Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, uphuhliso oluzinzileyo belusoloko ingumbandela oxhalabisa kakhulu kumazwe ehlabathi. Izazinzulu zikwasebenza nzima ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa ngokunengqiqo nangokufanelekileyo ubutyebi bendalo obungakumbi ukuze kuxhamle uluntu.
Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya kunye nobunye ubugcisa buthe ngokuthe ngcembe bathabathel’ indawo ukuveliswa kwamandla obushushu aqhelekileyo.
Ke, leliphi inqanaba ubuchwephesha bombane waseTshayina obuphuhliswe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku? Lithini inqanaba lehlabathi? Yintoni intsingiselo yokuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi? Abantu abaninzi basenokungaqondi. Oku kukusetyenziswa kobutyebi bendalo kuphela. Ngaba ngokwenene inokuba nempembelelo enzulu ngolo hlobo? Ngokumalunga neli nqaku, kufuneka siqale ngemvelaphi yombane owenziwe ngamanzi.
Imvelaphi yoMbane woMbane
Enyanisweni, ngokude uqonde kakuhle imbali yophuhliso lomntu, uya kuqonda ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lonke uphuhliso lwabantu lujikeleze izixhobo. Ngokukodwa kwi-revolution yokuqala yezoshishino kunye ne-Second Industrial Revolution, ukuvela kwemithombo yamalahle kunye nemithombo ye-oyile ikhawulezise kakhulu inkqubo yophuhliso lwabantu.
Ngelishwa, nangona ezi zixhobo zimbini ziluncedo olukhulu kwibutho labantu, zinemiqobo emininzi. Ukongeza kwiimpawu zayo ezingahlaziyekiyo, impembelelo kokusingqongileyo ibisoloko ingumbandela obalulekileyo othwaxa uphando lophuhliso lwabantu. Ejongene nemeko enjalo, izazinzulu ziphanda ngakumbi iindlela zesayensi kunye nezisebenzayo, ngelixa zizama ukubona ukuba kukho imithombo yamandla emitsha enokuthi ithathe indawo yezi zixhobo zimbini.
Ngaphezu koko, ngokuhamba kunye nophuhliso lwexesha, izazinzulu zikwakholelwa ukuba amandla anokusetyenziswa ngabantu ngeendlela zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Ngaba amandla nawo angasetyenziswa? Kungenxa yale mvelaphi apho amandla ombane, amandla omoya, amandla e-geothermal kunye namandla elanga angene kumbono wabantu.
Xa kuthelekiswa nobunye ubutyebi bendalo, uphuhliso lwamandla ombane luqalela kwixesha langaphambili. Ukuthatha ivili lokuqhutywa kwamanzi elivele izihlandlo ezininzi kwimbali yethu yaseTshayina njengomzekelo. Ukuvela kwesi sixhobo kuyimbonakaliso yokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kobutyebi bamanzi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amanzi, abantu banokuwaguqula la mandla bawenze eminye imiba.
Kamva, ngoo-1930, oomatshini bombane obusebenza ngesandla babonakala ngokusemthethweni kumbono womntu, yaye izazinzulu zaqalisa ukucinga ngendlela yokwenza oomatshini bombane wombane basebenze ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kwabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha, izazinzulu azizange zikwazi ukudibanisa amandla e-kinetic emanzini kunye namandla e-kinetic afunwa ngoomatshini be-electromagnetic, nto leyo eyalibazisa ukufika kombane wamanzi ixesha elide.
Kwada kwangowe-1878, indoda yaseBritani egama linguWilliam Armstrong, isebenzisa ulwazi nobutyebi bayo, ekugqibeleni yavelisa ijenereyitha yokuqala yombane wamanzi ukuze isetyenziswe ekhayeni layo. Esebenzisa lo matshini, uWilliam wakhanyisa izibane zendlu yakhe njengengqondi.
Kamva, abantu abaninzi baqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa i-hydropower kunye nemithombo yamanzi njengomthombo wamandla okunceda abantu ukuba bavelise umbane kunye nokuguqula amandla ombane kumandla ombane we-kinetic, oye waba ngumxholo oyintloko wophuhliso lwentlalo ixesha elide. Namhlanje, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi uye waba yenye yezona ndlela zixhalabisayo zokuvelisa amandla endalo ehlabathini. Xa kuthelekiswa nazo zonke ezinye iindlela zokuvelisa umbane, umbane obonelelwa ngamandla ngamanzi uyothusa.
Uphuhliso kunye neMeko yangoku yoMbane we-Hydropower e-China
Ukubuyela kwilizwe lethu, amandla ombane avele kade kakhulu. Kwangoko ngo-1882, u-Edison waseka inkqubo yokuqala yombane wamanzi orhwebo ehlabathini ngobulumko bakhe, kwaye amandla ombane aseTshayina asekwa okokuqala ngo-1912. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, iSikhululo samandla ombane saseShilongba sakhiwa eKunming, eYunnan ngelo xesha, kusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo iteknoloji yaseJamani, ngoxa iChina yathumela kuphela abasebenzi ukuze bancede.
Emva koko, nangona i-China yenza iinzame zokwakha izikhululo zombane ezahlukeneyo zombane kulo lonke ilizwe, eyona njongo yayisekuphuhliso lwezorhwebo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yempembelelo yemeko yasekhaya ngelo xesha, itekhnoloji yombane kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini zinokungeniswa zisuka phesheya kuphela, nto leyo ekhokelele ekubeni umbane wase China usoloko usemva kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo emhlabeni.
Ngethamsanqa, xa kwasekwa i-China eNtsha ngo-1949, ilizwe lancamathisela ukubaluleka kombane wamanzi. Ngokukodwa xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, i-China inommandla omkhulu kunye nemithombo eyodwa yombane wamanzi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo inzuzo yendalo ekuphuhliseni umbane wamanzi.
Kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba asiyiyo yonke imilambo enokuba ngumthombo wamandla ombane oveliswa ngamanzi. Ukuba bekungekho amathontsi amanzi amakhulu okunceda, bekuya kuba yimfuneko ukwenza amathontsi amanzi ngobuchule kumjelo womlambo. Kodwa ngale ndlela, ayizukusebenzisa kuphela abasebenzi abaninzi kunye nemithombo yobutyebi, kodwa isiphumo sokugqibela sokuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi siya kuncitshiswa kakhulu.
Kodwa ilizwe lethu lahlukile. I-China inoMlambo iYangtze, uMlambo oMthubi, uMlambo iLancang, kunye noMlambo iNu, kunye nokwahlukana okungenakulinganiswa phakathi kwamazwe kwihlabathi jikelele. Ke ngoko, xa sisakha isikhululo sombane, kufuneka sikhethe kuphela indawo efanelekileyo kwaye senze uhlengahlengiso oluthile.
Ngexesha elisusela kwiminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya koo-1960, eyona njongo iphambili yokuveliswa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi e-China yayikukwakha izikhululo zoveliso zombane ezitsha ngokwesiseko sokugcina nokulungiswa kwezikhululo zombane ezikhoyo ngamanzi. Phakathi kweminyaka ye-1960 kunye ne-1970, ngokukhula kophuhliso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi, i-China yaqala ukuzama ukuzimela ngokuzimela izikhululo zombane wamanzi kunye nokuphuhlisa uthotho lwemilambo.
Emva kohlaziyo nokuvula, ilizwe liza kuphinda linyuse utyalo-mali kumbane ophehlwa ngamanzi. Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zombane zamanzi zangaphambili, i-China iqalisile ukulandela izikhululo zoveliso zombane ezinkulu ezinomthamo owomeleleyo wokuvelisa umbane kunye nenkonzo engcono kubomi babantu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, ulwakhiwo lweDama lemiwonyo emithathu lwaqala ngokusesikweni, kwaye kwathatha iminyaka eli-15 ukuba ibe sesona sikhululo sombane sikhulu ehlabathini. Le yeyona mbonakalo ibalaseleyo yolwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo zaseTshayina kunye namandla anamandla esizwe.
Ukwakhiwa kweDama lemiwonyo emithathu kwanele ukubonisa ukuba ubuchwephesha bombane waseTshayina ngokungathandabuzekiyo bufikelele phambili kwihlabathi. Singasathethi ke ngokungabandakanyi iDama lemiwonyo emithathu, umbane waseTshayina wenza i-41% yokuveliswa kombane ehlabathini. Phakathi kweetekhnoloji ezininzi ezinxulumene noxinzelelo lwehydraulic, izazinzulu zaseTshayina zoyisile ezona ngxaki zinzima.
Ngaphezu koko, ekusetyenzisweni kwemithombo yamandla, ukwanele ukubonisa ukugqwesa kweshishini lombane waseTshayina. Idatha ibonisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa naliphi na elinye ilizwe emhlabeni, amathuba kunye nexesha lokucima kwamandla e-China kuncinci kakhulu. Esona sizathu siphambili sale meko kukuthembeka nokomelela kweziseko zophuhliso lombane waseTshayina.
Ukubaluleka kombane wamanzi
Ndiyakholelwa ukuba wonke umntu uyaluqonda ngokunzulu uncedo oluziswa ngumbane ngombane ebantwini. Umzekelo olula, sicinga ukuba amandla ombane ehlabathi ayanyamalala ngalo mzuzu, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha semimandla yehlabathi ayisayi kuba nawo kwaphela umbane.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi abakayiqondi into yokuba nangona amandla ombane eluncedo olukhulu eluntwini, ngaba kuyimfuneko ngokwenene kuthi ukuba siqhubeke siphuhlisa umbane? Ngapha koko, thatha ulwakhiwo oluphambeneyo lwesikhululo sombane eLop Nur njengomzekelo. Ukuvalwa ngokuqhubekayo kwabangela ukuba eminye imilambo yome ize ithi shwaka.
Enyanisweni, esona sizathu siphambili sokunyamalala kwemilambo ejikeleze iLop Nur kukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kobutyebi bamanzi ngabantu benkulungwane edlulileyo, engahambelani nombane ngokwawo. Ukubaluleka kombane oveliswa ngamanzi akubonakali nje ekuboneleleni ngombane owaneleyo kuluntu. Ngokufana nokunkcenkceshela kwezolimo, ukulawula izikhukhula kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwenqanawa, bonke baxhomekeke kuncedo lobunjineli be-hydraulic.
Khawufane ucinge ukuba ngaphandle koncedo lweDama leeGorges eziThathu kunye nokudityaniswa kwindawo esembindini yobutyebi bamanzi, ulimo olujikelezileyo lusaphuhla kwimeko yakudala nengasebenziyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nophuhliso lwezolimo lwanamhlanje, ubutyebi bamanzi kufuphi neMiwonyo Emithathu buya “konakala”
Ngokumalunga nolawulo lwezandyondyo nokugcinwa kwazo, iDama lemiwonyo emithathu lizise uncedo olukhulu ebantwini. Kunokuthiwa ukuba nje i-Three Gorges Dam ingashukumi, abahlali abarhangqileyo abanaxhala lazo naziphi na izikhukhula. Unokuwonwabela umbane owaneleyo kunye nobutyebi bamanzi amaninzi, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ubonelela ngoxolo lwengqondo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Umbane ngokwawo kusetyenziso olunengqiqo lobutyebi bamanzi. Njengomnye wemithombo ehlaziyekayo kwindalo, ikwangomnye wemithombo yamandla esebenzayo ekusetyenzisweni kwabantu. Ngokuqinisekileyo iya kudlula ingcamango yomntu.
Ikamva laMandla aVuselelekayo
Njengoko izinto ezingeloncedo nge-oyile namalahle zisiya zibonakala, ukusebenzisa ubutyebi bendalo kuye kwaba ngumxholo ophambili wophuhliso kweli xesha lanamhlanje. Ingakumbi isikhululo sangaphambili samandla efosili, ngelixa sisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ukunika amandla amancinci, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kubangela ungcoliseko olumandla kwindalo esingqongileyo, nto leyo ekwanyanzelise isikhululo samandla samafutha efosili ukuba sirhoxe kwinqanaba lembali.
Kule meko, iindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa amandla ezifana namandla omoya kunye namandla e-geothermal, afana nokuveliswa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi, ziye zaba zezona zalathiso ziphambili zophando kumazwe ehlabathi jikelele namhlanje nakwixesha elide. Ilizwe ngalinye lijonge phambili kuncedo olukhulu olunokuthi lubonelele ngemithombo yobutyebi ehlaziyekayo eluntwini.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokusekwe kwimeko yangoku, amandla ombane asakwinqanaba lokuqala phakathi kwemithombo ehlaziyekayo. Kwelinye icala, oku kungenxa yokungavuthwa kobugcisa bokuvelisa amandla, okufana nokuveliswa kwamandla omoya, kunye nezinga elisezantsi elibanzi lokusetyenziswa kobutyebi; Kwelinye icala, amandla ombane kufuneka ehle kuphela kwaye awazukuchatshazelwa ziimeko ezininzi zendalo ezingalawulekiyo.
Ke ngoko, indlela eya kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla avuselelekayo inde kwaye inzima, kwaye abantu basafuna ukuba nomonde owaneleyo wokujongana nalo mba. Kungale ndlela kuphela apho indawo yendalo eyonakele ngaphambili inokubuyiselwa ngokuthe ngcembe.
Xa sijonga emva kuyo yonke imbali yophuhliso loluntu, ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi kuzise uncedo eluntwini olungaphaya kwamandla omntu. Mhlawumbi kwinkqubo yophuhliso edlulileyo, senze iimpazamo ezininzi kwaye sabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo, kodwa namhlanje, konke oku kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye ithemba lophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo ngokuqinisekileyo liqaqambile.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, njengoko imiceli mngeni yezobuchwepheshe isoyiswa, ukusetyenziswa kwabantu kwemithombo kuya kuphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukuthatha ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya njengomzekelo, kukholelwa ukuba abantu abaninzi bakhe iimodeli ezininzi zeeinjini zomoya besebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo, kodwa bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya kwixesha elizayo kunokukwazi ukuvelisa umbane ngokungcangcazela.
Ewe kunjalo, akukho ngqiqweni ukuthi umbane owenziwe ngamanzi awunangxaki. Xa kusakhiwa izikhululo zombane, umhlaba omkhulu kunye notyalo-mali olubambekayo alunakuphepheka. Xa ibangela izantyalantyala zemvula, ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka lihlawule imali eninzi yokuhlaliswa kwabantu ngokutsha.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuba ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sombane oqhutywa ngamanzi luyasilela, impembelelo kwiindawo ezisezantsi kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ziya kudlula lee ingcamango yabantu. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokwakha isikhululo sombane, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka koyilo lobunjineli kunye nokwakhiwa, kunye nezicwangciso eziphuthumayo zeengozi. Kungale ndlela kuphela apho izikhululo zombane ezinokuthi zibe yiprojekthi yeziseko ezingundoqo ezinceda uluntu.
Isishwankathelo, ikamva lophuhliso oluzinzileyo lifanelekile ukujonga phambili, kwaye eyona nto iphambili kukuba abantu bazimisele ukuchitha ixesha elaneleyo namandla kulo. Kwintsimi yombane wamanzi, abantu baphumelele impumelelo enkulu, kwaye inyathelo elilandelayo kukuphucula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izixhobo zendalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-23-2023
