Ishishini lamandla ombane, njengeshishini eliyintsika ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe, linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe kunye notshintsho kwisakhiwo semizi-mveliso. Okwangoku, ukusebenza ngokubanzi kweshishini lamandla ombane eTshayina kuzinzile, kunye nokwanda kwamandla afakelweyo ombane, ukwanda kwamandla okuvelisa umbane ngamanzi, ukwanda kotyalo-mali lwamandla ombane ngamanzi, kunye nokuhla kwezinga lokukhula kobhaliso lwamashishini anxulumene namandla ombane ngamanzi. Ngokusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe "wokonga amandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya", ukutshintshwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kuye kwaba lukhetho olusebenzayo eTshayina, kwaye amandla ombane ngamanzi aye aba lukhetho olukhethwayo lwamandla avuselelekayo.
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi bubuchwepheshe besayensi obufunda imiba yobugcisa nezoqoqosho yokwakhiwa kobunjineli kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso okuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngumbane. Amandla amanzi asetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kwamandla ombane ngamanzi ikakhulu ngamandla anokubakho agcinwe kwiindawo zamanzi. Ukuze kufezekiswe ukuguqulwa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi abe ngumbane, kufuneka kwakhiwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezikhululo zamanzi.
Ukuqaliswa kombane ophuma emanzini kuquka ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zamanzi, kuze kulandele ukusebenza kombane ophuma emanzini. Ishishini lamanzi eliphuma emanzini eliphakathi liqhagamshela umbane kwishishini legridi yamandla asezantsi ukuze kufezekiswe uqhagamshelo lwegridi. Umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwesikhululo samanzi uquka iingcebiso zobunjineli bokuqala kunye nocwangciso, ukuthengwa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zesikhululo samanzi, kunye nokwakhiwa kokugqibela. Ulwakhiwo lwamashishini aphakathi nasezantsi lulodwa, lunesakhiwo esizinzileyo.
Ngokukhuthazwa kokukhula koqoqosho lwaseTshayina, utshintsho kwicala lokubonelela ngombane kunye nohlengahlengiso loqoqosho, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokukhula okuluhlaza kuye kwaba yinto evumelanayo nophuhliso loqoqosho. Ishishini lamandla ombane lifumene ingqalelo ephezulu koorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba kunye nenkxaso ephambili kwimigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe yezoshishino. Eli lizwe liye lazisa imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi ngokulandelelana ukuxhasa uphuhliso lweshishini lamandla ombane ngamanzi. Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoshishino efana neSicwangciso soPhuculo lokuSombulula ingxaki yamanzi, umoya, kunye nokuLahlwa kokukhanya, iSaziso sokuSekwa nokuPhuculwa kweNdlela yeSiqinisekiso sokuSetyenziswa koMbane oHlaziyiweyo, kunye neSicwangciso soPhuculo lomsebenzi woPapasho kaRhulumente weMicimbi ka-2021 weSebe leMithombo yaManzi ibonelele ngamathuba emarike abanzi ophuhliso lweshishini lamandla ombane ngamanzi kunye nendawo elungileyo yemveliso kunye nokusebenza kwamashishini.
Uhlalutyo olunzulu lweshishini lamandla ombane ngamanzi
Ngokweziphumo zophando lwamashishini, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amandla afakiweyo ombane wamanzi eTshayina ebesanda minyaka le, ukusuka kwi-333 yezigidi zeekilowatts ngo-2016 ukuya kwi-370 yezigidi zeekilowatts ngo-2020, kunye nesantya sokukhula sonyaka esidibeneyo se-2.7%. Idatha yamva nje ibonisa ukuba ngo-2021, amandla afakiweyo ombane wamanzi eTshayina afikelele kwi-391 yezigidi zeekilowatts (kuquka ne-36 yezigidi zeekilowatts zokugcina ezipompelweyo), ukunyuka kwe-5.6% unyaka nonyaka.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani lobhaliso lwamashishini anxulumene nombane wamanzi eTshayina likhule ngokukhawuleza, ukusuka ngo-198000 ngo-2016 ukuya kuma-539000 ngo-2019, kunye nesantya sokukhula okuphakathi konyaka se-39.6%. Ngo-2020, izinga lokukhula lobhaliso lwamashishini anxulumene nombane wamanzi liye lehla kwaye lehla. Idatha yamva nje ibonisa ukuba ngo-2021, bekukho amashishini angama-483000 abhalisiweyo anxulumene nombane wamanzi eTshayina, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka kwe-7.3%.
Ukususela ekusasazweni kwamandla afakiweyo, ekupheleni kuka-2021, iphondo elinezinga elikhulu lokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi eTshayina yayiyiPhondo laseSichuan, elinamandla afakiweyo angama-88.87 ezigidi zee-kilowatts, lilandelwa yiYunnan enamandla afakiweyo angama-78.2 ezigidi zee-kilowatts; Amaphondo abekwe kwindawo yesibini ukuya kweyeshumi yiHubei, iGuizhou, iGuangxi, iGuangdong, iHunan, iFujian, iZhejiang, kunye neQinghai, kunye namandla afakiweyo aqala kwi-10 ukuya kwi-40 yezigidi zee-kilowatts.
Ngokwembono yokuveliswa kombane, ngo-2021, ummandla ovelisa umbane ngamanzi ombane kakhulu eTshayina yayiyiSichuan, apho umbane wamanzi uvelisa iiyure ezingama-353.14 zeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatt, ezibalelwa kwi-26.37%; Okwesibini, ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kummandla waseYunnan ziiyure ezingama-271.63 zeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatt, ezibalelwa kwi-20.29%; Kwakhona, ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kummandla waseHubei ziiyure ezingama-153.15 zeebhiliyoni zee-kilowatt, ezibalelwa kwi-11.44%.
Ngokwembono yomthamo ofakiweyo weshishini lombane wamanzi laseTshayina, iChangjiang Power lelona shishini likhulu ngokwembono yomthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi. Ngo-2021, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi waseChangjiang Power wawungaphezulu kwe-11% yelizwe, kwaye umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi phantsi kwamaqela amahlanu amakhulu okuvelisa umbane wawumalunga nesinye kwisithathu selizwe; Ngokwembono yokuveliswa kombane wamanzi, ngo-2021, inani lokuveliswa kombane woMlambo iYangtze ladlula i-15%, kwaye ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi phantsi kwamaqela amahlanu amakhulu okuvelisa umbane lalimalunga ne-20% yenani lilonke lelizwe. Ngokwembono yomlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwemarike, inani lilonke lamaqela amahlanu ombane wamanzi aseTshayina kunye neYangtze River Power liphantse libe sisiqingatha sesabelo semarike; Ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kubalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-30% yelizwe, kwaye eli shishini linomlinganiselo ophezulu woxinzelelo.
Ngokwengxelo ethi “2022-2027 China Hydroelectric Power Industry Deep Analysis and Development Prospects Prediction Report” yiChina Research Institute of Industry
Ishishini lamandla ombane aseTshayina lilawulwa kakhulu ziinkampani ezizimeleyo zikarhulumente. Ukongeza kumaqela amahlanu amakhulu okuvelisa umbane, kukwakho namashishini amaninzi abalaseleyo okuvelisa umbane kwishishini lamandla ombane aseTshayina. Amashishini angaphandle kwamaqela amahlanu amakhulu, amelwe yiYangtze Power, ngawona makhulu ngokwezinga lokufakelwa kombane ngamanzi. Ngokwesabelo sokufakelwa kombane ngamanzi, inqanaba lokhuphiswano kwishishini lamandla ombane aseTshayina linokwahlulwahlulwa libe zii-echelons ezimbini, apho amaqela amahlanu amakhulu kunye neYangtze Power zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala.
Amathemba oPhuhliso lweShishini laMandla oMbane ngamanzi
Ngokuchasene nokufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokuncipha okukhulu kwamafutha efosili, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuya kuqwalaselwa ngakumbi luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ukuphuhliswa ngamandla kwamandla avuselelekayo kuye kwaba yinto evunyelwene ngayo phakathi kwamazwe kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo novuselelekayo onobuchwepheshe obuvuthiweyo obunokuphuhliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Iindawo zokugcina amandla ombane eTshayina zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuphuhliswa ngamandla kwamandla ombane ngamanzi akusiyo nje indlela ebalulekileyo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa ikwayindlela ebalulekileyo yokujongana notshintsho lwemozulu, ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nokufezekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Emva kwezizukulwana ezininzi zomzabalazo oqhubekayo wabasebenzi bamandla ombane, utshintsho kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha, kunye nokusebenza ngesibindi, ishishini lamandla ombane laseTshayina liphumelele inkqubela yembali ukusuka kwinto encinci ukuya kwenkulu, ukusuka kobuthathaka ukuya komeleleyo, kunye nokulandela nokukhokela. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwetekhnoloji, iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo zamandla ombane kunye nabasebenzi baseTshayina baxhomekeke kubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nedatha enkulu ukuqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho wokwakha kunye nokhuseleko lwedama.
Ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, iTshayina ichaze umda wexesha lokufezekisa iinjongo zokufikelela kwincopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni, okwenza iintlobo ezininzi zamandla zive amathuba kunye noxinzelelo oluza ngaxeshanye. Njengommeli wamandla avuselelekayo, amandla e-hydropower, kwimeko yemozulu yehlabathi kunye nokuncipha kwamandla, imfuno yophuhliso oluzinzileyo lokuphucula ulwakhiwo lwamandla iya kuqhubeka nokuqhuba uphuhliso lwamandla e-hydropower.
Kwixesha elizayo, iTshayina kufuneka igxile kubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana nokwakha ngobuchule, ukusebenza ngobuchule, kunye nezixhobo ngobuchule zamandla ombane, ikhuthaze ngenkuthalo ukuphuculwa kweshishini lamandla ombane, iqinise, ilungise, kwaye yandise amandla acocekileyo, yonyuse uphuhliso lwamandla ombane kunye namandla amatsha, kwaye iphucule rhoqo umgangatho wokwakha ngobuchule kunye nolawulo lokusebenza kwezikhululo zamandla ombane.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-10-2023
