Imbali yombane owenziwe ngamanzi eTshayina

Esona sikhululo sombane wokuqala emhlabeni savela eFransi ngo-1878, apho sathi sakhiwa khona isikhululo sombane sokuqala emhlabeni.
Umqambi u-Edison ukwanegalelo kuphuhliso lwezikhululo zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Ngomnyaka we-1882, u-Edison wakha isikhululo sombane i-Abel Hydropower eWisconsin, eU.SA.
Ekuqaleni, umthamo wezikhululo zombane owenziweyo wawumncinci kakhulu. Ngomnyaka we-1889, isikhululo sombane esikhulu emhlabeni wonke sasiseJapan, kodwa umthamo waso ofakiweyo wawungama-48 kW kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo ofakiweyo wezikhululo zombane wamanzi uphuhliswe kakhulu. Ngomnyaka we-1892, umthamo weSikhululo samandla ombane saseNiagara e-United States sasiyi-44000 kW. Ngo-1895, umthamo ofakiweyo weSikhululo samandla ombane waseNiagara wawufikelele kwi-147000 kW.

Emva kokungena kwinkulungwane yama-20, umbane wamanzi kumazwe aphuhlileyo aphuhlileyo uye waphuhla ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-2021, amandla ombane afakwe emhlabeni wonke aya kufikelela kwi-1360GW.
Imbali yokusebenzisa umbane wamanzi e-China inokulandelwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-2000 eyadlulayo, kusetyenziswa amanzi ukuqhuba amavili amanzi, ii-mills zamanzi, kunye nezixhobo zokusila zamanzi zokuvelisa kunye nobomi.
Esona sikhululo sombane sokuqala eTshayina sakhiwa ngo-1904. Yayisisikhululo sombane waseGuishan Hydropower esakhiwa ngabahlaseli baseJapan eTaiwan, eTshayina.
Isikhululo sombane sokuqala soveliso lombane esakhiwa e-China eMainland yaba siSikhululo soMbane waManzi eShilongba e-Kunming, esaqalwa ngo-Agasti ka-1910 saza savelisa amandla ngoMeyi ka-1912, nomthamo ofakiweyo we-489kW.
Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini ilandelayo, ngenxa yokungazinzi kwemeko yasekhaya, uphuhliso lombane waseTshayina aluzange lwenze nkqubela phambili ibalulekileyo, kwaye kwakhiwa kuphela izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezincinci eziquka iDongwo Hydropower Station kwiLuxian County, Sichuan, iDuodi Hydropower Station eTibet, kunye ne Xiadao, Shunchang, kunye ne Longxi Hydropower Stations.
Ixesha lafika ngexesha leMfazwe yaseJapan yase-Anti, xa izixhobo zasekhaya zazisetyenziselwa ukuxhathisa ubundlongondlongo, kwaye izikhululo zamandla ezincinci kuphela zakhiwe kummandla osemzantsi-ntshona, njengeTaohuaxi Hydropower Station eSichuan kunye neNanqiao Hydropower Station eYunnan; Kwindawo ehlala abantu baseJapan, iJapan iye yakha izikhululo zombane ezikhulu ezininzi, ngokwesiqhelo iFengman Hydropower Station kuMlambo iSonghua kumntla-mpuma weTshayina.
Phambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina, umthamo ofakelweyo wombane owenziwe ngamanzi kwi-Mainland yaseTshayina wake wafikelela kwi-900000 kW. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yelahleko ebangelwe yimfazwe, xa kwasekwa iRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina, amandla ombane afakwe emanzini kwi-Chinese Mainland yayingama-363300 kW kuphela.
Emva kokusekwa kwe-China eNtsha, amandla ombane afumene ingqalelo kunye nophuhliso olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili. Okokuqala, iiprojekthi ezininzi zombane wamanzi ezishiyekileyo kwiminyaka yemfazwe ziye zalungiswa zaza zakhiwa ngokutsha; Ekupheleni kwesicwangciso sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu, i-China yayisakha yaza yakha ngokutsha izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezili-19, yaza yaqalisa ukuyila kunye nokwakha iiprojekthi ezinkulu zombane ngokwawo. IsiKhululo soMbane we-Hydropower saseZhejiang Xin'anjiang esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-662500 kilowatts sakhiwa ngeli xesha, kwaye sisesona sikhululo sombane samanzi sokuqala esikhulu esakhiwe, senziwe saze sakhiwa yi-China ngokwayo.
Ngexesha “loMtsi oMkhulu wokuQhubela Phambili”, iiprojekthi zombane ezisanda kuqaliswa eTshayina zafikelela kwi-11.862 yezigidi zekW. Ezinye iiprojekthi azizange ziboniswe ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni ezinye iiprojekthi zinyanzeleke ukuba ziyeke ukwakha emva kokuba ziqalisile. Kwiminyaka emithathu elandelayo yeentlekele zemvelo, inani elikhulu leeprojekthi zanqunyanyiswa okanye zamiswa. Ngamafutshane, ukusuka kwi-1958 ukuya ku-1965, ukuphuhliswa kombane wase-China kwakunzima kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezingama-31, eziquka iXin’anjiang eZhejiang, iXinfengjiang eGuangdong, kunye neXijin eGuangxi, nazo ziye zasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Lilonke, ishishini lombane waseTshayina lizuze inqanaba elithile lophuhliso.
Lifikile ixesha lexesha le “Cultural Revolution”. Nangona ulwakhiwo lombane owenziwe ngamanzi luphinde lwachaphazeleka ngokumandla kunye nentshabalalo, isigqibo sobuchule kulwakhiwo lomgca wesithathu sikwabonelele ngethuba elinqabileyo lophuhliso lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi entshona ye-China. Ngeli xesha, izikhululo zoveliso zamanzi ezingama-40, eziquka iLiujiaxia kwiPhondo laseGansu kunye neGongzui kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ziye zasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Umthamo ofakelweyo weLiujiaxia Hydropower Station ufikelele kwi-1.225 yezigidi zekW, nto leyo eyenza ibe sisikhululo soveliso lombane lokuqala eTshayina esinomthamo ofakelweyo ongaphezulu kwesigidi esinye sekW. Ngeli xesha, isikhululo samandla sokuqala esimponthiweyo saseTshayina, iGangnan, iHebei, nayo yakhiwa. Kwangaxeshanye, iiprojekthi ezingama-53 ezinkulu neziphakathi zaqaliswa okanye zaphinda zaqaliswa ngeli xesha. Ngomnyaka we-1970, iProjekthi yeGezhouba enomthamo ofakwe kwi-2.715 yezigidi ze-kW yaqala, iphawula ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane wamanzi kumlambo omkhulu woMlambo waseYangtze.
Emva kokuphela "kweNkcubeko yeNkcubeko", ngakumbi emva kweSeshini yesiThathu yesiGqeba seKomiti ye-11, imboni yombane waseChina iphinde yangena kwinqanaba lophuhliso olukhawulezayo. Inani leeprojekthi zombane owenziwe ngamanzi ezifana neGezhouba, iWujiangdu, kunye neBaishan ziye zakhawuleza, kwaye iSikhululo soMbane weLongyangxia Hydropower esinomthamo weyunithi engama-320000 kW siqalise ngokusesikweni ukwakhiwa. Emva koko, kwimpepho yasentlakohlaza yohlaziyo kunye nokuvulwa, inkqubo yokwakhiwa kombane waseTshayina nayo ibisoloko itshintsha kwaye ivelisa izinto ezintsha, ibonisa amandla amakhulu. Ngeli xesha, izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo zifumene uphuhliso olubalulekileyo, kunye nesigaba sokuqala sokumpompa kunye nokugcinwa ePanjiakou, eHebei, naseGuangzhou ukuqala; Umbane omncinci owenziwe ngamanzi uyaphuhliswa, ngokuphunyezwa kwebhetshi yokuqala yombane wamaphandle angama-300 wombane; Ngokubhekiselele kumandla amakhulu ombane, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane ezininzi ezinkulu, ezifana neTianshengqiao Class II enomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.32 yezigidi ze-kW, iGuangxi Yantan enomthamo ofakiweyo we-1.21 yezigidi ze-kW, uYunnan Manwan kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo we-1.5 yezigidi ze-kW, kunye neLijiaxia ye-Hydroion ye-Hydroion efakwe kwisigidi se-kW enempumelelo, i-Hydroion ifakwe kwi-kW yezigidi ze-kW. Kwangaxeshanye, iingcaphephe zasekhaya zaququzelelwa ukubonisa imixholo eli-14 yeSikhululo soMbane woMbane weeGorha eziThathu, kunye nolwakhiwo lweProjekthi yeMiwonyo emithathu yabekwa kwi-ajenda.
Kwishumi leminyaka lokugqibela lenkulungwane yama-20, ukwakhiwa kombane waseTshayina waphuhla ngokukhawuleza. NgoSeptemba 1991, kwaqaliswa ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane i-Ertan Hydropower ePanzhihua, eSichuan. Emva kweengxoxo ezininzi kunye namalungiselelo, ngoDisemba ka-1994, iProjekthi ye-Three Gorges Hydropower Station ekumgangatho ophezulu yaqalisa ngokusesikweni. Ngokubhekiselele kwizikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo, iMing Tombs yaseBeijing (800000kW), iTianhuangping yaseZhejiang (1800000kW), kunye nesigaba sesibini sogcino olumpompelweyo saseGuangzhou (12000000kW) nazo ziqaliswe ngokulandelelanayo; Ngokumalunga nombane omncinci wamanzi, ulwakhiwo lweebhetshi zesibini nezesithathu zombane wombane wamanzi uphunyeziwe. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, umthamo wombane ofakwe emanzini e-China unyuke nge-38.39 yezigidi zekW.
Kwishumi leminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-21, kukho izikhululo zombane ezinkulu ezingama-35 ezisakhiwayo, ezinomthamo ofakiweyo omalunga nezigidi ezingama-70 kW, kubandakanywa nezikhululo zombane ezininzi ezikhulu kakhulu ezifana ne-Three Gorges Project's 22.4 yezigidi kW kunye ne-Xiluodu ye-12.6 yezigidi kW. Ngeli xesha, umyinge ongaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 kW oye wasetyenziswa minyaka le. Owona nyaka uyimbali ngowama-2008, xa iyunithi yokugqibela yesikhululo samandla sebhanki yasekunene yeProjekthi Emithathu yadityaniswa ngokusesikweni kuthungelwano lombane ukwenzela ukuvelisa umbane, kwaye zonke iiyunithi ezingama-26 zeProjekthi yeThree Gorges eyilwe ekuqaleni izikhululo zamandla zebhanki ekhohlo nasekunene ziye zasetyenziswa.
Ukusukela kwishumi leminyaka lesibini lenkulungwane yama-21, izikhululo zombane ezinkulu zamanzi kumlambo omkhulu woMlambo i-Jinsha ziye zaphuhliswa ngokulandelelanayo kwaye zasetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukwenzela ukuveliswa kombane. Isikhululo sombane we-Xiluodu esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-12.6 yezigidi zekW, i-Xiangjiaba enomthamo ofakelweyo we-6.4 yezigidi ze-kW, iSikhululo soMbane wamanzi e-Baihetan esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-yuan yezigidi ezili-12, iSikhululo soMbane waManzi eWudongde esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-yuan yezigidi eziyi-10.2, kunye nezinye izikhululo zokuvelisa umbane omkhulu kwizikhululo zombane. Phakathi kwabo, iyunithi enye efakwe umthamo we-Baihetan Hydropower Station ifikelele kwi-1 yezigidi ze-kW, Ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwihlabathi. Ngokubhekiselele kwizikhululo zamandla ezimpompeweyo, ukususela ngo-2022, kwakukho kuphela izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezingama-70 ezisakhiwa kwindawo yokusebenza yeState Grid yaseChina, enomthamo ofakelweyo we-85.24 million kilowatts, amaxesha angama-3.2 kunye namaxesha angama-4.1 ngo-2012, ngokulandelanayo. Phakathi kwazo, iHebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station sesona sikhululo samandla esimponthiweyo esifakwe ehlabathini, esinomthamo ofakiweyo we-3.6 yezigidi zeekilowathi.
Ngokukhuthazwa okuqhubekayo kwenjongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini" kunye nokomelezwa okuqhubekayo kokusingqongileyo, uphuhliso lombane waseChina lujongene neemeko ezintsha. Okokuqala, izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezikwimimandla ekhuselweyo ziya kuqhubeka ukurhoxisa nokuvala, okwesibini, umlinganiselo wamandla elanga nawomoya kumthamo osanda kufakelwa uya kuqhubeka ukwanda, kwaye umlinganiselo wombane ngokuhambelanayo uya kuhla; Okokugqibela, siza kugxila ekwakhiweni kweeprojekthi ezinkulu zombane wamanzi, kwaye ubunzululwazi kunye nengqiqo yeeprojekthi zokwakha buza kuqhubeka ukwanda.