphezulu wedama umxinwa, nto leyo ifanele iimeko apho amacala omabini eentlambo zomlambo axhaswa ziziseko ezilulutho zamatye.
2. I-Arch dam: Luhlobo lwedama elenziwe ngeendonga ezigobileyo, elisasaza uxinzelelo lwamanzi ngesakhiwo search. Xa usakha idama le-arch, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqale wakhe i-arch yethutyana eyenziwe ngamaplanga, emva koko ugalele ikhonkrithi kuyo ukuze uyifake. Amadama ase-Arch alungele iindawo ezimxinwa kunye neziphakamileyo ze-canyon, kunye neenzuzo ezifana nokungahlali phantsi komhlaba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-seismic.
3. Idama le-Earth-rock: Iluhlobo lwedama elenziwe ngokuqokelelana komhlaba kunye nemathiriyeli yamatye, kwaye ingaphakathi lalo lithatha imilinganiselo yokuchasana nokungena kwamanzi ukuphepha ukuvuza kwamanzi. Amadama angamatye omhlaba atya isixa esincinci sesamente kunye nezinye izinto, kodwa kuthatha ixesha elide ukugqiba ukuqina komzimba wedama. Amadama amatye akwi-Earth-rock alungele iindawo ezinamanzi athe tyaba ngokwentelekiso kunye nemihlaba yeentaba.
4. Idama lokuphambukisa: Sisahlulelo esincinci esisetyenziselwa ukukhokela ukuhamba kwamanzi, kwaye ukumila kunye nokwakheka kwalo kwahlukile kuleyo yedama. Amadama okuphambukisa akholisa ukwakhiwa embindini wemilambo ukujikela amanzi kumaziko ombane okanye iinjongo zokunkcenkceshela. Idama lokuguqula liphantsi ngokubanzi kwaye izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo nazo zikhaphukhaphu.
Lilonke, iindidi ngeendidi zamadama ombane aneemeko ezisebenzayo kunye nezinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo. Ukukhethwa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwedama ekufuneka lusekelwe kwiimeko zejoloji yendawo, iimeko zamanzi kunye nemozulu, kunye nezinye iimeko zokwenyani.
Inkqubo ye hub yesikhululo sombane wamanzi idla ngokubandakanya ezi ndawo zilandelayo:
1. Idama lamanzi: linoxanduva lokugcina imithombo yamanzi kunye nokubonelela ngamanzi ayimfuneko okuvelisa umbane.
2. Izixhobo zokukhupha izikhukula: zisetyenziselwa ukulawula umgangatho wamanzi kunye nokuhamba kwedama, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwedama, kunye nokuthintela ukwenzeka kweentlekele ezifana nezikhukhula.
3. Inkqubo yokuphambukisa: Qalisa amanzi asuka kwidama ukuya kwiyunithi yokuvelisa umbane ukuvelisa umbane. Inkqubo yokuguqula amanzi ibandakanya izixhobo ezifana nokungena kwamanzi, umjelo wokungena, umbhobho woxinzelelo, kunye nevalve elawulayo.
4. Iseti yejenereyitha: sisixhobo esiguqula amandla angenisiweyo amanzi abe ngamandla ombane.
5. Inkqubo yothumelo: Umbane oveliswa yisethi yejenereyitha ugqithiselwa kumsebenzisi.
6. Inkqubo yokulawula: Inkqubo ebeka iliso, ilawule, kwaye ilawule ukusebenza kwezikhululo zombane wamanzi, kubandakanywa iinkqubo zolawulo oluzenzekelayo, izixhobo zokubeka iliso, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ikhompyutha.
Ingqwalasela yovavanyo lwe-asethi yezikhululo zombane wamanzi ibandakanya le miba ilandelayo:
1. Indawo ezikuyo izikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi: Indawo ezikuyo izikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi ngomnye wemiba ephambili echaphazela ixabiso lazo. Kusenokubakho iiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo kubume bemarike kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo ejongene nezikhululo zombane ophehliswa ngamanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi, ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo.
2. Imilinganiselo yobuchwephesha bezikhululo zombane wamanzi: Umthamo ofakelweyo, intloko yamanzi, izinga lokuhamba kunye nezinye iimpawu zobugcisa zezikhululo zombane wamanzi zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umthamo wazo wokuvelisa umbane kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho, kwaye zifuna ukuqonda okupheleleyo kunye novavanyo lwenzululwazi.
3. Imeko yoqhagamshelo lwegridi: Imeko yoqhagamshelo lwegridi yezikhululo zombane wamanzi inempembelelo enkulu kwingeniso yazo yokuvelisa umbane kunye neendleko zokusebenza, kwaye kuyafuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo izinto ezifana nokuzinza kwegridi, ubude bomzila wothumelo, kunye nomthamo wesiguquli.
4. Ulawulo lokuSebenza nokugcinwa: Ubume besixhobo, ubume bolondolozo, kunye neerekhodi zemveliso yokhuseleko lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi zizalathisi ezibalulekileyo zokuvavanya ixabiso lazo, kwaye uhlolo olubanzi novavanyo luyafuneka.
5. Imeko yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nolawulo: Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nemeko elawulayo apho izikhululo zombane eziveliswa ngamanzi nazo ziya kuba nempembelelo eyahluka-hlukeneyo kwixabiso lazo, ngakumbi ngokwenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo efana nemigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso-mali, inkuthazo yerhafu, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemeko yendawo.
6. Imeko yemali: Imeko yemali yesikhululo sombane yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ixabiso laso, kuquka utyalo-mali, ukuxhaswa ngemali, iindleko zokusebenza, ingeniso yokuvelisa umbane, kunye nezinye iinkalo.
7. Imeko yokhuphiswano: Imeko yokhuphiswano lwemarike apho izikhululo zombane oveliswa ngamanzi ziya kuba namanqanaba ahlukeneyo empembelelo kwingeniso yazo yokuvelisa umbane kunye nendawo yokuthengisa. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nokuqonda ngokubanzi imeko yokhuphiswano lwemarike kunye nemeko yabakhuphisana abakhulu.
Ngamafutshane, ukuvavanywa kwe-asethi yezikhululo zombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezininzi, kuhlalutywe ngokupheleleyo kwaye kumiselwe ixabiso lazo lokwenyani.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-06-2023
