Imbali yamandla ombane eTshayina

Isikhululo samandla ombane sokuqala emhlabeni savela eFransi ngo-1878, apho kwakhiwa khona isikhululo samandla ombane sokuqala emhlabeni.
Umqambi uEdison naye waba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwezikhululo zamandla ombane ngamanzi. Ngo-1882, uEdison wakha i-Abel Hydropower Station eWisconsin, e-USA.
Ekuqaleni, amandla ezikhululo zamanzi ezasekwayo ayemancinci kakhulu. Ngo-1889, isikhululo samanzi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sasiseJapan, kodwa amandla aso afakiweyo ayeyi-48 kW kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, amandla afakiweyo ezikhululo zamanzi aye aphuhliswa kakhulu. Ngo-1892, amandla eSikhululo samanzi saseNiagara eMelika ayeyi-44000 kW. Ngo-1895, amandla afakiweyo eSikhululo samanzi saseNiagara ayefikelele kwi-147000 kW.

Emva kokungena kwinkulungwane yama-20, umbane wamanzi kumazwe amakhulu aphuhlileyo ufikelele kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo. Ngowama-2021, amandla afakelweyo kwihlabathi liphela ombane wamanzi aya kufikelela kwi-1360GW.
Imbali yokusebenzisa amandla amanzi eTshayina inokulandelwa emva kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-2000 eyadlulayo, kusetyenziswa amanzi ukuqhuba amavili amanzi, ii-watermill, kunye nee-watermill ukuvelisa nobomi.
Isikhululo sokuqala samandla ombane eTshayina sakhiwa ngo-1904. Yayisisikhululo samandla ombane saseGuishan esakhiwa ngabahlaseli baseJapan eTaiwan, eTshayina.
Isikhululo sokuqala samandla ombane esakhiwa kwi-China Mainland yayiyiShilongba Hydropower Station eKunming, eyaqalwa ngo-Agasti 1910 yaza yavelisa umbane ngoMeyi 1912, enomthamo opheleleyo ofakelweyo we-489kW.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo okanye ngaphezulu, ngenxa yokungazinzi kwemeko yasekhaya, uphuhliso lwamandla ombane eTshayina aluzange lwenze nkqubela phambili ibalulekileyo, kwaye kwakhiwa izitishi ezimbalwa zamandla ombane amancinci, ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka iSitishi samandla ombane saseDongwo eLuxian County, eSichuan, iSitishi samandla ombane saseDuodi eTibet, kunye nezitishi zamandla ombane zaseXiadao, eShunchang, naseLongxi eFujian.
Ixesha lafika ngexesha leMfazwe echasene namaJapan, apho izixhobo zasekhaya zazisetyenziswa kakhulu ukuxhathisa ubundlobongela, kwaye kwakhiwa izitishi zamandla ezincinci kuphela kummandla osemazantsi-ntshona, njengeSitishi sikagesi iTaohuaxi eSichuan kunye neSitishi sikagesi iNanqiao eYunnan; Kwindawo enabantu baseJapan, iJapan yakhe izitishi zamandla amakhulu amaninzi, ngokuqhelekileyo iSitishi sikagesi iFengman kuMlambo iSonghua kumntla-mpuma weTshayina.
Ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, amandla afakiweyo ombane wamanzi kwiLizwe laseTshayina ayefikelela kwi-900000 kW. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yimfazwe, xa kwasekwa iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, amandla afakiweyo ombane wamanzi kwiLizwe laseTshayina yayiyi-363300 kW kuphela.
Emva kokusekwa kweNew China, umbane wamanzi ufumene ingqalelo nophuhliso olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili. Okokuqala, iiprojekthi ezininzi zamanzi ezishiyekileyo kwiminyaka yemfazwe zilungisiwe zaza zakhiwa; Ekupheleni kwesicwangciso sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu, iTshayina yayisakha kwaye yakha kwakhona izitishi zamanzi ezili-19, yaza yaqala ukuyila nokwakha iiprojekthi zamanzi ezinkulu zodwa. Isikhululo samanzi saseZhejiang Xin'anjiang esinomthamo ofakelweyo wee-kilowatts ezingama-662500 sakhiwa ngeli xesha, kwaye sikwasisikhululo sokuqala samanzi esikhulu esiyilwe, senziwa, saza sakhiwa yiTshayina ngokwayo.
Ngexesha le-"Great Leap Forward", iiprojekthi zamanzi ezisandula ukuqaliswa eTshayina zifikelele kwi-11.862 yezigidi ze-kW. Ezinye iiprojekthi azizange ziboniswe ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ezinye iiprojekthi ziyeke ukwakhiwa emva kokuba ziqalile. Kwiminyaka emithathu elandelayo yeentlekele zemvelo, inani elikhulu leeprojekthi lamiswa okanye lahlehliswa. Ngamafutshane, ukususela ngo-1958 ukuya ku-1965, uphuhliso lwamandla e-hydropower eTshayina lwalunamagingxigingxi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, izitishi zamanzi ezingama-31, kuquka iXin'anjiang eZhejiang, iXinfengjiang eGuangdong, kunye neXijin eGuangxi, nazo zaqaliswa ukusebenza ukuze kuveliswe umbane. Lilonke, ishishini lamanzi eTshayina lifikelele kwinqanaba elithile lophuhliso.
Lifikile ixesha lexesha "leNguquko yeNkcubeko". Nangona ukwakhiwa kombane wamanzi kuphinde kwaphazamiseka kakhulu kwaye kwatshatyalaliswa, isigqibo sobuchule sokwakhiwa komgca wesithathu sikwanike ithuba elingaqhelekanga lophuhliso lombane wamanzi entshona yeTshayina. Ngeli xesha, izitishi zamanzi ezingama-40, kuquka iLiujiaxia kwiPhondo laseGansu kunye neGongzui kwiPhondo laseSichuan, zaqaliswa ukusebenza ukuvelisa umbane. Umthamo ofakiweyo weSitishi samanzi samanzi saseLiujiaxia ufikelele kwi-1.225 yezigidi kW, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sisitishi sokuqala samanzi eTshayina esinomthamo ofakiweyo ongaphezulu kwesigidi kW. Ngeli xesha, isikhululo samandla sokugcina amanzi sokuqala saseTshayina, iGangnan, eHebei, naso sakhiwa. Kwangaxeshanye, iiprojekthi zamanzi ezinkulu neziphakathi ezingama-53 zaqaliswa okanye zaqaliswa kwakhona ngeli xesha. Ngo-1970, iProjekthi yeGezhouba enomthamo ofakiweyo we-2.715 yezigidi kW yaqala, nto leyo eyaphawula ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwezitishi zamanzi kumjelo oyintloko woMlambo iYangtze.
Emva kokuphela "kweNguquko yeNkcubeko", ingakumbi emva kweSeshoni yesiThathu yePlenary yeKomiti ePhakathi ye-11, ishishini lamandla ombane eTshayina liphinde langena kwinqanaba lophuhliso olukhawulezayo. Iiprojekthi ezininzi zamandla ombane ezifana neGezhouba, Wujiangdu, kunye neBaishan ziye zakhawuleza, kwaye iSitishi samandla ombane saseLongyangxia esinomthamo weyunithi ye-320000 kW siqalile ukwakhiwa ngokusesikweni. Emva koko, kumoya wentwasahlobo wohlaziyo nokuvulwa, inkqubo yokwakha amandla ombane eTshayina nayo ibisoloko itshintsha kwaye ivelisa izinto ezintsha, ibonisa amandla amakhulu. Ngeli xesha, izitishi zamandla okugcina amanzi ezipompiweyo nazo zifumene uphuhliso olukhulu, kunye nesigaba sokuqala sokupompa nokugcina ePanjiakou, eHebei, naseGuangzhou; Amandla ombane amancinci nawo ayaphuhliswa, ngokuphunyezwa kweqela lokuqala lama-300 eengingqi zombane zasemaphandleni; Ngokuphathelele umbane omkhulu osebenza ngamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo ezininzi ezinkulu zombane osebenza ngamanzi, ezifana neTianshengqiao Class II enomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.32 yezigidi kW, iGuangxi Yantan enomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.21 yezigidi kW, iYunnan Manwan enomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.5 yezigidi kW, kunye neLijiaxia Hydropower Station enomthamo ofakelweyo we-2 yezigidi kW, kuqalile ngokulandelelana. Kwangaxeshanye, iingcali zasekhaya zacwangciswa ukubonisa izihloko ezili-14 zeThree Gorges Hydropower Station, kwaye ukwakhiwa kweThree Gorges Project kwabekwa kwi-ajenda.
Kwiminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane yama-20, ukwakhiwa kombane wamanzi eTshayina kuye kwanda ngokukhawuleza. NgoSeptemba 1991, ukwakhiwa kweSitishi sikagesi samanzi sase-Ertan ePanzhihua, eSichuan, kwaqala. Emva kwengxoxo eninzi kunye nokulungiselela, ngoDisemba 1994, iProjekthi yeSitishi sikagesi samanzi saseThree Gorges yaqala ngokusesikweni. Ngokuphathelele izitishi zikagesi zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiweyo, iMing Tombs yaseBeijing (800000kW), iTianhuangping yaseZhejiang (1800000kW), kunye neGuangzhou's pumped storage phase II (12000000kW) nazo ziqalwe ngokulandelelana; Ngokuphathelele umbane omncinci wamanzi, ukwakhiwa kweqela lesibini nelesithathu leengingqi zombane wamanzi zasemaphandleni kuye kwenziwa. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, amandla afakiweyo ombane wamanzi eTshayina anyuke nge-38.39 yezigidi kW.
Kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-21, kukho izitishi zamandla ombane ezinkulu ezingama-35 ezakhiwayo, ezinomthamo opheleleyo ongama-70 ezigidi ze-kW, kuquka izitishi zamandla ombane ezinkulu kakhulu ezifana ne-Three Gorges Project ezingama-22.4 ezigidi ze-kW kunye ne-Xiluodu yezigidi ezili-12.6 ze-kW. Ngeli xesha, umndilili we-10 yezigidi ze-kW uye waqaliswa ukusebenza minyaka le. Unyaka wembali ngowona nyaka ka-2008, xa iyunithi yokugqibela yesitishi samandla ombane sasekunene se-Three Gorges Project yaqhagamshelwa ngokusesikweni kwigridi yokuvelisa umbane, kwaye zonke iiyunithi ezingama-26 zesitishi samandla ombane sasekhohlo nasekunene se-Three Gorges Project zaqaliswa ukusebenza.
Ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi yesibini yenkulungwane yama-21, izitishi ezinkulu zamanzi ezikumjelo ophambili woMlambo iJinsha ziye zaphuhliswa ngokulandelelana kwaye ziqhubeka nokusebenza ukuze kuveliswe umbane. Isikhululo sikagesi iXiluodu Hydropower esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-12.6 yezigidi ze-kW, iXiangjiaba enekhono elifakelweyo le-6.4 yezigidi ze-kW, iSitishi sikagesi iBaihetan esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-12 yezigidi ze-yuan, iSitishi sikagesi iWudongde Hydropower esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-10.2 yezigidi ze-yuan, kunye nezinye izitishi ezinkulu zamanzi ziye zasetyenziswa ukuvelisa umbane. Phakathi kwazo, umthamo ofakelweyo weyunithi enye yeSitishi sikagesi iBaihetan Hydropower ufikelele kwi-1 yezigidi ze-kW, ufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwihlabathi. Ngokuphathelele izitishi zamandla zokugcina ezipompelweyo, ukusukela ngo-2022, bekukho izitishi zamandla zokugcina ezipompelweyo ezingama-70 kuphela ezakhiwayo kwindawo yokusebenza yeGrid yeLizwe laseTshayina, ezinomthamo ofakelweyo we-85.24 yezigidi zee-kilowatts, owawuphindwe kayi-3.2 kwaye uphindwe kayi-4.1 kunowama-2012, ngokwahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwazo, iHebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station sesona sikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esifakwe ipompu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esinomthamo opheleleyo ofakwe i-kilowatts ezizigidi ezi-3.6.
Ngokukhuthazwa okuqhubekayo kwenjongo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabini" kunye nokomelezwa okuqhubekayo kokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, uphuhliso lwamandla ombane eTshayina lujongene neemeko ezintsha. Okokuqala, izikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci ezikwiindawo ezikhuselweyo ziya kuqhubeka nokurhoxa kwaye zivalwe, kwaye okwesibini, umlinganiselo wamandla elanga nawomoya kumthamo omtsha ofakweyo uya kuqhubeka nokwanda, kwaye umlinganiselo wamandla ombane ombane uya kuncipha ngokufanayo; Okokugqibela, siza kugxila ekwakheni iiprojekthi ezinkulu zamandla ombane ombane, kwaye isayensi kunye nengqiqo yeeprojekthi zokwakha ziya kuqhubeka nokwanda.