Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, uphuhliso oluzinzileyo belusoloko luyinto exhalabisa kakhulu kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela. Izazinzulu bezisebenza nzima ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa izixhobo zendalo ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo ukuze kuzuze uluntu.
Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya kunye nezinye iindlela zobuchwepheshe ziye zathatha indawo yokuveliswa kwamandla obushushu okuqhelekileyo kancinci kancinci.
Ngoko ke, ubuchwepheshe bombane wamanzi baseTshayina buphuhliseke kweliphi inqanaba ngoku? Lingakanani inqanaba lehlabathi? Lithini intsingiselo yokuveliswa kombane wamanzi? Abantu abaninzi basenokungaqondi. Oku kukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zendalo kuphela. Ngaba oku kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kangaka? Malunga nale ngongoma, kufuneka siqale ngemvelaphi yombane wamanzi.
Imvelaphi yamandla ombane aphuma emanzini
Enyanisweni, ukuba nje uyiqonda kakuhle imbali yophuhliso lwabantu, uya kuqonda ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lonke uphuhliso lwabantu lujikeleze izixhobo. Ingakumbi kwinguquko yokuqala yemizi-mveliso kunye neNguquko yesiBini yeMizi-mveliso, ukuvela kwezixhobo zamalahle kunye nezixhobo zeoyile kwakhawulezisa kakhulu inkqubo yophuhliso lwabantu.
Ngelishwa, nangona ezi zixhobo zimbini ziluncedo kakhulu kuluntu, zikwanazo neengxaki ezininzi. Ukongeza kwiimpawu zazo ezingavuselelekiyo, impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo ibisoloko ingumba obalulekileyo ochaphazela uphando lophuhliso lwabantu. Xa bejongene nemeko enjalo, izazinzulu zenza uphando ngeendlela zesayensi nezisebenzayo, ngelixa zizama ukubona ukuba kukho imithombo emitsha yamandla enokuthi ithathe indawo yezi zixhobo zimbini.
Ngaphezu koko, ngokuhamba kwexesha nophuhliso, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba amandla angasetyenziswa ngabantu ngeendlela zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Ngaba amandla nawo angasetyenziswa? Kungenxa yesi sizathu apho amandla aphuma emanzini, amandla omoya, amandla obushushu kunye namandla elanga angene kwimbono yabantu.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo zendalo, uphuhliso lwamandla ombane aphuma emanzini luqala kwixesha langaphambili. Xa sithatha i-water wheel drive evele izihlandlo ezininzi kwimbali yethu yaseTshayina njengomzekelo. Ukuvela kwesi sixhobo ngokwenene kukubonakaliswa kokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo zamanzi ngabantu. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amanzi, abantu banokuguqula la mandla abe zezinye izinto.
Kamva, ngeminyaka yoo-1930, oomatshini be-electromagnetic abasebenza ngesandla bavela ngokusesikweni embonweni womntu, kwaye izazinzulu zaqala ukucinga ngendlela yokwenza oomatshini be-electromagnetic basebenze ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kwezixhobo zabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha, izazinzulu zazingenakukwazi ukudibanisa amandla e-kinetic amanzi kunye namandla e-kinetic afunekayo oomatshini be-electromagnetic, nto leyo eyalibazisa ukufika kwamandla e-hydropower ixesha elide.
Kude kube ngu-1878, indoda yaseBritane egama linguWilliam Armstrong, isebenzisa ulwazi lwayo lobungcali kunye nobutyebi bayo, ekugqibeleni yavelisa ijenereyitha yokuqala yombane wamanzi eyayisetyenziselwa ikhaya layo. Esebenzisa lo matshini, uWilliam wakhanyisa izibane zendlu yakhe njengengqondi.
Kamva, abantu abaninzi baqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa umbane wamanzi kunye nemithombo yamanzi njengomthombo wamandla ukunceda abantu bavelise umbane kwaye baguqule amandla ombane abe ngamandla e-kinetic oomatshini, nto leyo eye yaba yingongoma ephambili yophuhliso loluntu ixesha elide. Namhlanje, umbane wamanzi uye waba yenye yeendlela zokuvelisa amandla endalo ezixhalatyelweyo kwihlabathi liphela. Xa kuthelekiswa nazo zonke ezinye iindlela zokuvelisa umbane, umbane obonelelwa ngumbane wamanzi uyamangalisa.
Uphuhliso kunye nemeko yangoku yamandla ombane aphuma emanzini eTshayina
Ukubuyela kwethu kwilizwe lethu, amandla ombane avela emva kwexesha. Kwangowe-1882, u-Edison waseka inkqubo yokuqala yamandla ombane oshishino emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa ubulumko bakhe, kwaye amandla ombane ophuma emanzini aseTshayina asekwa okokuqala ngo-1912. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, iSitishi samandla ombane saseShilongba sakhiwa eKunming, eYunnan ngelo xesha, sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe baseJamani kuphela, ngelixa iTshayina yathumela abasebenzi kuphela ukuba bancede.
Emva koko, nangona iTshayina yenza imizamo yokwakha izitishi ezahlukeneyo zamandla ombane wamanzi kulo lonke ilizwe, injongo ephambili yayikukuphuhlisa urhwebo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yempembelelo yemeko yasekhaya ngelo xesha, ubuchwepheshe bamandla ombane wamanzi kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini zazinokungeniswa kuphela kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amandla ombane wamanzi aseTshayina ahlale esemva kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngethamsanqa, xa kwasekwa iNew China ngo-1949, eli lizwe labeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kumbane wamanzi. Ingakumbi xa ithelekiswa namanye amazwe, iChina inomhlaba omkhulu kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zamanzi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo inzuzo yendalo ekuphuhliseni umbane wamanzi.
Ufanele wazi ukuba ayizizo zonke iimilambo ezinokuba ngumthombo wamandla okuvelisa umbane ngamanzi. Ukuba bekungekho mathontsi amanzi amakhulu anokunceda, bekuya kufuneka ukuba kwenziwe amathontsi amanzi ngokwenziwa kumjelo womlambo. Kodwa ngale ndlela, ayizukusebenzisa nje kuphela amandla amaninzi abantu kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo, kodwa nefuthe lokugqibela lokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi liya kuncipha kakhulu.
Kodwa ilizwe lethu lahlukile. ITshayina inoMlambo iYangtze, uMlambo oMthubi, uMlambo iLancang, kunye noMlambo iNu, kunye nomahluko ongafaniyo phakathi kwamazwe kwihlabathi liphela. Ke ngoko, xa sakha isikhululo samandla ombane, kufuneka sikhethe indawo efanelekileyo kwaye senze uhlengahlengiso oluthile.
Ngexesha elisusela kwiminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kowama-1960, injongo ephambili yokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi eTshayina yayikukwakha izitishi ezintsha zamanzi ngokusekelwe ekugcineni nasekulungiseni izitishi zamanzi ezikhoyo. Phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1960 noo-1970, xa uphuhliso lwamandla amanzi lwalufikelele esiphelweni, iTshayina yaqala ukuzama ukwakha ngokuzimeleyo izitishi zamanzi ezininzi kunye nokuphuhlisa uthotho lwemilambo.
Emva kotshintsho nokuvulwa, ilizwe liza kuphinda linyuse utyalo-mali kumandla ombane aphuma emanzini. Xa kuthelekiswa nezitishi zamandla ombane zangaphambili, iTshayina iqalile ukulandela izitishi zamandla ombane ezinkulu ezinomthamo wokuvelisa umbane onamandla ngakumbi kunye nenkonzo engcono kwimpilo yabantu. Kwiminyaka yoo-1990, ukwakhiwa kweDama leeNtlathu eZithathu kwaqala ngokusesikweni, kwaye kwathabatha iminyaka eli-15 ukuba libe sisitishi samandla ombane esikhulu emhlabeni. Le yeyona nto ibonakalayo yokwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso zaseTshayina kunye namandla esizwe aqinileyo.
Ukwakhiwa kweDama iThree Gorges kwanele ukubonisa ukuba itekhnoloji yamandla ombane eTshayina ngokungathandabuzekiyo ifikelele phambili kwihlabathi liphela. Ingasathethwa ke ngeDama iThree Gorges, amandla ombane eTshayina abangela i-41% yokuveliswa kwamandla ombane ehlabathini. Phakathi kwetekhnoloji ezininzi ezinxulumene ne-hydraulic, izazinzulu zaseTshayina zoyise iingxaki ezinzima kakhulu.
Ngaphezu koko, ekusebenziseni izixhobo zamandla, kwanele ukubonisa ukugqwesa kweshishini lamandla ombane laseTshayina. Idatha ibonisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe emhlabeni, amathuba kunye nobude bokucinywa kombane eTshayina mancinci kakhulu. Isizathu esiphambili sale meko kukuthembeka kunye namandla eziseko zophuhliso lwamandla ombane zaseTshayina.
Ukubaluleka kwamandla ombane ngamanzi
Ndikholelwa ukuba wonke umntu uyaluqonda nzulu uncedo oluziswa ngumbane wamanzi ebantwini. Umzekelo olula, ukuba amandla ombane wamanzi ehlabathi ayanyamalala ngoku, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha semimandla yehlabathi ayizukuba nambane konke konke.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi abakaqondi ukuba nangona umbane wamanzi uluncedo olukhulu eluntwini, ngaba kuyimfuneko ngokwenene ukuba siqhubeke nokuphuhlisa umbane wamanzi? Kaloku, cinga ngokwakhiwa okungaqhelekanga kwesikhululo samanzi eLop Nur njengomzekelo. Ukuvalwa okuqhubekayo kwabangela ukuba eminye imilambo yome ize inyamalale.
Enyanisweni, isizathu esiphambili sokunyamalala kwemilambo ejikeleze iLop Nur kukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemithombo yamanzi ngabantu kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, okungahambelaniyo namandla ombane ngokwawo. Ukubaluleka kwamandla ombane akubonakaliswa kuphela ekuboneleleni ngombane owaneleyo kuluntu. Ngokufana nokunkcenkceshela kwezolimo, ulawulo lwezikhukula kunye nokugcinwa kwazo, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla, zonke zixhomekeke kuncedo lobunjineli be-hydraulic.
Khawuthelekelele ukuba ngaphandle koncedo lweDama leeNtlango ezintathu kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zamanzi, ezolimo ezingqongileyo beziya kuqhubeka zikhula kwimeko yakudala nengasebenzi kakuhle. Xa kuthelekiswa nophuhliso lwezolimo lwanamhlanje, izixhobo zamanzi ezikufutshane neeNtlango ezintathu ziya “kuchithwa”
Ngokuphathelele ulawulo lwezikhukula kunye nokugcinwa kwazo, iThree Gorges Dam ikwancede kakhulu abantu. Kunokuthiwa ukuba logama nje iThree Gorges Dam ingashukumi, abemi abangqongileyo akufuneki bakhathazeke ngezikhukula. Ungayonwabela umbane owaneleyo kunye namanzi amaninzi, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye unika uxolo lwengqondo kwizixhobo eziphilayo.
Amandla ombane asetyenziswa ngamanzi ngokwawo yindlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi. Njengenye yemithombo yamanzi evuselelekayo, ikwayenye yezona mithombo zamandla zisebenzayo zokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yoluntu. Ngokuqinisekileyo iya kudlula ingcinga yomntu.
Ikamva Lamandla Avuselelekayo
Njengoko iingxaki zeoyile kunye nezixhobo zamalahle zibonakala ngakumbi, ukusebenzisa izixhobo zendalo kuye kwaba ngumxholo ophambili wophuhliso kweli xesha lanamhlanje. Ingakumbi isikhululo samandla sangaphambili se-fossil-fuel, nangona sisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ukubonelela ngamandla amancinci, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kubangela ungcoliseko olukhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, nto leyo eyanyanzela isikhululo samandla se-fossil-fuel ukuba sirhoxe kwinqanaba lembali.
Kule meko, iindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa umbane ezifana namandla omoya kunye namandla obushushu, afana nokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi, ziye zaba zizikhokelo eziphambili zophando kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela namhlanje kwaye ixesha elide. Lonke ilizwe lijonge phambili kuncedo olukhulu olunokubonelelwa zizixhobo ezivuselelekayo ezizinzileyo eluntwini.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokusekwe kwimeko yangoku, amandla ombane asetyenziswa ngamanzi asekwindawo yokuqala phakathi kwezixhobo ezivuselelekayo. Kwelinye icala, oku kungenxa yokungavuthwa kobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa amandla, njengokuvelisa amandla omoya, kunye nesantya esiphantsi sokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo; Kwelinye icala, amandla ombane asetyenziswa ngamanzi kufuneka ehle kwaye akayi kuchaphazeleka ziindawo ezininzi zendalo ezingalawulekiyo.
Ngoko ke, indlela eya kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla avuselelekayo inde kwaye inzima, kwaye abantu kusafuneka babe nomonde owaneleyo wokujongana nale ngxaki. Kungale ndlela kuphela apho imeko-bume yendalo eyonakeleyo ngaphambili inokubuyiselwa kancinci kancinci.
Xa sijonga imbali yonke yophuhliso lomntu, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kuye kwazisa uncedo ebantwini olungaphaya kwengqondo yabantu. Mhlawumbi kwinkqubo yophuhliso yangaphambili, senze iimpazamo ezininzi saza sabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo, kodwa namhlanje, konke oku kuyatshintsha kancinci kancinci, kwaye amathuba ophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo ngokuqinisekileyo aqaqambile.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, njengoko imingeni yetekhnoloji isanda, ukusetyenziswa kwabantu kwezixhobo kuya kuphucuka kancinci kancinci. Ukuthatha ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya njengomzekelo, kukholelwa ukuba abantu abaninzi bakhe iimodeli ezininzi zeeturbine zomoya besebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya kwixesha elizayo kunokukwazi ukuvelisa umbane ngokungcangcazela.
Kakade ke, akukho ngqiqweni ukuthi umbane wamanzi awunazo iingxaki. Xa kusakhiwa izitishi zamanzi, imisebenzi emikhulu yomhlaba kunye notyalo-mali lwekhonkrithi alunakuphepheka. Xa kubangelwa zizikhukula ezisasazekileyo, ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka lihlawule imali eninzi yokuhlalisa abantu ngenxa yazo.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuba ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo samandla ombane asiphumeleli, impembelelo kwiindawo ezisezantsi kunye neziseko zophuhliso iya kudlula kakhulu ingcinga yabantu. Ke ngoko, ngaphambi kokwakha isikhululo samandla ombane, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka koyilo lobunjineli kunye nolwakhiwo, kunye nezicwangciso ezingxamisekileyo zeengozi. Kungale ndlela kuphela apho izikhululo zamandla ombane ombane zinokuba ziiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso ezizuzisa uluntu.
Ngamafutshane, ikamva lophuhliso oluzinzileyo lifanele ukujongwa phambili, kwaye isitshixo sikukuba abantu bazimisele na ukuchitha ixesha namandla aneleyo kulo. Kwicandelo lamandla ombane aphuma emanzini, abantu baphumelele kakhulu, kwaye inyathelo elilandelayo kukuphucula kancinci kancinci ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izixhobo zendalo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-23-2023
